Compliance with Regulations, Codes and Standards for the Deployment of
Stationary Fuel Cells
27 June 2014
Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction
Summary CNS Sheet
Generally Applicable Codes and Standards
Hydrogen Fuel Supply
Permitting Process
Fuel Supply Considerations
Example Emergency response Plan (ERP)
General Guidance on Site Selection
Annex A Supplementary Information
Annex B Example Systems
Annex C Example Permits
1. Summary CNS Sheet
2. Relevant Documents for Compliance (mandated by code or law):
3. Editors note: these relevant documents and the resulting applicable sections are color-coded to
allow for quick identification of source material
4. ANSI FC1
Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2012 edition)
5. ANSI FC 3
Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems (2004 edition)
6. IFC
International Fire Code (2012 edition most recent; prior editions 2009, 2006,
2003 are still enforced)
7. IFGC
International Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition most recent; prior editions 2009, 2006,
2003 are still enforced)
8. NFPA 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (2012 edition)
9. NFPA 54
National Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition)
10. NFPA 55
Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2013 edition; prior editions are
still enforced)
11. NFPA 70
National Electrical Code (2014 edition)
12. NFPA 853
Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2010 edition)
13. 29CFR1910
Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)
14. 47CFR15
Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
15. 49CFR172
Department of Transportation (DOT)
16.
17. Other Referenced Documents for Compliance:
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
ASME/ANSI B31.3
ANSI/IEC 60529
ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5
Process Piping
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
Standard for Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances
With Distributed Energy Resources
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
International Building Code
International Mechanical Code
Hydrogen Technologies Code (2011 edition) - see NFPA 2 Note
Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their
ASTM E 108
IBC
IMC
NFPA 2
NFPA 24
Appurtenances
NFPA 80
Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives
NFPA 90A
Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
NFPA 101
Life Safety Code
NFPA 220
Standard Types of Building Construction
NFPA 251
Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and
Materials
ANSI/UL 991 Standard for Tests for Safety-Related Controls Employing Solid-State Devices
UL 429
Electrically Operated Valves
UL 790
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
UL1741
Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System
Equipment for Use
Generally Applicable Codes and Standards
Reference Documents
Organizations:
ANSI - American National Standards Institute - responsible for approval of US standards
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials - standards writing organization for materials testing.
CSA - Canadian Standards Association - a Nationally Recognized Test Laboratory & standards writing
organization.
FCC - Federal Communications Commission - responsible for control and use of RF spectrum.
FCC regulations for controlling and limiting equipment RF emissions are part of the US Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 47, Part 15 (47CFR15) - Radio Frequency Devices.
ICC - International Code Council - international standards writing organization.
IEC - International Electrotechnical Committee - international standards writing organization.
OSHA - Occupational Safety & Health Administration - part of the US Department of Labor.
OSHA regulations are part of the US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Part 1910
(29CFR1910).
NFPA - National Fire Protection Agency - US national standards writing organization.
UL - Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. - a Nationally Recognized Test Laboratory & standards writing
organization
Relevant Documents for Compliance (mandated by code or law):
Editors note: these relevant documents and the resulting applicable sections are color-coded to allow for
quick identification of source material
ANSI FC1
Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2012 edition)
ANSI FC 3
Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems (2004 edition)
IFC
International Fire Code (2012 edition most recent; prior editions 2009, 2006, 2003 are still
enforced)
IFGC
International Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition most recent; prior editions 2009, 2006, 2003
are still enforced)
NFPA 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (2012 edition)
NFPA 54
National Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition)
NFPA 55
Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2013 edition; prior editions are still
enforced)
NFPA 70
National Electrical Code (2014 edition)
NFPA 853
Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2010 edition)
29CFR1910
Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)
47CFR15
Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
49CFR172
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Other Referenced Documents for Compliance:
ASME/ANSI B31.3
ANSI/IEC 60529
ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5
ASTM E 108
IBC
IMC
NFPA 2
NFPA 24
NFPA 80
NFPA 90A
NFPA 101
Process Piping
Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
Standard for Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances
With Distributed Energy Resources
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
International Building Code
International Mechanical Code
Hydrogen Technologies Code (2011 edition) - see NFPA 2 Note
Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances
Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives
Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
Life Safety Code
NFPA 220
NFPA 251
ANSI/UL 991
UL 429
UL 790
UL1741
for Use
Standard Types of Building Construction
Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials
Standard for Tests for Safety-Related Controls Employing Solid-State Devices
Electrically Operated Valves
Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
Standard for Inverters, Converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment
Fuel cell power systems and their fuel supplies must meet a number of compliance requirements for safe
and legal operation. Below is a detailed list of compliance requirements for the power system and fuel
supplies, covering hydrogen gas (H2), liquid hydrogen, biogas (e.g.; methane & hydrogen mix), and liquid
fuels (e.g.; methanol).
This list is not intended to replace existing code; consult referenced standards for exact language and
requirements.
Order of Precedence for Code Compliance:
1. Code of Federal Regulations; specifically, OSHA (Title 29), FCC (Title 47), DOT (Title 49)
2. State government-approved safety & design codes - typically adopted from International Code
Council (ICC); these include the International Fire Code (IFC), International Fuel & Gas Code (IFGC),
International Building Code (IBC), etc.
3. State, county, or local municipality approved standard or code.
4. ANSI-approved standards invoked by CFR, state, or local codes; including NFPA, ASME, UL, etc.
NFPA 2 Note: NFPA 2 is not specified or invoked by any legal compliance requirement.
NFPA 2 requirements may be invoked by a local AHJ at their discretion, but presently not
mandated by law.
NFPA 2 requirements are provided here for reference only.
Codes & standards relevant for Fuel Cell Power Systems (power generator):
47CFR15
Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
ANSI FC1
Standard for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2012 edition)
ANSI FC 3
Standard for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems (2004 edition)
NFPA 70
National Electrical Code (2014 edition)
NFPA 853
Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2010 edition)
Codes & standards relevant for Fuel Storage:
29CFR1910
Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)
49CFR172
Department of Transportation (DOT)
IFC
International Fire Code (2012 edition most recent; 2009, 2006, 2003 are still enforced)
IFGC
International Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition most recent; 2009, 2006, 2003 are still
enforced)
NFPA 30
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (2012 edition)
NFPA 54
National Fuel Gas Code (2012 edition)
NFPA 55
Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code (2013 edition; prior editions are still
enforced)
NFPA 853
Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems (2010 edition)
International Fire Code (IFC)- implementation by state governments:
- enacted as state and/or local law, versions (released by date) adopted by each state (as of Oct 2013):
IFC2012 - 2012 edition (most recent): CA, MS, SC, UT, WA, WY
IFC2009 - 2009 edition: AL, AK, ID, IL, IA, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, SD, VA
IFC2006 - 2006 edition: AZ, AR, CO, D.C., GA, IN, KS, KY, MN, NV, NJ, NY, TN, TX
IFC2003 - 2003 edition: CT, NM
International Fuel & Gas Code (IFGC)- implementation by state governments:
- enacted as state and/or local law, versions (released by date) adopted by each state (as of Oct 2013):
IFGC2012 - 2012 edition (most recent): MS, RI, SC, UT, WA, WV, WY
IFGC2009 - 2009 edition: AL, AK, AZ, CO, FL, ID, IL, LA, MI, MT, NJ, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, VA, WI
IFGC2006 - 2006 edition: AR, D.C., GA, IN, KY,MN, NY, TX,
IFGC2000 - 2000 edition: MO
General Safety Requirements (independent of fuel or fuel cell type):
 Noise:
The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) establishes recommendations for
public health (recommendation only):
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/NIOSH publication 98-126 Section 1.1.2 Time-Weighted
Average (TWA) - Recommended Exposure Level (REL) of 85dBA over 8hrs; exposure time is reduced
by 50% for every 3dB above 85dBA. Section 1.3 Noise Exposure Assessment (method for compliance)
per ANSI Standard Measurement of Occupational Noise Exposure S12.19-1996.
OSHA limits the maximum noise (sound level) exposure in an occupational (workplace) environment.
29CFR1910.95 Occupational noise exposure
A-weighted sound level, slow response filter, permissible noise exposures are limited by level and
duration.
Per Table G-16 Permissible Noise Exposures, the sound level is 90dBA over 8hrs (Table allows for
higher levels for shorter durations, not to exceed 115dBA for 15 minutes or less).
The following categories for compliance are used:









Definitions
Components & Systems Certifications
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
Container types & design & storage construction
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls (including pressure relief devices)
Vents & Ventilation
Labeling & Signage
Fuel Transportation & Site Refueling
Fire & Emergency Response
Specific Requirements for the Fuel Cell Power System
(power generator)
Compliance Notes:
1. Fuel cell power systems (power generators) do not require 3 rd party safety certification per OSHA
(Code of Federal Requirements 29, Section 1910) directives.
2. The International Mechanical Code 2012, 2009, 2006 editions - Section 924 Stationary Fuel Cell
Power Systems require testing to ANSI FC1, and installation per NFPA 853 (for systems <10MW
output).
3. NFPA 2 & NFPA 853 requires safety certification to ANSI FC1 for AHJ approval (permit) of the
installation.
4. NFPA 2 has not been adopted as code (regardless of the use of 'code' in its title) - the NFPA created
this document as a single source for hydrogen safety, but at present is not legally adopted by any
state legislature. Requirements for NFPA 2 are provided here for reference only (e.g.; if an AHJ
chooses to invoke it; this standard may be adopted in future code revisions).
NFPA 853 is used for the fuel cell power system installation,
NFPA 55 is used for the compressed & flammable gas fuel (e.g.; hydrogen), and
NFPA 30 is used for flammable liquid fuel (e.g.; methanol) per the ICC and incorporated into state
laws.
5. It is the responsibility of the fuel cell power system manufacturer to prove compliance to all
legal requirements prior to deploying these products into telecom applications.
Certified approval to ANSI FC1 is provided by a National Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL) in the
USA.
OSHA has established the NRTL program in compliance with 29CFR 1910.7 for US third-party
certification of products to safety standards.
For a list of approved NRTLs and details of the program, refer to:
https://www.osha.gov/dts/otpca/nrtl/index.html
Compliance requirements identified for each subject category.

Definitions
o Class A for industrial/commercial (non-residential), Class B for residential;
o Fuel Cell System defined as a complete aggregate of equipment used to convert chemical
fuel into usable electricity; with power conditioners and auxiliary equipment; including a
reformer if present. [NFPA70-2014 692.2]
o Classification of Locations:
 Class I locations (i.e. Division 1, Division 2; flammable concentrations likely to ignite)
same as 29CFR1910.307.
 Class I Group Classifications (flammable gas or vapor): [NFPA70-2014 500.6]
 Group B: (hydrogen)
 Group C: (ethylene)
 Group D: (propane, methane, methanol, ethanol)
 Components & Systems Certifications
In compliance with US Code of Federal Regulations 47 Part 15, fuel cell power systems are electrical
generators and require verification testing by a test laboratory accredited by the National Voluntary
Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP); the American Association of Laboratory Accreditation
(A2LA); or an accredited laboratory designated by the Commission under the terms of a negotiated
Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA).
For information on FCC-approved laboratories:
https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/eas/reports/TestFirmSearch.cfm
Compliance is mandated in the USA by federal law.
per 47CFR Part 15 - Radio Frequency Devices - Subpart B: Unintentional Radiators.
o Radiated and AC conducted RF emission limits by type of application/installation
o limits per 47CFR15.107 & 109.
Following a successful test with report from the accredited laboratory, the manufacturer issues a
Declaration of Conformity (DoC) for each model successfully tested. A successful test report from the
accredited laboratory meets the requirements for verification testing and the DoC is the manufacturer's
resulting claim for compliance.
o Compliance is required per model number;
o be rated for the Class of installation, and
o must carry the FCC logo and warnings on the nameplate and on the inside cover of the
product manuals per 47CFR15.19(a)(3).
- Listing:
o Requires listing (certified approval) of the stationary fuel cell power system to ANSI FC1
[NFPA853-2010 4.2 & 4.3]
o Requires listing (certified approval) of the stationary fuel cell power system to ANSI FC1
[NFPA2-2011 12.3.1.1.1.1] - (reference only)
o Modular (engineered and field-constructed) systems require a fire risk evaluation by a
registered engineer or AHJ-acceptable 3rd party. [NFPA853-2010 4.4]
o Modular (engineered and field-constructed) systems shall meet intent of ANSI FC1 [NFPA22011 12.3.1.1.2.1] - (reference only)
o Fuel Cell System shall be evaluated and listed for its intended application prior to installation.
[NFPA70-2014 692.6]
o NFPA 70 National Electric Code -2014 edition- specifically - Article 692 Fuel Cell Systems

Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
- Siting:
[NFPA853-2010 5.1.1]
o anchored to a foundation, physically protected,
o above base flood elevation,
o resistant to rain, snow, ice, freezing temperatures, wind, seismic events, and lightning,
o accessible to service & fire department personnel,
o locate exhaust vents away from building openings,
o located 5 ft. (1.5m) from other flammable or hazardous chemicals
- Outdoor Installations
[NFPA853-2010 5.2]:
o do not direct exhaust vents onto walkways or pedestrian paths
o fuel-bearing components located 15 ft. (4.6m) from building openings, including HVAC
intakes,
- or - If fuel cell power system is 50kW or less, this is modified by Section 9.2 to:
o fuel-bearing components located 10 ft. (3m) from building openings, including HVAC intakes,
and
o exhaust outlets not directed onto pedestrian walkways.
- Indoor Installations
[NFPA853-2010 5.3]:
o power system in a room separated from the rest of the building by floor, wall, and ceiling
(including piping seals and joints) with 1-hour fire resistance rating (per NFPA 251 Standard
Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials),
o with fire doors (per NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives),
o dampers (per NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating
Systems),
o and egress (per NFPA 101 Life Safety Code) or the locally adopted building code.
- or - If fuel cell power system is 50kW or less, this is modified by Section 9.3 to:
 fuel cells supplied by natural gas, propane, or fuel oil and located in residences do
not require fire-rated separations [NFPA853-2010 9.3.1];
 fuel cells supplied by methanol or other alcohol fuels and located in residences do
not require fire-rated separations if meet requirements of Sections 9.3.6.1 through
9.3.6.4 [NFPA853-2010 9.3.2]
For liquid fuel:

o
o

<0.019 m3 (5 gal) of liquid fuel within the entire system including piping, during all
modes of operation, standby, and shutdown [NFPA853-2010 9.3.6.1],
 bulk fuel storage located outside [NFPA853-2010 9.3.6.2],
 solid pipe or tube or all-welded, soldered, or brazed construction for indoor piping up
to and through the fuel cell power system enclosure [NFPA853-2010 9.3.6.3],
 requires leakage detection and automatic isolation of the indoor fuel piping from the
outdoor bulk fuel supply upon detection of fuel leakage (using pump stoppage, valve
closure, or other manufacturer supplied control).
 Requires an automatic isolation valve at the tank for outdoor bulk fuel storage located
at an elevation above the fuel cell power system. [NFPA853-2010 9.3.6.4]
o Liquid fuel systems shall be provided with curbing, diking, or drainage in accordance with
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. [NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.2]
- Rooftop Installations
[NFPA853-2010 5.4]:
o roofing material below and within 12 inches (30.5cm) horizontally from the power system, or
 components shall be non-combustible, or
 have Class A rating per either
- ASTM E 108 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof
Coverings or
- UL 790 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
- Electrical:
o Electrical connections and grounding per NFPA 70 National Electrical Code; specifically,
Article 692 Fuel Cell Systems. [NFPA853-2010 5.5.1]
o dry type transformers in use around/inside fuel cell; installed per NFPA 70 National Electric
Code.
o oil-filled transformers >500 gallons (>1892 L) require protection from one of the following:
1. 25 ft (7.6 m) minimum spacing between transformer containment & other structures, or
2. 2-hr-rated fire barrier, extending 1ft (30.5cm) above and 2ft (61cm) beyond the sides of
transformer and other adjacent structures or equipment, or
3. automatic deluge water spray system per NFPA 15 Standard for Water Spray Fixed
Systems for Fire Protection; 0.25 gpm/ft2 (10.2 L/min*m2) minimum spray density over all
transformer surfaces.
- Fuel Storage:
no Fuel Storage requirements per ANSI FC1-2012
Fuel storage per ANSI FC 3-2004:
o Cylinders containing hazardous compressed gases shall comply with the requirements of
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII or Title 49 of the US Code of
Federal Regulations, Title 49 CFR, Hazardous Materials Regulations, Chapter 1,
Subchapter C, Part 178 - Specifications for Packagings.
o Removable compressed gas fuel containers shall be equipped with a cylinder valve
compliant with the applicable requirements in CGA V-9, Standard for Compressed Gas
Cylinder Valves and include a connection fixture that will not allow the flow of gas until a
positive seal has been achieved.
o Fuel containers require mechanical restraint; can't displace more than an inch (25.4mm)
when a lateral force equal to the weight of the container is applied from any direction at
the center of the vertical height of the cylinder. [ANSI FC3-2004 1.2.3]
Container types & design & storage construction
- Fuel Storage:
o Gas Hydrogen storage per NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code.
[NFPA853-2010 6.4.1]
o Liquid Hydrogen storage per NFPA 55 Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code.
[NFPA853-2010 6.4.2]
o Liquid fuel storage & piping per NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
[NFPA853-2010 6.5.4]
o Natural gas (methane) storage & piping per NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
[NFPA853-2010 6.2.1]
o
o
o

Compressed natural gas (CNG) piping & valves per NFPA 52 Vehicular Fuel Systems Code
[NFPA853-2010 6.2.2]
Biogas (from decomposition of organic matter) storage, piping, valves, & regulators per
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code [NFPA853-2010 6.5.3]
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas) storage & piping per NFPA 58 Liquified Petroleum Gas
Code
[NFPA853-2010 6.3]
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
o ANSI FC1 requires the fuel supplied to the fuel cell power system pass through at least two
automatic valves, in series, each of which serves as an operating valve and safety shutoff
valve. Typical fuel control design places one valve inside the fuel cabinet or compartment
(primary valve) and the other within the fuel cell power generator (secondary valve). The
valves must be compliant to UL 429 Electrically Operated Valves, or ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5
Standard for Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances. [ANSI FC1-2012 1.11.2.2.a]
o ANSI FC3 requires the fuel supplied to the fuel cell power system pass through at least one
automatic valve. A second automatic valve in series with the first is required if the fuel supply
quantity exceeds 25% of LFL if fully released into a volume of 500ft3 (14.1 m3). This does not
apply if the fuel cell power system is intended and marked for outdoor use only (single valve
only required). [hydrogen supply: 25% of LFL = 1% by volume; > 5ft3 (0.14 m3) of H2 supply
requires a second valve]. [ANSI FC3-2004 1.29.1]
o The valves must be compliant to UL 429 Electrically Operated Valves, ANSI Z21.21/CSA 6.5
Standard for Automatic Valves for Gas Appliances, FMRC 7400 Liquid & Gas Safety Shutoff
Valve, or other nationally recognized standards. [ANSI FC3-2004 1.29.1]
o
o
Hydrogen piping per ASME/ANSI B31.3 Process Piping. [NFPA853-2010 6.4.3]
requires an accessible manual shutoff valve located within 6 ft. (1.8m) of the storage
container. [NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.1]
o requires a 2nd accessible manual shutoff valve located within 6 ft. (1.8m) of the storage
container [NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.2]
- unless:
 power system is enclosed by a room with 1-hour fire resistance rating per NFPA 251
Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Construction and Materials,
 with fire doors per NFPA 80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives
 and dampers per NFPA 90A Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
Ventilating Systems,
- or  hydrogen storage is within 6 ft. (1.8m) of the fuel cell power system.
o requires the manual shutoff valve be located outside the 1-hour fire resistance-rated room.
[NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.3]
o requires an automatic shutoff valve interlocked with gas detection for fuel sources located
outdoors and serving an indoor fuel cell power system. [NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.4]
o requires ventilation to the outdoors for Class I Division 2 areas due to hydrogen piping.
[NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.6]
- Biogas fuel supplies:
o gas storage, piping, valves, and regulators designed and installed per NFPA 54 National Fuel
Gas Code. [NFPA853-2010 6.5.3]
- Power & Ground:
o Grounding and power connections - for Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems - in compliance
with NFPA 79 Electrical Standards for Industrial Machinery, or UL60950-1 Information
technology equipment -safety, Part 1: General Requirements. [ANSI FC1-2012 1.12]
- Power:
o Disconnecting means using a readily accessible circuit breakers or manually operated
switches required to connect all current carrying conductors from the fuel cell power source to
all the other conductors in a building or structure. [NFPA70-2014 692.13 & 692.17]
o Overcurrent protection required for the fuel cell; overcurrent devices readily accessible.
[NFPA70-2014 692.9]
o
Fuel cell is permitted to supply AC power to a building or structure. [NFPA70-2014 692.10];
transfer switch required if connected to non-grid-interactive systems that use utility backup.
[NFPA70-2014 692.59]
o Wiring per Chapter 3 of NFPA70. [NFPA70-2014 692.31]; for guidance on ampacity for
conductors, see Table 310.15(B)(16).
o Power wiring - for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems - in compliance with NFPA 70 National
Electric Code - Articles 110 & 400 [ANSI FC3-2004 1.9.2 & 1.9.9]
- Ground:
o containers & piping requires electrical grounding per NFPA 70 National Electrical Code.
[NFPA853-2010 6.4.3.7] - See NFPA70 Article 692 for additional information on electrical
requirements for fuel cell systems.
o AC & DC output systems require grounding; DC ground bonded to AC ground; grounding
conductor sized based on overcurrent device rating…see Table 250.122 Minimum Size
Equipment Grounding Conductors for Grounding Raceway & Equipment. [NFPA70-2014
692.41]
o Grounding - for Portable Fuel Cell Power Systems - in compliance with NFPA 70 National
Electric Code - Articles 250.20 & 240.34 [ANSI FC3-2004 1.24.2.b]

Vents & Ventilation
o natural ventilation is allowed (by verification). [NFPA853-2010 7.2.2]
o requires a cover or filter on the inlet vent to prevent foreign matter from entering the system.
[NFPA853-2010 7.2.3]
o control interlock to shut down the system upon loss of mechanical ventilation if required.
[NFPA853-2010 7.1.4]
o control interlock to shut down the system upon loss of mechanical exhaust if required.
[NFPA853-2010 7.3.4]
o requires ventilation and exhaust system to provide negative or neutral pressure in the room
with respect to the building (implies indoor application). [NFPA853-2010 7.1.2]
- Ventilation for Indoor Installations:
 requires room exhaust rate not less that 150 CFM (45 m 3/min.) and not less than 1
CFM/ ft.2 (0.3 m3/min. per square meter) of floor area. [NFPA853-2010 7.3.3]
 requires venting of sources of gas to outside building at least 15 ft (4.6m) from
building openings. [NFPA853-2010 7.4.1]
 requires vents to prevent entry of water or foreign objects. [NFPA853-2010 7.4.2]
Labeling & Signage
- Nameplate:
o The product nameplate for each model of power generator must carry the NRTL Mark (in
compliance with ANSI FC1 or ANSI FC3), FCC Mark, and compliance warnings (per FCC by
law and FC 1/FC3 by code).
o Nameplate identifies the rated circuit current. [NFPA70-2014 692.8]
o A permanent plaque or directory installed at each service equipment location noting all
electrical power sources on or in the premises. [NFPA70-2014 692.4(B)]
o If the fuel cell power system employs an AC inverter for generating single-phase 120V, and is
connected to a 3-wire 120/240V service with no 240V loads and no multiwire branch circuits,
and the overcurrent device connected to the fuel cell output must be rated less than the load then the equipment must be marked as follows:
" WARNING
SINGLE 120-VOLT SUPPLY. DO NOT CONNECT MULTIWIRE BRANCH
CIRCUITS!"
[NFPA70-2014 692.10(C)]
- At the disconnecting means for the fuel cell power generator:
o Disconnecting means for ungrounded conductors - where terminals may be energized in the
open position requires a warning sign with the following words (or equivalent):
"DANGER
ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD
DO NOT TOUCH LIVE TERMINALS.
TERMINALS ON BOTH THE LINE AND LOAD SIDES MAY BE ENERGIZED IN THE OPEN
POSITION"
[NFPA70-2014 692.17]
o Rated Output: Marking at the disconnecting means for the fuel cell power source specifying
the fuel cell system, the output voltage, the output power rating, and continuous output
current rating. [NFPA70-2014 692.53]
o Fuel Shut Off: manual fuel shutoff valve location must be marked at the disconnecting
means. [NFPA70-2014 692.54]
o Electrical Energy Storage within the fuel cell power system: if the fuel cell power system
stores electric energy (i.e.; battery or transient power module), warnings required at
disconnecting means as follows (or equivalent):
"WARNING
FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEM CONTAINS ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORAGE
DEVICES"
[NFPA70-2014 692.56]
Fire & Emergency Response
o see NFPA853-2010 Section 8.2 for specific details required for Fire Prevention and
Emergency Plan.
- For liquid fuel supplies:
o liquid fuel storage sites require fire hydrants [NFPA853-2010 8.1.1]
 per NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code &
 NFPA 24 Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their
Appurtenances
 supplying water of at least 250 GPM (946 L/min.) for 2 hours.
- or  be protected in accordance with a fire risk evaluation.
o engineered and field-constructed fuel cells (per Section 4.4) require automatic fire detection
and alarm system per NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code.
[NFPA853-2010
8.1.2]
Indoor:
o automatic fire suppression system that shuts off the fuel supply when activated is required for
liquid fuel pumps, [NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.2 & 8.1.5.3]
o liquid fueled systems require leak detection
[NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.9]
o Combustible gas detector(s) required in the fuel cell power system enclosure, the exhaust
system, or the room containing the fuel cell power system, including all indoor or separately
enclosed gas compressors. [NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.4 & 8.1.5.5]
 except if used for a fuel cell power system <50kW where the fuel is either odorized
natural gas or LP-gas, or listed for indoor use.
[NFPA853-2010 9.5.1]
o hydrogen detector required in room when gaseous or liquefied hydrogen is piped into the
room from outside. [NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.6]
o criteria for combustible gas detection systems, including detection specific to hydrogen:
(1) leakage sources and fuel type determines where to locate the detection device(s).
(2) The combustible gas detection system shall activate an alarm at 25% of the lower
flammable limit (LFL) and shut down the power system fuel supply at 60% LFL,
(3) using the lowest LFL of the gas or gas mixture. [NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.7]
o Where leak detection is provided, fuel cell power systems that do not use gaseous fuels and
do not generate flammable gas mixtures in any part of their systems shall not be required to
have combustible gas detection to be installed.
[NFPA853-2010 8.1.5.8]
Specific Requirements for the Fuel Supply (including storage
and delivery) - sorted by fuel
Notes for the following compliance review:
1. These requirements are specific to the fuel, capacities, methods of storage, and location
2. Evaluation for gaseous and liquid hydrogen, methane, and methanol. Does not cover ammonia or
petroleum gases (i.e.; propane, butane, etc.)
3. Evaluation for transportation by road, train, airplane; does not include transportation by sea.
Fuel Supply Compliance Notes:
Determining Code Compliance:
Different requirements exist for placement and storage the fuel by type; e.g., gaseous hydrogen, liquid
hydrogen, flammable gas (methane or other hydrogen-rich gas), and flammable liquids (methanol).
1. Fuel supplies and fuel storage locations are defined by OSHA directives; the setback distances were
derived from the 1969 edition of NFPA 50A - which was made obsolete and replaced by the NFPA as
an updated NFPA 55.
2. AHJs have the authority to chose compliance to NFPA 55 in place of default OSHA setback
requirements if allowed by local code.
3. Local jurisdictions (state, county, township, borough, etc.) may (by legislation) adopt other safety
standards as local code in place of OSHA directives. Federal law (OSHA, other Codes of Federal
Regulations) are legally mandated unless other standards or codes are adopted by the state
legislature.
4. Each state or local agency within the state makes use of the International Code Council (ICC)
international codes for fire safety (International Fire Code - IFC) and fuel & gas safety (International
Fuel & Gas Code - IFGC) by incorporating these safety standards into state code. Other ICC
international codes for safety are also used, but the IFC and IFGC are specifically relevant for fuel
use and storage.
5. Each state ratifies the version (by year of release) of ICC standards and continue to use prior
versions until the state legislatures update their state law; this requires evaluation of prior editions to
address compliance nation-wide.
A list of ICC standards and the state & local adoption of versions of each ICC standard can be found at
ICC's website (select "ADOPTIONS" tab for adoptions of Plumbing Mechanical, Fuel Gas - PMG - codes):
http://www.iccsafe.org/cs/PMG/Pages/default.aspx
For access to the text of each ICC document::
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/
simply stated… for fuel storage & use: comply to OSHA, or by state legal adoption of IFC & IFGC
… which invoke compliance to NFPA 55 (and other standards).
International Fire Code (IFC)- hydrogen & other flammable gases:
Hazard definition & safety performance criteria:
IFC2012: Chapter 50 Hazardous Materials - General Provisions
IFC2009: Chapter 50 Hazardous Materials - General Provisions
IFC2006: Chapter 50 Hazardous Materials - General Provisions
IFC2003: Chapter 27 Hazardous Materials - General Provisions
Code Requirements for Flammable Gases (including Liquid Hydrogen):
IFC2012: Chapter 58 Flammable Gases & Flammable Cryogenic Fluids
- including H2, methane, and CO shall comply with NFPA 55
IFC2009: Chapter 35 Flammable Gases & Flammable Cryogenic Fluids
- including H2, methane, and CO shall comply with NFPA 55
IFC2006: Chapter 35 Flammable Gases
& Chapter 32 Flammable Cryogenic Fluids
- including H2, methane, and CO shall comply with NFPA 55
IFC2003: Chapter 35 Flammable Gases;
& Chapter 32 Flammable Cryogenic Fluids
- including H2, methane, and CO shall comply with NFPA 50B
International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC):
Applies to hydrogen & other flammable gases. Does not apply to liquid-fueled systems.
Liquid-fueled fuel cell power systems, including methanol & LP are outside the scope of IFGC:
"This code shall not apply to the following:…
7. Integrated chemical plants or portions of such plants where flammable or combustible liquids or
gases are
produced by, or used in, chemical reactions….
8. LP-gas installations at utility gas plants…
9. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations…" [IFGC2012.101.2.4]
NFPA 30 addresses flammable methanol/water mixture storage requirements by location and quantity
stored.
NFPA 30 has different requirements & capacity limits for use in a process, i.e.; reformation (Chapter 17)
vs. for bulk storage (Chapters 10-16).
Reformer fuel mix: Methanol/water blend, 60-70% (by weight) methanol to water, and has a flash point
under 70°F.
Pure methanol and methanol/water blend as described above are Flammable Class IB liquids per
Section 4.3.1
NFPA 55:
Note: NFPA 55 uses "scf" (standard cubic feet) for volumetric limits, and a conversion rate of 1 scf =
0.02832 "Nm3" (Normal cubic meter). A "standard" cubic foot is measured at 60°F, while a "normal" cubic
meter is measured at 0°C; both are measured relative to 1 atmosphere of pressure.
Additional guidance on fuel hazards for first-responders is provided by the Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA, an organization within the U.S. Department of Transportation) Emergency Response Guidebook -2102 edition; includes specific numbered guides for hazard
detection & protection, public safety & first aid, protective gear, fire suppression materials & approaches,
etc.
The Emergency Response Guidebook -2012 is located here:
http://phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_7410989F4294AE44A2EBF6A80ADB640BCA8E4200/filen
ame/ERG2012.pdf
General Requirements (common to all fuels):

Definitions
Hazardous (classified) locations [29CFR1910.307]; definition of terms: [29CFR1910.399]
o "Class I, Division 1: Normally explosive and hazardous [29CFR1910 Subpart H]
(i) In which ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors may exist under normal
operating conditions; or
(ii) In which ignitable concentrations of such gases or vapors may exist frequently because of
repair or maintenance operations or because of leakage; or
(iii) In which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might release ignitable
concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, and might also cause simultaneous failure of
electric equipment.
Note to the definition of “Class I, Division 1:” This classification usually includes ….all other
locations where ignitable concentrations of flammable vapors or gases are likely to occur in
the course of normal operations."
o
"Class I, Division 2: Not normally present in an explosive concentration (but may accidently
exist).
(i) In which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled, processed, or used,
but in which the hazardous liquids, vapors, or gases will normally be confined within closed
containers or closed systems from which they can escape only in the event of accidental
rupture or breakdown of such containers or systems, or as a result of abnormal operation of
equipment; or
(ii) In which ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors are normally prevented by positive
mechanical ventilation, and which might become hazardous through failure or abnormal
operations of the ventilating equipment; or
(iii) That is adjacent to a Class I, Division 1 location, and to which ignitable concentrations of
gases or vapors might occasionally be communicated unless such communication is
prevented by adequate positive-pressure ventilation from a source of clean air, and effective
safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
Note to the definition of “Class I, Division 2:” This classification usually includes locations
where volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases or vapors are used, but which would
become hazardous only in case of an accident or of some unusual operating condition. The
quantity of flammable material that might escape in case of accident, the adequacy of
ventilating equipment, the total area involved, and the record of the industry or business with
respect to explosions or fires are all factors that merit consideration in determining the
classification and extent of each location.
Piping without valves, checks, meters, and similar devices would not ordinarily introduce a
hazardous condition even though used for flammable liquids or gases. Locations used for the
storage of flammable liquids or liquefied or compressed gases in sealed containers would not
normally be considered hazardous unless also subject to other hazardous conditions.
Electrical conduits and their associated enclosures separated from process fluids by a single
seal or barrier are classed as a Division 2 location if the outside of the conduit and enclosures
is a nonhazardous location."

Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
[IFC2012 Sec. 5003.2.2.1] & [IFC2009,2006,2003 Sec. 2703.2.2.1]
o Pressure-handling components designed to withstand pressure, structural, seismic stress &
exposure.
o Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely activated fail-safe emergency shutoff
valves installed at point of use and the tank, cylinder, or bulk source; clearly identified and
indicated by a sign.
o Approved leak detection and emergency shutoff or excess flow control required.

Labeling & Signage
o Hazard identification signs. "Unless otherwise exempted by the fire code official, visible
hazard identification signs as specified in NFPA 704 for the specific material contained shall
be placed on stationary containers and above-ground tanks and at entrances to locations
where hazardous materials are stored, dispensed, used or handled in quantities requiring a
permit and at specific entrances and locations designated by the fire code official." [IFC2012
5003.5]
o Piping & tubing identified per ASME A13.1 to indicated the material conveyed. [IFC2012
5003.2.2.1.2]

Fire & Emergency Response
o Performance requirements (for Performance-based design alternative) - if chosen by mfg.
[IFC2012 5001.3.3]
o Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) - if required by AHJ
[IFC2012
5001.5.1]
o Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS) - if required by AHJ
[IFC2012
5001.5.2]
General Requirements (common to compressed gas fuels):


Container types & design & storage construction
- (Fuel Storage) Containers: [29CFR1910.101]
o Inspection of compressed gas cylinders "…Visual and other inspections shall be conducted
as prescribed in the Hazardous Materials Regulations of the Department of Transportation
(49 CFR parts 171-179 and 14 CFR part 103). Where those regulations are not applicable,
visual and other inspections shall be conducted in accordance with Compressed Gas
Association Pamphlets C-6-1968 and C-8-1962…" [29CFR1910.101(a)]
o Compressed gases. "The in-plant handling, storage, and utilization of all compressed gases
in cylinders, portable tanks, rail tankcars, or motor vehicle cargo tanks shall be in accordance
with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet P-1-1965..."
[29CFR1910.101(b)]
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
- Pressure Relief Devices:
o Safety relief devices for compressed gas containers. Compressed gas cylinders, portable
tanks, and cargo tanks shall have pressure relief devices installed and maintained in
accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlets S-1.1-1963 and 1965 addenda
and S-1.2-1963…" [29CFR1910.101(c)]
o
o
o

pressure relief devices sized and selected per CGA S-1.1, S-1.2, and S-1.3 or the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. [IFC2012 5303.3.2]
"Pressure relief devices shall be arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed to the open
air in such a manner as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the container,
adjacent structures or personnel.
Exception: DOTn specification containers having
an internal volume of 30 cubic feet (0.855 m 3) or less."
[IFC2012 5303.3.4]
pressure relief devices protected from freeze [IFC2012 5303.3.5]
Fire & Emergency Response
o Fire Suppression required in Gas rooms [IFC2012 5003.8.4.1]
Flammable Gases - Hydrogen
Definitions
o Hydrogen gas - Class I (Flammable gases, vapors, liquids), Group B: Hydrogen
[29CFR1910 Subpart H]
o all IFC editions define hydrogen gas as a Physical Hazard, Flammable gas, either
Gaseous or Liquified. [IFC2012: Chapter 50; IFC2009, IFC2006, IFC2003: Chapter 27]
o Control Areas - A building or portion of a building within which hazardous materials are
allowed to be stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities not exceeding the maximum
allowable quantities (MAQ). [NFPA55-2013 3.3.6.1]
o Maximum Allowable Quantity per Control Area (MAQ) - A threshold quantity of hazardous
material in a specific hazard class that once exceeded requires the application of additional
administrative procedures, construction features, or engineering controls. [NFPA55-2013
3.3.66]
o Bulk Hydrogen Compressed Gas System. - An assembly of equipment that consists of, but
is not limited to, storage containers, pressure regulators, pressure relief devices,
compressors, manifolds, and piping, with a storage capacity of more than 5000 scf (141.6
Nm3) of compressed hydrogen gas and that terminates at the source valve. [NFPA55-2013
3.3.93.2]
o Bulk Liquefied Hydrogen System. - An assembly of equipment that consists of, but is not
limited to, storage containers, pressure regulators, pressure relief devices, vaporizers, liquid
pumps, compressors, manifolds, and piping, with a storage capacity of more than 39.7 gal
(150 L) of liquefied hydrogen that terminates at the source valve. [NFPA55-2013 3.3.93.4]
Components & Systems Certifications
o Potential electrical ignition sources shall be listed or approved for use with the hazardous
material (NRTL listed, and class) [NFPA55-2013 4.9.3]
- Permitting:
Compressed gases. IFC2012, 2009, 2006 [Section 105.6.8]; IFC2003 [Section 105.6.9]
o An operational permit is required for the storage, use, or handling at normal temperature &
pressure (NTP) of compressed gases in excess of…200 cubic feet (ft.3) per Table
105.6.8.
o Installation of gaseous hydrogen systems per IFGC Chapter 7 & IFC Chapters 53 & 58
[IFGC2012.701.1]
o Permits per IFC Section 106. [IFGC2012.701.2]
o Gaseous hydrogen systems, equipment and machinery shall be listed or approved
[IFGC2012.704.1]
o "Stationary fuel-cell power systems having a power output not exceeding 10 MW shall be
tested in accordance with ANSI CSA America FC 1 and shall be installed in accordance with
the manufacturer’s installation instructions, NFPA 853, the International Building Code and
the International Fire Code." [IFGC2012.633.1]
- Pressure Testing requirement:
o "Prior to acceptance and initial operation, all piping installations shall be inspected and
pressure tested to determine that the materials, design fabrication and installation practices
comply with the requirements of this code."
[IFGC2012.705.1]
o "Inspections shall consist of a visual examination of the entire piping system installation and a
pressure test. Hydrogen piping systems shall be inspected in accordance with this code.
Inspection methods such as outlined in ASME B31.3 shall be permitted where specified by
the design engineer and approved by the code official. Inspections shall be conducted or
verified by the code official prior to system operation." [IFGC2012.705.2]
o "A hydrostatic or pneumatic leak test shall be performed. Testing of hydrogen piping systems
shall utilize testing procedures identified in ASME B31.3 or other approved methods…"
 See IFGC2012 Section 705.3 for additional piping test criteria & methods.
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
- Location: [29CFR1910.103(b)(2)]
system shall be located such that:
o shall be readily accessible to delivery equipment and to authorized personnel;
o shall be located above ground;
o not located beneath electric power lines;
o not close to flammable liquid piping or other flammable gas piping;
o and not higher than flammable liquid storage except where dikes, diversion curbs, grading, or
separating solid walls are used to prevent accumulation of flammable liquids under the
system.
o The area within 15 feet of any hydrogen container shall be kept free of dry vegetation and
combustible material. [29CFR1910.103(b)(5)]
- Capacity & setback distances:
29CFR1910.103(b)(2)(ii)(a) Table H-1 limits
o >15,000 CF gas storage to separate buildings or outdoors;
o 3,000-15,000 CF is limited to outdoors, in a separate building, or in a special room,
o and allows <3000 CF to be stored inside building exposed to other occupancies.
29CFR1910.103(b)(2)(ii)(d) defines requirements for H2 storage <3000 CF inside a building:
o adequately ventilated per 29CFR1910.103(b)(3)(ii)(b),
o inlet opening located near the floor in exterior walls only,
o outlet openings at high point in room in exterior walls or roof,
o inlet & outlet openings shall have a minimum total area of 1 sq. ft. per 1000 CF of room
volume,
o discharge from outlet directed to a safe location.
 20 feet from stored flammable materials or oxidizing gases,
 25 feet from open flames, ordinary electrical equipment, or other sources of ignition,
 25 feet from concentrations of people,
 50 feet from ventilation intakes for air-conditioning equipment and air compressors,
 50 feet from other flammable gas storage,
 protected from damage or injury due to falling objects or working activity in the area;
o also, more than one system of 3000 CF or less may be installed in the same room, separated
by at least 50 feet, and each meeting the requirements above.
Table H2 defines the setback distances by storage capacity:
type of outdoor exposure
example
1. Building or structure
- see NFPA 220 Standard
Types of Building
Construction
(1969 ed.)
2. Wall openings
3. Flammable liquids
above ground
4. Flammable liquids
below ground <1000 gallons
5. Flammable liquids
below ground >1000 gallons
6. Flammable gas storage,
High & Low pressure
7. Oxygen storage
8. Fast-burning solids
9. Slow-burning solids
a. Wood frame construction
b. Heavy timber, or ordinary
construction
c. Fire-resistive construction
[29CFR1910.103(b)(2)(ii)(c)]
<3,000
3,000 CF
15,000 CF
a. 10 ft.
a. 25 ft.
b. 0 ft.
b. 10 ft.
c. 0 ft.
c. 0 ft.
a. Not above any part of a system
b. Above any part of a system
a. 0 to 1000 gallons
b. >1000 gallons
a. Tank
b. Vent or fill opening of tank
a. Tank
b. Vent or fill opening of tank
a. low pressure: 0-15,000 CF
b. high pressure: >15,000 CF
a. 0 - 12,000 CF - see NFPA 51 (1969
ed.)
b. > 12, 000 CF - see NFPA 566 (1969
ed.)
>15,000
CF
a. 50 ft.
b. 25 ft.
c. 0 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 20 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
-
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 25 ft.
b. 50 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 20 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 25 ft.
b. 50 ft.
-
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 25 ft.
b. 50 ft.
a. 10 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 20 ft.
b. 25 ft.
a. 25 ft.
b. 50 ft.
-
50 ft.
25 ft.
50 ft.
25 ft.
50 ft.
25 ft.
10. Open flame or sources of ignition
25 ft.
25 ft.
25 ft.
11. Inlets to air compressors, ventilation, or air conditioning equip.
50 ft.
50 ft.
50 ft.
12. Concentrations of people
25 ft.
50 ft.
50 ft.
The distances in Table H-2 type of outdoor enclosure Items 1 and 3 to 10 inclusive do not apply where
protective structures such as adequate fire walls are located between the system and the exposure.
Refer to OSHA 29CFR1910.103(b)(3) for additional definitions and requirements for building construction
types.
- Fuel Storage:
o pressure relief devices arranged to discharge unobstructed per IFC Section 2309
[IFGC2012.703.3.8]
Indoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(1) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard
o MAQ: Storage & Closed-System Use - restricts Flammable Gas to 1000 ft3 per control
area, or else control area is classified as Occupancy Group H-2 (fire suppression required).
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if an approved sprinkler system is in place; limit:
Flammable Gas to 2000 ft3 per control area. [note d]
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if stored in approved gas cabinet or storage cabinet;
limit: Flammable Gas to 2000 ft3 per control area. [note e]
o If both an approved gas cabinet and approved sprinkler system are used, the 100% increase
in MAQ is applied accumulatively; limit: Flammable Gas to 4000 ft3 per control area. [note d &
e]
o Indoor limitation: "Flammable gas cylinders in occupancies regulated by the International
Residential Code shall not exceed 250 cubic feet (7.1 m 3) at normal temperature and
pressure (NTP)." [IFGC2012.703.2.1]
Outdoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(3) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard in an Outdoor Control Area:
o MAQ: Storage - restricts Flammable Gas to 3000 ft3 per control area. Total quantities for
storage & use must not exceed Storage amounts.
o MAQ: Closed-System Use - restricts Flammable Gas to 1500 ft3 per control area.
o
o
NFPA55 Table 6.2.1 defines the MAQ derating for control areas for floor levels above grade
plane, limits number of control areas per floor based on the Fire Resistance Rating for Fire
Barriers [NFPA55-2013 6.2.1]
NFPA55 Table 6.5 requires a detached building for bulk hydrogen compressed gas systems
that exceed 15,000 scf (425Nm 3) [NPFA55-2013 6.5]
Container types & design & storage construction
- (Fuel Storage) Containers:
o containers designed, constructed, tested to ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels 1968 (per Sec. 29CFR1910.6)
[29CFR1910.103(b)(1)(i)(a)(1)],
- or o containers designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with US Dept. of Transportation
(DOT) Specifications and Regulations.
[29CFR1910.103(b)(1)(i)(a)(2)]
o
"Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall be designed, fabricated, tested,
marked with the specifications of manufacture and maintained in accordance with the
regulations of DOTn 49 CFR Parts 100-185 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII." [IFC2012 5303.2]
o
compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks per IFC Chapter 53 & 58 [IFGC2012.703.2]
& designed, constructed, and tested per IFC Chapter 50, AMSE Boiler & Pressure Vessel
Code (Section VIII) or DOTn 49CFR Parts 100-180 [IFGC2012.703.2.2].
o
o
handling of compressed gas containers, cylinders, and tanks per IFC Chapter 50.
[IFGC2012.704.4]
"Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks, except those with a water volume less
than 1.3 gallons (5 L) and those designed for use in a horizontal position, shall be used in an
upright position with the valve end up. An upright position shall include conditions where the
container, cylinder or tank axis is inclined as much as 45 degrees (0.79 rad) from the
vertical."
[IFGC2012.704.2]
[NFPA 2-2011 7.1.5] - for reference only:
designed, fabricated, tested, and marked (stamped) in accordance with either
o U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT),
o Transport Canada (TC) Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, or
o ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels
Section VIII (also referenced by NFPA 55 Section 7.1.5.1)

Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
- Pressure Relief Devices
Hydrogen containers shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required by
o ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels 1968, or
o by DOT Specifications and Regulations.
[29CFR1910.103(b)(1)(ii)(a)]
o
containers & vessel pressure relief devices per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
(Section VIII), DOTn 49CR Parts 100-180
[IFGC2012.703.3.3 & 703.3.4],
o sized and selected per CGA S-1.1, S-1.2, and S-1.3
[IFGC2012.703.3]
o no valves or mechanical restrictions between container and pressure relief devices
[IFGC2012.703.3.1]
o pressure relief devices protected from debris & environment [IFGC2012.703.3.6]
o pressure relief devices readily accessible for inspection
[IFGC2012.703.3.7]
- Piping design
o "Piping and tubing materials shall be 300 series stainless steel or materials listed or
approved for hydrogen service and the use intended through the full range of operating
conditions to which they will be subjected."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3]
o "Piping passing through concrete or masonry walls shall be protected against differential
settlement." [IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.7]
o "Underground piping shall not penetrate the outer foundation or basement wall of a building."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.4]
o "Piping shall not be installed in or through a circulating air duct; clothes chute; chimney or gas
vent; ventilating duct; dumbwaiter; or elevator shaft.
o Piping shall not be concealed or covered by the surface of any wall, floor or ceiling."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.1]
o Valves, regulators and piping components shall be listed or approved for hydrogen service,
shall be provided with access and shall be designed and constructed to withstand the
maximum pressure to which such components will be subjected.
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.5]
- Non-Bulk Storage:
o Piping per ANSI/ASME B31.3, Process Piping, or other approved standard [NFPA55-2013
7.3.1.3]
- Bulk Storage:
o Piping, tubing, valves, and fittings shall be designed and installed in accordance with ASME
B31.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines, NFPA 55 Section 7.3.1.3, and IFC Sections
704.1.2.3, 704.1.2.4, and 704.1.2.5.
o Cast-iron pipe, valves, and fittings shall not be used. [NFPA55-2013 10.2.2]
o Prior to initial operation, all piping inspected & pressure tested per ASME B31.12, Hydrogen
Piping and Pipelines, and IFC Section 705. [NFPA55-2013 10.2.2.1]
- Joint construction:
o "Joints in piping and tubing in hydrogen service shall be listed as complying with ASME B31.3
to include the use of welded, brazed, flared, socket, slip and compression fittings.
o Gaskets and sealants used in hydrogen service shall be listed as complying with ASME
B31.3.
o Threaded and flanged connections shall not be used in areas other than hydrogen cutoff
rooms and outdoors."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.4]
o "Brazing alloys shall have a melting point greater than 1,000°F (538°C)."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.4.1]
o "Mechanical joints shall maintain electrical continuity through the joint or a bonding jumper
shall be installed around the joint." [IFGC2012.704.1.2.4.2]
- Indoor gas piping:
o "Where piping other than stainless steel piping, stainless steel tubing or black steel is
installed through holes or notches in wood studs, joists, rafters or similar members less than
11/2 inches (38 mm) from the nearest edge of the member, the pipe shall be protected by
shield plates. Shield plates shall be a minimum of 1/16-inch-thick (1.6 mm) steel, shall cover
the area of the pipe where the member is notched or bored and shall extend a minimum of 4
inches (102 mm) above sole plates, below top plates and to each side of a stud, joist or
rafter."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.5]
o "Except for through penetrations, piping located inside of buildings shall be installed in
exposed locations and provided with ready access for visual inspection."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.2]
- Outdoor gas piping:
o "Piping installed above ground, outdoors, shall be securely supported and located where it
will be protected from physical damage.
o Piping passing through an exterior wall of a building shall be encased in a protective pipe
sleeve.
o The annular space between the piping and the sleeve shall be sealed from the inside such
that the sleeve is ventilated to the outdoors.
o Where passing through an exterior wall of a building, the piping shall also be protected
against corrosion by coating or wrapping with an inert material.
o Below-ground piping shall be protected against corrosion."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.3.6]
- Shutoff Valves:
o Shutoff valves shall be provided on all storage container and tank connections except for
pressure relief devices. Shutoff valves shall be provided with ready access.
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.5.1]
Vents & Ventilation
29CFR1910.103(b)(2)(ii)(d) defines requirements for H2 storage <3000 CF inside a building:
o adequately ventilated per 29CFR1910.103(b)(3)(ii)(b),
o inlet opening located near the floor in exterior walls only,
o outlet openings at high point in room in exterior walls or roof,
o inlet & outlet openings shall have a minimum total area of 1 sq. ft. per 1000 CF of room
volume,
o discharge from outlet directed to a safe location.
 20 feet from stored flammable materials or oxidizing gases,
 25 feet from open flames, ordinary electrical equipment, or other sources of ignition,
 25 feet from concentrations of people,
 50 feet from ventilation intakes for air-conditioning equipment and air compressors,
Labeling & Signage
o each portable container shall be legibly marked with the name "Hydrogen" per Sec.
1910.253(b)(1)(ii); each manifolded hydrogen supply shall be legibly marked with the name
"Hydrogen" or a legend such as "This unit contains hydrogen". [29CFR1910.103(b)(1)(i)(c)]
o The hydrogen storage location shall be permanently placarded as follows:
"HYDROGEN - FLAMMABLE GAS - NO SMOKING - NO OPEN FLAMES" or equivalent.
[29CFR1910.103(b)(1)(v)]
o
"Hydrogen piping systems shall be marked in accordance with ANSI A13.1. Markings used
for piping systems shall consist of the name of the contents and shall include a direction-offlow arrow. Markings shall be provided at all of the following locations:
1. At each valve.
2. At wall, floor and ceiling penetrations.
3. At each change of direction.
4. At intervals not exceeding 20 feet (6096 mm)."
[IFGC2012.704.1.2.2]
[NFPA 2-2011 7.1.6] - for reference only:
o containers, cylinders, and tanks marked in accordance with NFPA 704 Standard for the
Identification of Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response (also reference by NFPA 55
Section 7.1.8.3.1)
o piping systems marked in accordance with ASME A13.1 Scheme for the Identification of
Piping Systems or applicable approved codes and standards (also referenced by NFPA 55
Section 7.1.7.4.1);
 marking includes name of gas and direction-of-flow arrow;
 at each critical process control valve,
 at wall, floor, or ceiling penetrations
 at a minimum of every 20ft (6.1m) or fraction thereof throughout the piping run.
- Non-Bulk Storage:
o No Smoking with 25ft (7.6m) of outdoor storage areas, dispensing areas, or open use areas
[NFPA55-2013 4.9.1];
o No Smoking signs required [NFPA55-2013 4.10.3] .
- Bulk Storage:
o Permanent placard for area: [NFPA55-2013 10.2.1.2]
"HYDROGEN - FLAMMABLE GAS - NO SMOKING - NO OPEN FLAMES"
o cylinders, containers, & tanks marked per NFPA 704
[NPFA55-2013 7.1.8.3.1]
NPFA 704 - hydrogen gas
Fuel Transportation & Site Refueling
Safe Transportation of Gaseous Hydrogen, Methane, & gas mixtures - Identified by 49CFR172.101
Hazardous Materials Table
(2)
Hazardous
(3)
materials Hazard
(4)
(1)
description class Identificati (5)
Sym
s and
or
on
PG
bols
proper
Divisio Numbers
shipping
n
names
(6)
Label
Codes
(7)
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(8)
(9)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Quantity limitations
(see §§173.27 and
175.75)
Exceptions
Nonbulk
Bulk
Cargo
Passenger
aircraft
aircraft/rail
only
Hydrogen,
compresse
d
2.1 UN1049
2.1
N89 306
302
302,
314
Forbidden 150kg
Methane
or natural
gas,
compresse
d
2.1 UN1971
2.1
306
302
302
Forbidden 150kg
Hydrogen
and
Methane
mixtures,
compresse
d
2.1 UN2034
2.1
N89 306
302
302,
314,
315
Forbidden 150kg
(3) Hazard class or Division "2.1" :
flammable gas per 49CFR173.115(a) definitions
(4) Identification Numbers :
United Nations (international) material designation for shipping
identification number
(6) Label Codes :
Flammable Gas [see 49CFR172.417 for labeling]
(7) Special provisions :
N89 = When steel UN pressure receptacles are used, only those bearing the “H” mark
are authorized.
(8) Packaging :
Exceptions [49CFR173.306] = Limited quantities of compressed gases.
Non-bulk [49CFR173.302] = Filling of cylinders with nonliquefied (permanent) compressed gases.
per 49CFR173.301b(f) Hydrogen bearing gases: A steel UN pressure receptacle bearing an “H”
mark must be used for hydrogen bearing gases...
per 49CFR173.302a(a)(4): DOT 3AX, 3AAX, and 3T cylinders are authorized for Division
2.1…materials and for carbon monoxide. DOT 3T cylinders are not authorized for hydrogen. When
used in methane service, the methane must be a nonliquefied gas with a minimum purity of 98.0%
methane and commercially free of corroding components.
Bulk
[49CFR173.314] = Compressed gases in tank cars and multi-unit tank cars.
[49CFR173.315] = Compressed gases in cargo tanks and portable tanks. Container Types
approved for Div. 2.1 material (hydrogen, etc.): DOT-51, MC-330, MC-331
(9) Quantity limitations : Forbidden to ship on passenger aircraft or passenger rail, limit of 150kg for cargo
aircraft.
Fire & Emergency Response
o Emergency plan required when exceeding MAQ (max allowable quantity), or when required
by AHJ. [NFPA55-2013 4.2.1.1]
o Emergency plan details (MSDS, emergency procedures, emergency contact info, hazard
identification labeling, etc.) [NFPA55-2013 4.2.1.2]
- FIRE:
[ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049) burns with an invisible flame. Hydrogen and Methane mixture,
compressed (UN2034) may burn with an invisible flame.
SMALL FIRE
o Dry chemical or CO2
LARGE FIRE
o Water spray or fog.
o Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS
o Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
o Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
o Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
o Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of
tank.
o ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
o For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- SPILL or LEAK: [ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
o All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
o Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
o Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
o If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
o Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
o Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
o Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
o Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
o Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
- additional requirements for hydrogen-generating devices
Definitions
o applies to systems rated from greater than 0.08 lbs/hr (36 g/hr) to less than 55 lbs/hr (25
kg/hr). [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.2]
Components & Systems Certifications
o Fuel processing equipment integrated into a listed fuel cell power system are installed per
NFPA 853. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.3]
o Safety related controls per NFPA79 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery. [NFPA552013 12.3.2.4.(8)]
o Electrolyzers tested and approved to ISO/DIS 22734 Hydrogen Generators Using Water
Electrolysis Process. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.7.1]
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
o footing per ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
[NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.4.(1)]
o protected from environment & unauthorized access (Fire Dept. access required).
o setbacks per Table 10.3.2.1(a), Table 10.3.2.1(b), or Table 10.3.2.1(c). [NFPA55-2013
12.3.2.4.(2) & (6)]
- Outdoors:
o allowed per IFC Chapter 58, [IFC2012.2309.3.1.1]
- Indoors:
o "Generation, compression, storage and dispensing equipment shall be located in indoor
rooms or areas constructed in accordance with the requirements of the International Building
Code, the International Fuel Gas Code and the International Mechanical Code and one of the
following:
1. Inside a building in a hydrogen cutoff room designed and constructed in accordance
with Section 421 of the International Building Code.
2. Inside a building not in a hydrogen cutoff room where the gaseous hydrogen system
is listed and labeled for indoor installation and installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s installation instructions.
3. Inside a building in a dedicated hydrogen fuel-dispensing area having an aggregate
hydrogen delivery capacity no greater than 12 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM)
and designed and constructed in accordance with Section 703.1 of the International
Fuel Gas Code." [IFC2012.2309.3.1.2]
o limited to 850 ft2 (79 m2) maximum floor area [IFGC2012.703.1.1]
o room separated from remainder of building by 1-hour fire resistance rated floor, wall, and
ceiling per ASTM E119 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and
Materials. or UL 263 Fire Tests of Building Construction & Materials. [NFPA55-2013
12.3.2.8.3.3]
o Openings between indoor use and other occupied spaces require protection by fire doors &
dampers per NFPA90A Standard for Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilation Systems,
installed per NFPA80 Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives, and require
egress per NFPA101 Life Safety Code. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.3.5. through 12.3.2.8.3.8]
o fire-rated separation is not required if hydrogen generating & storage does not exceed 400
scf (11.33 Nm3) [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.4.(7)]
o Clearances from other combustible materials per NFPA31 Standard for the Installation of OilBurning Equipment, NFPA54 National Fuel Gas Code, or NFPA58 Liquified Petroleum Gas
Code. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.7.3]
- Rooftop & penthouse installation:
o Hydrogen reformers or gasifiers are prohibited from rooftop or penthouse installation of
occupied structures, unless listing or approval is specific for rooftop installations. [NPFA552013 12.3.2.5.1.1 & 12.3.2.5.1.2]
o roofing material under and within 12 inches (305 mm) horizontally of a fuel cell power
components or system shall be Class A rating or noncombustible per building code.
[NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.5.3]

Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls
o Installed per ANSI/ASME B31.3 Process Piping. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.4.2]
o accessible shutoff valve in the reformer fuel piping, located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of the fuel
storage, [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.4.3]
o unless the power system is installed in a room with a 1-hour fire resistance rating; else a
second accessible shutoff valve located within 6 ft (1.8 m) of the power system is required,
[NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.4.4]
o unless the power system is installed in a room with a 1-hour fire resistance rating; then the
valve shall be located outside of the room. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.4.5]
o Reformer systems using flammable liquid fuel, installed indoors, must: [NFPA55-2013
12.3.2.8.7.3]
 contain less than 5 gal (0.019m3) liquid fuel during all modes of operation, standby,
and shutdown,
 store bulk quantities of fuel outside,
 indoor fuel piping requires solid tubing or piping, all-welded, soldered, or brazed up
through the reformer enclosure,
 leak detection and automatic isolation of the indoor fuel piping to the outdoor bulk
fuel supply,
 outdoor bulk supplies require an automatic isolation valve at the tank if located at a
higher elevation than the reformer.
 requires an automatic shutoff valve outside the building using a gas detection system
that will close the valve above 25% LFL concentration. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.4.6]
 combustible gas detector installed per NFPA853 8.1.5.4 through 8.1.5.8 (unless fuel
is odorized and fuel gas system is listed for indoor use). [NFPA55-2013
12.3.2.8.8.1]

Vents & Ventilation
o prevent building air from being exposed to hazardous & toxic atmosphere in excess of OSHA
limits [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.2.1, 12.3.2.8.3.2]
- Outdoor installation:
o
exhaust outlets from reformer fuel-bearing components located at least 50 ft (15 m) from
HVAC air intakes, windows, doors, and other building openings, and not directed onto
walkways or other pedestrian paths. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.2.2]
- Indoor installation:
o ventilation & exhaust must be negative or neutral pressure (with respect to the surrounding
building) in the room where a reformer is use. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.5.3]
o Natural ventilation may be use if verified safe. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.5.5] Mechanical
ventilation, if used, requires a control interlock to shut down the system safely if ventilation
fails. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.5.4]
- Indoors [per IFGC2012.703.1]
o must be vented outdoors,
o not exceed 4 SCFM (0.00189 m3/s) H2 generation for each 250 ft2 floor area,
o 3 in. (76 mm) minimum cross-sectional area of air openings,
o ignition sources (appliance or equipment) not within 12 in. (305 mm) of ceiling.
o two permanent vent openings in the same exterior wall:
o upper opening within 12 in. (305 mm) of ceiling &
o lower opening within 12 in. (305 mm) of the floor;
o vent minimum free area of 1/2 ft2 per 1000 ft3 (1 m2 per 610 m3) of garage volume
o ventilation louvers & grilles fixed in open position,
o Indoor locations require ventilation per International Mechanical Code (IMC) Section 502.16.
[IFGC2012.703.1.2]; ignition sources located below mechanical vent outlets.
o Alternately, an approved engineered system is allowed. [IFGC2012.703.1.3]
Fire & Emergency Response
o Fire protection requirements per NFPA 853,
o Carbon Monoxide detector installed in the reformer enclosure, the reformer exhaust, or the
room it's in. [NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.6]
o For indoor installations if used without ventilation air from the outside, a limit control or
method is required to prevent ambient oxygen levels from dropping below 18% by volume.
[NFPA55-2013 12.3.2.8.7.3]
Flammable Gases - Liquified Hydrogen
Definitions
o OSHA defines liquid hydrogen as liquefied hydrogen with separate requirements (compared
to either gaseous hydrogen or flammable liquids). [29CFR1910 Subpart H]
o all IFC editions define hydrogen liquid as a Physical Hazard, Flammable gas, either
Gaseous or Liquified. [IFC2012: Chapter 50; IFC2009, IFC2006, IFC2003: Chapter 27]
Components & Systems Certifications
Cryogenic fluids. IFC2012, 2009, 2006 [Section 105.6.10]; IFC2003 [Section 105.6.11]
o An operational permit is required to produce, store, transport on site, use, handle, or
dispense cryogenic fluids in excess of…more than 1 gallon inside building or 60 gallons
outside building for flammable cryogenic fluid per Table 105.6.10.
o The design of liquefied hydrogen systems shall comply with Chapter 55 of the International
Fire Code. [IFGC2012.708.1]
o Potential electrical ignition sources shall be listed or approved for use with the hazardous
material (NRTL listed, and class) [NFPA55-2013 4.9.3]
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
- Location: [29CFR1910.103(c)]
system shall be located such that:
o shall be readily accessible to mobile supply equipment and to authorized personnel;
o not located beneath electric power lines;
o not close to flammable liquid lines, flammable gas lines, or lines carrying oxidizing materials;
o and not higher than flammable liquid storage except where dikes, diversion curbs, grading, or
separating solid walls are used to prevent accumulation of liquids within 50 feet of the
liquefied hydrogen container.
o Storage sites shall be fenced and posted to prevent entrance by unauthorized personnel.
[29CFR1910.103(c)(2)(i)]
o Adequate lighting shall be provided for nighttime transfer operation.
[29CFR1910.103(c)(3)(i)(e)]
- Capacity & setback distances:
Table H-3 limits [29CFR1910.103(c)(2)(ii)(a)]
o 51 to 300 gallons is limited to outdoors, a separate building, or in a special room,
o 301 to 600 gallons is limited to outdoors, or in a separate building,
o >600 gallons liquid hydrogen storage to outdoors only,
o and allows 39.63 (150 liters) to 50 gallons to be stored inside building exposed to other
occupancies.
o does not apply to storage of dewars used in laboratories for experimental purposes.
liquid H2 storage 50 gallons or less inside a building:
[29CFR1910.103(c)(2)(iii)]
o adequately ventilated per 29CFR1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(b) and 29CFR1910.103(c)(2)(i)(f):
 designed and located so that moisture cannot collect and freeze in a manner that
would interfere with proper operation,
 safety relief devices vented unobstructed to the outdoors at a minimum elevation of
25 feet above grade to a safe location.
o 20 feet from stored flammable liquids or materials,
o 25 feet from open flames, ordinary electrical equipment, or other sources of ignition,
o 25 feet from concentrations of people,
o 50 feet from ventilation intakes for air-conditioning equipment and air compressors,
o 50 feet from other flammable gas storage or storage oxidizing gases,
o protected from damage or injury due to falling objects or working activity in the area,
o containers are firmly secured and stored in an upright position,
o no smoking, welding, or cutting operations while hydrogen is in the room.
29CFR1910.103(b)(2)(ii)(c) Table H4 defines the setback distances by storage capacity:
type of exposure
39.63
3,501 to
15,001 to
(150 liters)
to 3500 gallons
5 ft.
25 ft.
50 ft.
75 ft.
15,000
gallons
5 ft.
50 ft.
75 ft.
75 ft.
30,000
gallons
5 ft.
75 ft.
100 ft.
75 ft.
1. Fire-resistive building and fire walls
2. Noncombustible building
3. Other buildings
4. Wall openings, air-compressor intakes, inlets for airconditioning or ventilating equipment
5. Flammable liquids (above ground and vent or fill openings if
50 ft.
75 ft.
100 ft.
below ground)
6. Between stationary liquefied hydrogen containers
5 ft.
5 ft.
5 ft.
7. Flammable gas storage
50 ft.
75 ft.
100 ft.
8. Liquid oxygen storage and other oxidizers
100 ft.
100 ft.
100 ft.
9. Combustible solids
50 ft.
75 ft.
100 ft.
10. Open flames, smoking and welding
50 ft.
50 ft.
50 ft.
11. Concentrations of people
75 ft.
75 ft.
75 ft.
(for types of building construction, refer to NFPA No. 220 Standard Types of Building Construction -1969)
- Fuel Storage:
Indoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(1) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard
o MAQ: Storage & Closed-System Use - restricts Liquified Flammable Gas to 150 lbs per
control area, or else control area is classified as Occupancy Group H-2 (fire suppression
required).
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if an approved sprinkler system is in place; limit:
Liquified Flammable Gas to 300 lbs per control area. [note d]
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if stored in approved gas cabinet or storage cabinet;
limit: Liquified Flammable Gas to 300 lbs per control area. [note e]
o If both an approved gas cabinet and approved sprinkler system are used, the 100% increase
in MAQ is applied accumulatively; limit: Liquified Flammable Gas to 600 lbs per control area.
[note d & e]
Outdoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(3) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard in an Outdoor Control Area:
o MAQ: Storage - restricts Liquified Flammable Gas to 300 lbs per control area. Total
quantities for storage & use must not exceed Storage amounts.
o MAQ: Closed-System Use - restricts Liquified Flammable Gas to 150 lbs per control
area.
Container types & design & storage construction
- Containers:
o containers designed, constructed, tested to
 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels 1968,
or
 API Standard 620 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large,
Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Second Edition (June 1963) and appendix R
(April 1965), [29CFR1910.103(c)(1)(i)(a)] - or  portable containers designed, constructed, and tested in accordance with US Dept.
of Transportation (DOT) Specifications and Regulations.
[29CFR1910.103(c)(1)(i)(b)]
o
"Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall be designed, fabricated, tested,
marked with the specifications of manufacture and maintained in accordance with the
regulations of DOTn 49 CFR Parts 100-185 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII." [IFC2012 5303.2]
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls (including pressure relief devices)
[IFC2012 Sec. 5003.2.2.1] & [IFC2009,2006,2003 Sec. 2703.2.2.1]
o Pressure-handling components designed to withstand pressure, structural, seismic stress &
exposure.
o Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely activated fail-safe emergency shutoff
valves installed at point of use and the tank, cylinder, or bulk source; clearly identified and
indicated by a sign.
o Approved leak detection and emergency shutoff or excess flow control required.
- Pressure Relief Devices
o Stationary liquefied hydrogen containers shall be equipped with safety relief devices sized in
accordance with CGA Pamphlet S-1, Part 3, Safety Relief Device Standards for Compressed
Gas Storage Containers; [29CFR1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(a)(1)]
o Portable liquefied hydrogen containers complying with the U.S. Department of Transportation
Regulations shall be equipped with safety relief devices as required in the U.S. Department of
Transportation Specifications and Regulations.
o Safety relief devices shall be sized in accordance with the requirements of CGA Pamphlet S1, Safety Relief Device Standards, Part 1, Compressed Gas Cylinders and Part 2, Cargo and
Portable Tank Containers.
[29CFR1910.103(c)(1)(iv)(a)(2)]
Labeling & Signage
o Sites shall be placarded as follows:
"Liquefied Hydrogen - Flammable Gas - No Smoking - No Open Flames".[29CFR1910.103(c)(2)(i)(e)]
Fuel Transportation & Site Refueling
Safe Transportation of Liquified Hydrogen, Liquified Methane or Natural Gas - Identified by
49CFR172.101 Hazardous Materials Table
(8)
(3)
(2) Hazardous
Hazard
(7)
Packaging
(1)
materials
(4)
(5) (6)
class
Special
(§173.***)
Sym descriptions
Identificatio P Label
or
provisions
bols
and proper
n Numbers G Codes
Divisio
(§172.102)
Nonshipping names
Exceptions
n
bulk
(9)
Quantity limitations
(see §§173.27 and
175.75)
Bulk
Passenger
aircraft/rail
Cargo
aircraft
only
Hydrogen,
refrigerated
liquid
(cryogenic
liquid)
2.1 UN1966
2.1
T75, TP5 None
316
318,
319
Forbidden Forbidden
Methane or
Natural Gas,
refrigerated
2.1 UN1972
2.1
T75, TP5 None
None
318
Forbidden Forbidden
liquid
(cryogenic
liquid)
(3) Hazard class or Division "2.1" :
flammable (liquefied) gas per 49CFR173.115(a) definitions
(4) Identification Numbers :
United Nations (international) material designation for shipping
identification number
(6) Label Codes :
Flammable Gas [see 49CFR172.417 for labeling]
(7) Special provisions :
T75 = "…refrigerated liquefied gases are authorized to be transported in portable tanks in
accordance with the requirements of §178.277 of this subchapter."
TP5 = " For a portable tank used for the transport of flammable refrigerated liquefied
gases…the maximum rate at which the portable tank may be filled must not exceed the liquid flow
capacity of the primary pressure relief system rated at a pressure not exceeding 120 percent of the
portable tank's design pressure…a portable tank shall have an outage of at least two percent below the
inlet of the pressure relief device or pressure control valve, under conditions of incipient opening, with the
portable tank in a level attitude."
(8) Packaging :
Non-bulk [49CFR173.316] = Cryogenic liquids in cylinders.
(a)(3) "The jacket covering the insulation on a cylinder used to transport any flammable cryogenic
liquid must be made of steel."
(a)(5) No aluminum valves, pipe, or fittings.
(c) "…Specification DOT-4L cylinders (§178.57 of this subchapter) are authorized for the
transportation of cryogenic liquids when carried in the vertical position as follows:
(i) Each cylinder must be constructed, insulated and maintained so that during transportation the
total rate of venting shall not exceed 30 SCF of hydrogen per hour.
(ii) In addition to the marking requirements in §178.35 of this subchapter, the total rate of venting
in SCF per hour (SCFH) shall be marked on the top head or valve protection band in letters at least onehalf inch high as follows: “VENT RATE**SCFH” (with the asterisks replaced by the number representing
the total rate of venting, in SCF per hour)."
Bulk
[49CFR173.318] = Cryogenic liquids in cargo tanks. See section 318 for detailed requirements.
[49CFR173.319] = Cryogenic liquids in tank cars. See section 319 for detailed requirements.
(9) Quantity limitations : Forbidden to ship on passenger aircraft, passenger rail, or cargo aircraft.
Fire & Emergency Response
o Emergency plan required when exceeding MAQ (max allowable quantity), or when required
by AHJ. [NFPA55-2013 4.2.1.1]
o Emergency plan details (MSDS, emergency procedures, emergency contact info, hazard
identification labeling, etc.) [NFPA55-2013 4.2.1.2]
- FIRE:
[ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) burns with an invisible flame.
SMALL FIRE
o Dry chemical or CO2
LARGE FIRE
o Water spray or fog.
o Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS
o Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
o Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
o Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
o Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of
tank.
o ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
o For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- SPILL or LEAK: [ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
o All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
o Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
o Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
o If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
o Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
o Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
o Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
o Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
o Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and
are likely to break without warning.
Flammable Gases - Methane or other hydrogen-rich gases
Definitions
o Methane gas - Class I (Flammable gases, vapors, liquids), Group D: Hydrocarbons
[29CFR1910 Subpart H]
o Control Areas - A building or portion of a building within which hazardous materials are
allowed to be stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities not exceeding the maximum
allowable quantities (MAQ). [NFPA55-2013 3.3.6.1]
o Maximum Allowable Quantity per Control Area (MAQ) - A threshold quantity of hazardous
material in a specific hazard class that once exceeded requires the application of additional
administrative procedures, construction features, or engineering controls. [NFPA55-2013
3.3.66]
Components & Systems Certifications
- Permitting:
Compressed gases. IFC2012, 2009, 2006 [Section 105.6.8]; IFC2003 [Section 105.6.9]
o An operational permit is required for the storage, use, or handling at normal temperature &
pressure (NTP) of compressed gases in excess of…200 cubic feet (ft.3) per Table
105.6.8.
o
Electrical equipment must be Class I Division 1 or 2, Zone 1 or 2 depending on proximity to
indoor or outdoor storage per Table 7.3.3 Electrical Area Classifications unless amended by
AHJ. [NFPA30-2012 7.3.3 - 7.3.6]
o Electrical equipment for Class I Division 1 or 2, or Zone 1 or 2 locations (classified area) may
allow ordinary electrical equipment in a room or enclosure if maintained at a positive pressure
relative to the classified area. [NFPA30-2012 7.3.7]
- Pressure Testing requirement:
 test per ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping, all piping shall be tested before being
covered, enclosed, or placed in use. [NFPA30-2012 27.7.1]
 hydrostatic testing to 150 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system
or pneumatically to 110 percent of the maximum anticipated pressure of the system;
maintain test pressure while a complete visual inspection of all joints and connections
is conducted. [NFPA30-2012 27.7.1.1]
 test pressure no less than a gauge pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa) measured at the
highest point of the system, and the test pressure be maintained not less than 10
minutes duration. [NFPA30-2012 27.7.1.2]
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
- Fuel Storage:
- Indoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(1) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard
o MAQ: Storage & Closed-System Use - restricts Flammable Gas to 1000 ft3 per control
area, or else control area is classified as Occupancy Group H-2 (fire suppression required).
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if an approved sprinkler system is in place; limit:
Flammable Gas to 2000 ft3 per control area. [note d]
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if stored in approved gas cabinet or storage cabinet;
limit: Flammable Gas to 2000 ft3 per control area. [note e]
o If both an approved gas cabinet and approved sprinkler system are used, the 100% increase
in MAQ is applied accumulatively; limit: Flammable Gas to 4000 ft3 per control area. [note d &
e]
- Outdoor:
IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(3) Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous
Materials Posing a Physical Hazard in an Outdoor Control Area:
o MAQ: Storage - restricts Flammable Gas to 3000 ft3 per control area. Total quantities for
storage & use must not exceed Storage amounts.
o
MAQ: Closed-System Use - restricts Flammable Gas to 1500 ft3 per control area.
Container types & design & storage construction
o "Compressed gas containers, cylinders and tanks shall be designed, fabricated, tested,
marked with the specifications of manufacture and maintained in accordance with the
regulations of DOTn 49 CFR Parts 100-185 or the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII." [IFC2012 5303.2]
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls (including pressure relief devices)
[IFC2012 Sec. 5003.2.2.1] & [IFC2009,2006,2003 Sec. 2703.2.2.1]
o Pressure-handling components designed to withstand pressure, structural, seismic stress &
exposure.
o Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely activated fail-safe emergency shutoff
valves installed at point of use and the tank, cylinder, or bulk source; clearly identified and
indicated by a sign.
o Approved leak detection and emergency shutoff or excess flow control required.
- Pressure Relief Devices:
o pressure relief devices sized and selected per CGA S-1.1, S-1.2, and S-1.3 or the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. [IFC2012 5303.3.2]
o "Pressure relief devices shall be arranged to discharge upward and unobstructed to the open
air in such a manner as to prevent any impingement of escaping gas upon the container,
adjacent structures or personnel.
Exception: DOTn specification containers having
an internal volume of 30 cubic feet (0.855 m 3) or less."
[IFC2012 5303.3.4]
o pressure relief devices protected from freeze [IFC2012 5303.3.5]
Vents & Ventilation
Labeling & Signage
- Non-Bulk Storage:
o No Smoking with 25ft (7.6m) of outdoor storage areas, dispensing areas, or open use areas
[NFPA55-2013 4.9.1];
o No Smoking signs required [NFPA55-2013 4.10.3] .
- Bulk Storage:
o cylinders, containers, & tanks marked per NFPA 704
[NPFA55-2013 7.1.8.3.1]
NFPA 704 - methane gas
Fuel Transportation & Site Refueling
Safe Transportation of Gaseous Hydrogen, Methane, & gas mixtures - Identified by 49CFR172.101
Hazardous Materials Table
(2)
(3)
(4)
(1)
Hazardous Hazard Identificati (5)
Sym
materials class
on
PG
bols
description
or
Numbers
(6)
Label
Codes
(7)
Special
provisions
(§172.102)
(8)
(9)
Packaging
(§173.***)
Quantity limitations
(see §§173.27 and
175.75)
s and
proper
shipping
names
Divisio
n
Exceptions
Nonbulk
Bulk
Cargo
Passenger
aircraft
aircraft/rail
only
Hydrogen,
compresse
d
2.1 UN1049
2.1
N89 306
302
302,
314
Forbidden 150kg
Methane
or natural
gas,
compresse
d
2.1 UN1971
2.1
306
302
302
Forbidden 150kg
Hydrogen
and
Methane
mixtures,
compresse
d
2.1 UN2034
2.1
N89 306
302
302,
314,
315
Forbidden 150kg
(3) Hazard class or Division "2.1" :
flammable gas per 49CFR173.115(a) definitions
(4) Identification Numbers :
United Nations (international) material designation for shipping
identification number
(6) Label Codes :
Flammable Gas [see 49CFR172.417 for labeling]
(7) Special provisions :
N89 = When steel UN pressure receptacles are used, only those bearing the “H” mark
are authorized.
(8) Packaging :
Exceptions [49CFR173.306] = Limited quantities of compressed gases.
Non-bulk [49CFR173.302] = Filling of cylinders with nonliquefied (permanent) compressed gases.
per 49CFR173.301b(f) Hydrogen bearing gases: A steel UN pressure receptacle bearing an “H”
mark must be used for hydrogen bearing gases...
per 49CFR173.302a(a)(4): DOT 3AX, 3AAX, and 3T cylinders are authorized for Division
2.1…materials and for carbon monoxide. DOT 3T cylinders are not authorized for hydrogen. When
used in methane service, the methane must be a nonliquefied gas with a minimum purity of 98.0%
methane and commercially free of corroding components.
Bulk
[49CFR173.314] = Compressed gases in tank cars and multi-unit tank cars.
[49CFR173.315] = Compressed gases in cargo tanks and portable tanks. Container Types
approved for Div. 2.1 material (hydrogen, etc.): DOT-51, MC-330, MC-331
(9) Quantity limitations : Forbidden to ship on passenger aircraft or passenger rail, limit of 150kg for cargo
aircraft.
Fire & Emergency Response
- FIRE:
[ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.
CAUTION: Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) burns with an invisible flame.
SMALL FIRE
o Dry chemical or CO2
LARGE FIRE
o Water spray or fog.
o Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS
o Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
o Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
o Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur.
o Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of
tank.
o
o
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
- SPILL or LEAK: [ERG2012 - Guide 115]
o ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
o All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
o Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
o Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
o If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.
o Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift.
o Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.
o Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.
o Prevent spreading of vapors through sewers, ventilation systems and confined areas.
o Isolate area until gas has dispersed.
CAUTION: When in contact with refrigerated/cryogenic liquids, many materials become brittle and
are likely to break without warning.
Flammable & Hazardous Liquid - Methanol
Definitions
o Flammable Liquid - flashpoint at or below 199.4°F (93°C) [29CFR1910.106(a)(19)]
Methanol (from MSDS): flashpoint = 51.8°F (11°C), boiling point = 148.5°F (64.7°C)
o Methanol is defined as Category 2 Flammable Liquid: Packing Group II: flashpoint below
73.4°F (23°C), and having a boiling point above 95°F (35°C), Hazard Class 3 flammable
liquid, UN1230 identification number, [per 49CFR173.121]
o "Atmospheric tank…operate at pressures for atmospheric through 0.5 psi."
[29CFR1910.106(a)(2)]
Flammable liquid (fuel storage) for methanol reformers is stored in an atmospheric tank.
o
Flammable Liquid - Class IB: (e.g.; methanol): flashpoint below 73°F (23°C), and having a
boiling point at or above 1--°F (30°C); does not include cryogenic fluids (like liquefied
hydrogen) [IFC2012 Section 202]
o Combustible Liquid: "A liquid having a closed cup flash point at or above 100°F (38°C)."
[IFC2012 Section 202]
o Explosive: "The term "Explosive" includes any material determined to be within the scope of
USC Title 18: Chapter 40 and also includes any material classified as an explosive other than
consumer fireworks, 1.4G by the hazardous materials regulations of DOTn 49 CFR Parts
100-185." [IFC2012 Section 202]
Methanol is a Class IB flammable liquid; it is not a combustible liquid , it is not an explosive.
Note: Methanol is defined as a Class I Group D flammable vapor per National Electric Code [NFPA702014 500.6]
for relevance, see Table 5703.1.1 Class I Electrical Equipment Locations
o Toxic: "A chemical falling within any of the following categories:
[IFC2012 Section 202]
1. median lethal dose (LD50) > 50 milligrams per kilogram, < 500 milligrams per kilogram of body weight
when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each.
2. median lethal dose (LD50) > 200 milligrams per kilogram & < 1,000 milligrams per kilogram of body
weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24 hours)
with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kilograms each.
3. median lethal concentration (LC50) in air > 200 parts per million & < 2,000 parts per million by volume
of gas or vapor, or > 2 milligrams per liter & < 20 milligrams per liter of mist, fume or dust, when
administered by continuous inhalation for 1 hour (or less if death occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats
weighing between 200 and 300 grams each."
Methanol (from MSDS);
100% concentration; diluted concentrations with water have higher median lethal dose &
concentrations:
1. LD50/oral/rat: >1100 mg/kg
2. LD50/dermal/rabbit: >17000 mg/kg
3. LC50/inhalation/4hr/rat: >128 mg/liter/4hr
Methanol (including methanol-water mixtures) is not classified as Toxic
o Container: "A vessel of 60 gallons (227 L) or less in capacity used for transporting or
storing hazardous materials. Pipes, piping systems, engines and engine fuel tanks are not
considered to be containers."
o Tank: "A vessel containing more than 60 gallons (227 L)."
Capacity of 60 gallons or less is a 'container', over 60 gallons is a 'tank'. [IFC2012]
o Control Area: "Spaces within a building where quantities of hazardous materials not
exceeding the maximum allowable quantities per control area are stored, dispensed, used
or handled…"
o Outdoor control area. "An outdoor area that contains hazardous materials in amounts not
exceeding the maximum allowable quantities of Table 5003.1.1(3) or Table 5003.1.1(4)."
Per Table 5003.1.1(3) & Table 5003.1.1(4), methanol does not have a MAQ for outdoor control areas (no
'flammable liquid' listed under 'MATERIAL').
o Closed System: "The use of a solid or liquid hazardous material involving a closed vessel or
system that remains closed during normal operations where vapors emitted by the product
are not liberated outside of the vessel or system and the product is not exposed to the
atmosphere during normal operations; and all uses of compressed gases. Examples of
closed systems for solids and liquids include product conveyed through a piping system into
a closed vessel, system or piece of equipment."
o Open System: "The use of a solid or liquid hazardous material involving a vessel or system
that is continuously open to the atmosphere during normal operations and where vapors are
liberated, or the product is exposed to the atmosphere during normal operations. Examples of
open systems for solids and liquids include dispensing from or into open beakers or
containers, dip tank and plating tank operations."
A methanol tank vented to the atmosphere through a flame arrestor may be classified as a Closed
System.
Flammable Liquid: Any liquid that has a closed-cup flash point below 100°F (37.8°C)…and
a Reid vapor pressure <40psi (276kPa) at 100°F (37.8°C). [NPFA30-2012 3.3.33.2]
o Classification of Liquids (Chapter 4):
(1) Class IB Liquid - Any liquid that has a flash point below 73°F (22.8°C) and a boiling point at or
above 100°F (37.8°C).. [NPFA30-2012 4.3.1]
o Containers & Tanks:
 Containers: vessel for use or storage not to exceed 119 gallons (450 L). [NPFA302012 Section 3.3.12]
 Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC): closed vessel, not to exceed 793 gallons
(3000 L), intended for storage or transport per CFR49 Parts 100-199 (DOT) or Part 6
UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. [NPFA30-2012
3.3.12.4]
 Rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers & composite IBCs:
 have a plastic vessel that serves as the primary liquid-holding component,
enclosed in or encased by an outer structure of steel cage, a single-wall
metal or plastic enclosure, a double wall of foamed or solid plastic, or a
paperboard enclosure; also denotes an all-plastic single-wall IBC that might
or might not have a separate plastic base and for which the containment
vessel also serves as the support structure. U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) describes these as "composite IBCs".
 IBCs that have an outer liquid-tight metal structure are considered to be
metal IBCs or metal portable tanks by DOT. [NPFA30-2012 A.9.4.1(5)]
 Atmospheric Tank: storage tank designed for atmospheric to 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa)
gauge pressure measure at the top of the tank. [NPFA30-2012 3.3.51.2]
 Low-Pressure Tank: storage tank designed for pressures from 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa) to
15 psi (103 kPa) gauge pressure measured at the top of the tank. [NPFA30-2012
3.3.51.3]
 Pressure Vessel: tank designed to operate above 15 psi (100kPa). [NPFA30-2012
21.4.2.3.1]
 Portable Tank: storage tank over 60 gallons (230 L), not intended for fixed
installations. [NPFA30-2012 3.3.51.4]
 Storage Tank: vessel for fixed installation, not used for processing, exceeds 60
gallons (230 L) capacity. [NPFA30-2012 3.3.51.6]
 Secondary Containment Tank: tank with inner and outer walls with a means of leak
detection in the space between. [NPFA30-2012 3.3.51.5]
o Vault: an enclosure with a floor, 4 walls, and a top used only for containing a liquid Storage
Tank. [NPFA30-2012 3.3.59]
o
o
Process or Processing: an integrated sequence of operations, including physical and or
chemical operations, involving (but not limited to) preparation, separation, purification, or
change in state, energy content, or composition. [NFPA30-2012 3.3.45 & A.3.3.45]
Components & Systems Certifications
o "An operational permit is required:
2. To store, handle or use Class I liquids in excess of 5 gallons (19 L) in a building or in
excess of 10 gallons (37.9 L) outside of a building…"
[IFC2012 105.6.16]
o Electrical equipment must be Class I Division 1 or 2 depending on proximity to indoor or
outdoor storage per Table 5703.1.1 Class I Electrical Equipment Locations unless amended
by AHJ. [IFC2012 5703.1]
IFGC Note:
Liquid-fueled fuel cell power systems, including methanol & LP are outside the scope of
IFGC:
"This code shall not apply to the following:…
7. Integrated chemical plants or portions of such plants where flammable or combustible liquids or
gases are produced by, or used in, chemical reactions….
8. LP-gas installations at utility gas plants…
9. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) installations…" [IFGC2012.101.2.4]
Location, Capacity, Siting, & Setbacks
- Outdoor storage, aboveground
o "The distance between any two flammable liquid storage tanks shall not be less than 3 feet."
[29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(ii)(a)]
o "…the distance between any two adjacent tanks shall not be less than one-sixth the sum of
their diameters. When the diameter of one tank is less than one-half the diameter of the
adjacent tank, the distance between the two tanks shall not be less than one-half the
diameter of the smaller tank." [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(ii)(b)]
o See 29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(ii)(f) for further requirements when locating flammable liquid near
liquefied petroleum gas (e.g.; LNG, butane fluid, etc.).
o See 29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(vii) for further requirements for drainage, dikes, & walls for fluid
containment of aboveground tanks. Drainage, dikes, or walls are required to contain the full
capacity of the storage tank, prevent a leak from causing damage if the spilled fluid ignites.
o "No aboveground vertical storage tank containing a flammable liquid shall be located so that
the allowable liquid level within the tank is below the established maximum flood
stage, unless the tank is provided with a guiding structure such as described in (m), (n), and
(o) of this subdivision." [29CFR1910.106(b)(5)(vi)(a)]
o Flood Areas: see all sections under 29CFR1910.106(b)(5)(vi) for location requirements &
restrictions for storage in flood areas.
- Outdoor storage, underground
o See all sections under 29CFR1910.106(b)(3) for location requirements & restrictions for
underground tanks.
o "…The distance from any part of a tank storing Category… 2 flammable liquids…to the
nearest wall of any basement or pit shall be not less than 1 foot, and to any property line that
may be built upon, not less than 3 feet." [29CFR1910.106(b)(3)(i)]
- Indoor storage
o "Location." Tanks shall not be permitted inside of buildings except as provided in
paragraphs (e), (g), (h), or (i) of this section."
i.e.; restricted except for (e) Industrial
Plants, (g) Service Stations, (h) Processing Plants, (i) Refineries, Chemical Plants,
Distilleries. [29CFR1910.106(b)(4)(i)]
o See all sections under 29CFR1910.106(b)(4) for venting indoor tank locations that are
allowed.
o
Spill control: If MAQ is exceeded, or if individual capacity storage of more than 55 gallons
(208 L), or multiple storage vessels exceeding 1000 gallons (3785 L):
[IFC2012
5703.4]
"1. Liquid-tight sloped or recessed floors in indoor locations or similar areas in outdoor locations.
2. Liquid-tight floors in indoor locations or similar areas in outdoor locations provided with liquidtight raised or recessed sills or dikes.
3. Sumps and collection systems.
4. Other approved engineered systems."
[IFC2012 5004.2.1]
o Storage inside buildings for containers & portable tanks (not exceeding 60 gallons) per
IFC2012 5704.3.3 - Exception: liquid in fuel tanks of portable or stationary engines.
- Indoor MAQ:
Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] per Control Area of Hazardous Materials Posing a Physical
Hazard
[IFC2012 Table 5003.1.1(1)]
o Storage & Use-Closed Systems - restricts MAQ of Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 120
gallons per control area, Use-Open Systems - restricts MAQ to 30 gallons per control area,
or control area is classified as Occupancy Group H-2 or H-3 (fire suppression required).
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if an approved sprinkler system is in place.
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 240 gallons per control area. [note
d]
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if stored in approved gas cabinet or storage cabinet.
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 240 gallons per control area. [note
e]
o If both an approved gas cabinet and approved sprinkler system are used, the 100% increase
in MAQ is applied accumulatively.
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 480 gallons per control area. [note
d & e].
Maximum Allowable Quantity [MAQ] of Flammable Liquids per Control Area
[NFPA30-2012 Table 9.6.1]
o - restricts MAQ of Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 120 gallons per control area,
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if stored in approved flammable liquid storage
cabinet or safety cans;
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 240 gallons per control area. [Note
1]
o Maximum quantities increased by 100% if an approved sprinkler system is in place;
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 240 gallons per control area. [Note
2]
o If both an approved gas cabinet and approved sprinkler system are used, the 100% increase
in MAQ is applied accumulatively;
 resulting limit: Flammable Liquid (Class IB) to 480 gallons per control area.
[Notes 1 & 2].
o No limit if building has an automatic fire sprinkler system throughout installed per NFPA 13
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, and designed per NFPA30-2012 Chapter
16. [Note 4]
- Outdoor MAQ:
o IFC-2012: not defined (no limit criteria)
o
o
basement storage for Class I liquids prohibited. [NFPA30-2012 9.3.6]
for stable liquid, not over 2.5psi emergency relief pressure:
o Table 17.4.3 Location of Process Vessels with Respect to Property Lines, Public
Ways, and the Nearest Important Building on the Same Property….&
 275 gallons or less
5 ft (1.5 m) from Property Line (present & future)
 276-750 gallons
10 ft (3 m)
o
o
o
 751-12,000 gallons
15 ft (4.5 m)
 12,0001-30,000 gal
20 ft (6 m)
 30,001-50,000 gal
30 ft (9 m)
 50,001-100,000 gal
50 ft (15 m)
 over 100,000 gal
80 ft (24 m)
o Table 22.4.1.1.(a) Location of Aboveground Storage Tanks….
o Table 22.4.1.1.(b) Reference Table (for minimum distance from Property Line…)
Storing near LP-Gas:
o 20 ft (6 m) minimum horizontal separation between LP-Gas containers and Class 1
Liquid storage. [NFPA30-2012 22.4.2.4];
o including means to prevent Class 1 liquid from accumulating under LP-Gas
containers [NFPA30-2012 22.4.2.4.1]
o LP-Gas outside of diked areas (if used), and at least 3 ft (0.9 m) from centerline of
wall of diked areas. [NFPA30-2012 22.4.2.4.2]
Storage is limited per Table 15.3 Storage Limitations for Outside Storage (per Pile):
 Containers: 2200 gallons
 Portable Tanks & Metal IBCs: 4400 gallons
 Rigid Plastic & Composite IBCs: Not Permitted
Outdoor storage adjacent to a building - for containers, IBCs, or portable tanks: [NFPA302012 15.4.1]
 limited to 1100 gallons (4160 L) per pile
 the adjacent building wall has an exterior fire resistance rating of 2 hours,
 no openings at or above grade on the adjacent building wall that are within 10 ft (3 m)
horizontally of the storage, and
 no openings below grade on the adjacent building wall that are within 50 ft (15 m)
horizontally of the storage,
 may be waived by AHJ if the building is one story, is of noncombustible or fireresistive construction, and devoted principally to liquid storage. [NFPA30-2012
15.4.2]
 may exceed 1100 gallons (4160 L) if stored at least 5 ft between piles, 50 ft from
property lines, and 10 ft from Street, Alley, or Public Way. [NFPA30-2012 15.4.4]
Container types & design & storage construction
- Fuel Storage:
o "flammable liquids shall be stored in a tank or in a container that complies with paragraph
(d)(2) of this section." [29CFR1910.106(a)(32)]
o See IFC2012 5704.2.9.1 through 5704.2.9.7.10 for above-ground tank storage detailed
requirements.
o See IFC2012 5704.2.11.1 through 5704.2.11.5.2 for underground tank storage detailed
requirements.
o Vaults are approved for above or below grade; shall be listed in accordance with UL 2245
NRTL certified or approved for liquid tightness, drain to a sump, wind & seismic resistant per
IBC, resistant to hydrostatic & soil loads for below grade. Floor and walls of the vault shall be
reinforced concrete at least 6 inches (152 mm) thick, roof made of noncombustible material
weaker than the walls of the vault (to allow a pressure burst upward). [IFC2012 5704.2.8]
- Construction:
o "Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used. Metal containers and portable
tanks meeting the requirements of and containing products authorized by chapter I, title 49 of
the Code of Federal Regulations (regulations issued by the Hazardous Materials Regulations
Board, Department of Transportation), shall be deemed to be acceptable."
[29CFR1910.106(d)(2)(i)]
o Tanks may be built of materials other than steel for installation underground or if required by
the properties of the liquid stored. Tanks located above ground or inside buildings shall be of
noncombustible construction. [29CFR1910.106(b)(1)(i)]
o
Tanks at atmospheric pressure must follow good standards of design; steel tanks may use
these standards: [29CFR1910.106(b)(1)(iii)]
 Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., (UL) Subject No. 142, Standard for Steel
Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1968; or
 UL Subject No. 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids, Fifth Edition, December 1961; or
 UL Subject No. 80, Standard for Steel Inside Tanks for Oil-Burner Fuel, September
1963.
 American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil
Storage, Third Edition, 1966.
o Tanks at low pressure (0.5 to 15 psig) may be used as tanks at atmospheric pressure, must
follow good standards of design, and low pressure tanks may use these standards:
[29CFR1910.106(b)(1)(iv)]
 American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620. Recommended Rules for the Design
and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, Third Edition,
1966.
 The principles of the Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, 1968.
o Pressure vessels may be used as tanks at atmospheric pressure. Pressure vessels shall be
built in accordance with: [29CFR1910.106(b)(1)(v)]
 The Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code 1968.
o "Tank supports shall be installed on firm foundations. Tank supports shall be of concrete,
masonry, or protected steel. Single wood timber supports (not cribbing) laid horizontally may
be used for outside aboveground tanks if not more than 12 inches high at their lowest point."
[29CFR1910.106(b)(5)(i)]
o "Fire resistance. Steel supports or exposed piling shall be protected by materials having a fire
resistance rating of not less than 2 hours, except that steel saddles need not be protected if
less than 12 inches high at their lowest point. Water spray protection or its equivalent may be
used in lieu of fire-resistive materials to protect supports." [29CFR1910.106(b)(5)(ii)]
- Indoor Storage:
o "No more than 25 gallons of flammable liquids shall be stored in a room outside of an
approved storage cabinet." [29CFR1926.152(b)(1)]
o "Quantities of flammable liquid in excess of 25 gallons shall be stored in an acceptable or
approved cabinet…" [29CFR1926.152(b)(2)]
 Requirements for "approved cabinet" under 29CFR1926.152(b)(2) subsections.
o "Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2 and/or 3 flammable liquids…shall be stored in
any one storage cabinet. Not more than three such cabinets may be located in a single
storage area…" [29CFR1926.152(b)(3)]
o Additional storage is allowed in an "inside storage room" under 29CFR1926.152(b)(4)
subsections
o
"The design, fabrication and construction of tanks shall comply with NFPA 30. Each tank shall
bear a permanent nameplate or marking indicating the standard used as the basis of design."
[IFC2012 5704.2.7]
Storage Cabinet (may be used for containers & portable tanks under 60 gallons; total storage of
120 gallons maximum per cabinet):
o see IFC2012 5704.3.2 for construction of storage cabinet for liquid fuel.
o
For fixed tanks that exceed 60 gallons (230 L), or portable tanks that exceed 660
gallons (2500 L), or IBC that exceed 793 gallons (3000 L) capacity: [NFPA30-2012 21.1]
 of any shape, size, or type consistent with recognized engineering standards,
[NFPA30-2012 21.3.2]
 made of steel or other noncombustible material, [NFPA30-2012 21.4.1]
 made of compatible materials to what's being stored, [NFPA30-2012 21.4.1.1]
 tanks may have combustible linings, [NFPA30-2012 21.4.1.4]

o
o
o
designed and constructed per recognized engineering standards, including the
following (design standards for atmospheric tanks): [NFPA30-2012 21.4.2.1.1]
o API Specification 12B, Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
o API Specification 12D, FieldWelded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
o API Specification 12F, Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids
o API Standard 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
o UL 58, Standard for Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids
o ANSI/UL 80, Standard for Steel Tanks for Oil-Burner Fuels and Other
Combustible Liquids
o ANSI/UL 142, Standard for Steel Aboveground Tanks for Flammable and
Combustible Liquids
o UL 1316, Standard for Glass-Fiber Reinforced Plastic Underground Storage
Tanks for Petroleum Products, Alcohols, and Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures
o ANSI/UL 1746, Standard for External Corrosion Protection Systems for Steel
Underground Storage Tanks
o UL2080, Standard for Fire Resistant Tanks for Flammable and Combustible
Liquids
o ANSI/UL 2085, Standard for Protected Aboveground Tanks for Flammable
and Combustible Liquids
 low-pressure tanks (1.0 - 15 psi)
o API 620, Recommended Rules for the Design and Construction of Large,
Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
o ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII, Division 1
For drums or other containers not exceeding 119 gallons (450 L), or portable tanks not
exceeding 660 gallons (2500 L), or IBC not exceeding 793 gallons (3000L) capacity:
[NFPA30-2012 9.1.1]
Approved containers, IBC, and portable tanks: [NFPA30-2012 9.4.1]
 Metal: US DOT Title 49CFR Parts 100-199 or Part 6 of UN Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods.
 Plastic: US DOT Title 49CFR Parts 100-199 or Part 6 of UN Recommendations on
the Transport of Dangerous Goods.
 Fiber Drums: National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) Items 294 & 296, or
Uniform Freight Classification (UFC) Rule 51 for types 2A, 3A, 3B-H, 3B-L, or 4A.
For rigid nonmetallic intermediate bulk containers
 must be listed and labeled for fire performance. [NPFA30-2012 9.4.1.1]
 US DOT Title 49CFR Parts 100-199 or Part 6 of UN Recommendations on the
Transport of Dangerous Goods, for Classes 31H1, 31H2, and 31HZ1
 National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC), or the International Safe Transit
Association for liquids that are not classified as hazardous by the US DOT Title
49CFR Parts 100-199 or Part 6 of UN Recommendations on the Transport of
Dangerous Goods. [NPFA30-2012 9.4.1(5)]
Maximum allowable size for Containers, IBCs, and Portable Tanks - for Class 1B per
Table 9.4.3;
 Metal drums (e.g.; UN 1A1/1A2): 119 gallons (450 L)
 approved Metal Portable Tanks & IBCs: 793 gallons (3000 L)
 approved Plastic or Metal (other than drums): 5.3 gallons (20 L)
 Rigid Plastic, Composite IBCs, Fiber Drum: not permitted; except: Plastic Containers
are permitted up 60 gallons (230 L) capacity of Class 1B water-miscible liquids.
[NPFA30-2012 9.4.3.1]
Piping, Valves, Regulators, Fuel Controls (including pressure relief devices)
[IFC2012 Sec. 5003.2.2.1] & [IFC2009,2006,2003 Sec. 2703.2.2.1]
o Pressure-handling components designed to withstand pressure, structural, seismic stress &
exposure.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Readily accessible manual or automatic remotely activated fail-safe emergency shutoff
valves installed at point of use and the tank, cylinder, or bulk source; clearly identified and
indicated by a sign.
Approved leak detection and emergency shutoff or excess flow control required.
Piping designed and fabricated per ASME B31.1 (power), B31.3 (process), B31.4 (pipeline
transport), B31.9 (building services), and per NFPA 30 Chapter 27. [IFC2012 5703.6]
Piping pressure tested (unless tested per ASME B31.9) hydrostatically to 150% or
pneumatically at 110% of maximum anticipated pressure, but not less than 5 psig (34.47kPa)
at the highest point of the system; for 10 minutes minimum; allow sufficient duration to
inspect all tubing & joints. [IFC2012 5703.6.3]
Piping must be mechanically supported and protected from damage, including corrosion and
galvanic action; supports protected against exposure to fire. [IFC2012 5703.6.5 & IFC2012
5703.6.5] Piping, valves, and fittings must be protected from vehicular damage. [IFC2012
5703.6.4]
Flexible joints required for underground piping where piping connects to underground tanks,
termination at pump islands & vent risers, and at points of differential movement. [IFC2012
5703.6.9]
Pipe Joints:
[IFC2012 5703.10]
 "Joints shall be liquid tight and shall be welded, flanged or threaded except that
listed flexible connectors are allowed in accordance with Section 5703.6.9.
Threaded or flanged joints shall fit tightly by using approved methods and
materials for the type of joint. Joints in piping systems used for Class I liquids
shall be welded when located in concealed spaces within buildings."
 Nonmetallic joints shall be approved and shall be installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
 Pipe joints that are dependent on the friction characteristics or resiliency of
combustible materials for liquid tightness of piping shall not be used in buildings.
Piping shall be secured to prevent disengagement at the fitting."
Pipe and tube bending per ASME B31.9. [IFC2012 5703.6.11]
"Vaults shall be provided with approved vapor and liquid detection systems and equipped
with on-site audible and visual warning devices with battery backup. Vapor detection systems
shall sound an alarm when the system detects vapors that reach or exceed 25 percent of the
lower explosive limit (LEL) of the liquid stored. Vapor detectors shall be located no higher
than 12 inches (305 mm) above the lowest point in the vault. Liquid detection systems shall
sound an alarm upon detection of any liquid, including water. Liquid detectors shall be
located in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Activation of either vapor or liquid
detection systems shall cause a signal to be sounded at an approved, constantly attended
location within the facility serving the tanks or at an approved location. Activation of vapor
detection systems shall also shut off dispenser pumps." [IFC2012 5704.2.8.11]
meet the material specifications and pressure and temperature limitations of ASME B31 for
pressure piping, valves, faucets, couplings, flexible connectors, fittings, and other pressurecontaining parts [NFPA30-2012 27.4.1]
Use UL 971, Standard for Nonmetallic Underground Piping for Flammable Liquids or other
approval for nonmetallic piping. [NFPA30-2012 27.4.6.2]
Vents & Ventilation
o "Atmospheric storage tanks shall be adequately vented to prevent the development of
vacuum or pressure sufficient to distort the roof of a cone roof tank or exceeding the design
pressure in the case of other atmospheric tanks, as a result of filling or emptying, and
atmospheric temperature changes." [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)]
o Normal vents shall be sized either in accordance with:
 The American Petroleum Institute Standard 2000 (1968), Venting Atmospheric and
Low-Pressure Storage Tanks…[29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(b)(1)] or
 other accepted standard [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(b)(2)]; or

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
shall be at least as large as the filling or withdrawal connection, whichever is larger
but in no case less than 1 1/4 inch nominal inside diameter."
[29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(b)(3)]
"…Tanks and pressure vessels storing Category 2 flammable …shall be equipped with
venting devices which shall be normally closed except when venting under pressure or
vacuum conditions, or with approved flame arresters." [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(f)(1)]
"Exemption: …outside aboveground atmospheric tanks under 1,000 gallons capacity
containing other than Category 1 flammable liquids may have open vents. (See paragraph
(b)(2)(vi)(b) of this section." [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(f)(2)]
"Flame arresters or venting devices required in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(f) of this section may
be omitted for Category 2 flammable liquids… where conditions are such that their use
may, in case of obstruction, result in tank damage. [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(iv)(g)]
"Where vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids…are adjacent
to buildings or public ways, they shall be located so that the vapors are released at a safe
point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level. In
order to aid their dispersion, vapors shall be discharged upward or horizontally away from
closely adjacent walls. Vent outlets shall be located so that flammable vapors will not be
trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least 5 feet from building
openings." [29CFR1910.106(b)(2)(vi)(b)]
"Listed or approved flame arresters or pressure-vacuum (PV) vents that remain closed unless
venting under pressure or vacuum conditions - shall be installed in normal vents of tanks
containing Class IB…liquids." [IFC2012 5703.6.9]
"Tanks and pressure vessels storing Class IB or IC liquids shall be equipped with venting
devices which shall be normally closed except when venting under pressure or vacuum
conditions, or with listed flame arresters. The vents shall be installed and maintained in
accordance with Section 21.4.3 of NFPA 30 or API 2000." [IFC2012 5704.2.7.3.6]
"Vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I, II or IIIA liquids shall be located such that the
vapors are released at a safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet (3658
mm) above the finished ground level. Vapors shall be discharged upward or horizontally
away from adjacent walls to assist in vapor dispersion. Vent outlets shall be located such that
flammable vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions and shall be at least 5
feet (1524 mm) from building openings or lot lines of properties that can be built upon..."
[IFC2012 5704.2.7.3.3]
"Stationary, above-ground tanks shall be equipped with additional venting that will relieve
excessive internal pressure caused by exposure to fires. Emergency vents for Class I, II and
IIIA liquids shall not discharge inside buildings. The venting shall be installed and maintained
in accordance with Section 22.7 of NFPA 30." [IFC2012 5704.2.7.4]
"Vaults that contain tanks of Class I liquids shall be provided with an exhaust ventilation
system installed in accordance with IFC2012 5004.3. The ventilation system shall operate
continuously or be designed to operate upon activation of the vapor or liquid detection
system. The system shall provide ventilation at a rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute
(cfm) per square foot of floor area [0.00508 m 3/(s · m2)], but not less than 150 cfm (4 m 3/min).
The exhaust system shall be designed to provide air movement across all parts of the vault
floor. Supply and exhaust ducts shall extend to within 3 inches (76 mm), but not more than 12
inches (305 mm), of the floor. The exhaust system shall be installed in accordance with the
International Mechanical Code." [IFC2012 5704.2.8.9]
when liquid is heated to at or above flashpoint temperature, the process vessel requires
direct vent outside, be closed to the room it is locate in, and equipped with an excessive
temperature limit controller to prevent excessive heating of liquid and release of vapors.
[NPFA30-2012 17.3.7]
Portable Tank & IBC vents:
 portable tanks or IBCs require emergency venting devices installed on top to limit
internal pressure under fire exposure to 10 psi (70 kPa) gauge or 30% portable tank
bursting pressure. [NFPA30-2012 9.4.2]

o
total venting capacity not less than specified in NFPA30-2012 22.7.3.2 or 22.7.3.4.
[NFPA30-2012 9.4.2.1]
 require at least 1 pressure-actuated vent, opening at not less than 5 psi (35 kPa)
gauge pressure, capable of 6000 ft3 (170 m3) of free air per hour at an absolute
pressure of 14.7 psi (101 kPa) at 60F (15.6C). [NFPA30-2012 9.4.2.2]
 fusible vents if used must activate at or below 300°F (150°C); type that softens to
failure at 300°F (150°C) maximum under fire conditions may be permitted for the
entire emergency venting requirement. [NFPA30-2012 9.4.2.3]
Tanks vents:
 sized to either API Standard 2000, Venting Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage
Tanks, or another approved standard.
 The normal vent shall be at least as large as the largest filling or withdrawal
connection, and not less than 1.25 in. (32 mm) nominal inside diameter.
 Venting devices or flame arrestors required on tanks and pressure vessels storing
Class IB liquids; must be closed except when venting under pressure or vacuum
conditions. [NPFA30-2012 21.4.3.9] This requirement is waived if the tank is likely to
be damaged by an obstructed vent. [NPFA30-2012 21.4.3.11]
 vent not required for interstitial space between primary & secondary containment.
[NPFA30-2012 A21.4.3.2]
Labeling & Signage
- Label specifications for transportable containers: [49CFR172.407]
o "Durability.
 Each label, whether printed on or affixed to a package, must be durable and weather
resistant. A label on a package must be able to withstand, without deterioration or a
substantial change in color, a 30-day exposure to conditions incident to
transportation that reasonably could be expected to be encountered by the labeled
package."
o "Design.
 Except for size and color, the printing, inner border, and symbol on each label must
be as shown in §§172.411 through 172.448 of this subpart, as appropriate." "The
dotted line border shown on each label is not part of the label specification, except
when used as an alternative for the solid line outer border to meet the requirements
of §172.406(d) of this subpart."
o "Size.
 Each diamond (square-on-point) label …must be at least 100 mm (3.9 inches) on
each side with each side having a solid line inner border 5.0 to 6.3 mm (0.2 to 0.25
inches) from the edge."
 "…the hazard class number, or division number, as appropriate, must be at least 6.3
mm (0.25 inches) and not greater than 12.7 mm (0.5 inches)."
 "When text indicating a hazard is displayed on a label, the label name must be shown
in letters measuring at least 7.6 mm (0.3 inches) in height."
o "Color.
 …(2) The symbol, text, numbers, and border must be shown in black on a label
except that—
 White may be used on a label with a one color background of green, red or blue."
- Hazard identification and warning signs:
o Hazard identification signs. "Unless otherwise exempted by the fire code official, visible
hazard identification signs as specified in NFPA 704 for the specific material contained shall
be placed on stationary containers and above-ground tanks and at entrances to locations
where hazardous materials are stored, dispensed, used or handled in quantities requiring a
permit and at specific entrances and locations designated by the fire code official." [IFC2012
5003.5]
o
Tanks more than 100 gallons (379 L) permanently installed or mounted and used for Class
I…liquid require identification and warning placard per NFPA 704 (underground tanks
exempted). [IFC2012 5704.2.3]
NPFA 704 - Methanol
o
No Smoking signs: "Smoking shall be prohibited and "No Smoking” signs provided as
follows…"
"2. Within 25 feet (7620 mm) of outdoor storage, dispensing or open use areas…"
"4. In rooms or areas where flammable or combustible hazardous materials are stored,
dispensed or used." [IFC2012 5003.7.1]
o
"Warning signs shall be of a durable material. Signs warning of the hazard of flammable
liquids shall have white lettering on a red background and shall read: DANGER—
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS. Letters shall not be less than 3 inches (76 mm) in height and 1/2 inch
(12.7 mm) in stroke. [IFC2012 5703.5.1]
o
Piping labeled per ASME A13.1; locations as required by fire code official. [IFC2012
5703.5.2]
o "A permanent sign shall be provided at the fill point for the tank, documenting the filling
procedure and the tank calibration chart.
Exception: Where climatic conditions are such that the sign may be obscured by ice or snow,
or weathered beyond readability or otherwise impaired, said procedures and chart shall be
located in the office window, lock box or other area accessible to the person filling the tank."
IFC2012 5704.2.9.7.6.1]
- Labeling for Storage Cabinet (if used):
o
shall be marked - attached to upper portion of cabinet's front door or frame - as follows:
"WARNING:
FLAMMABLE
KEEP FIRE AWAY"
uppercase letters, contrasting color to the background, 2.0 inch (50mm) minimum height for
"FLAMMABLE", 1.0 inch (25mm) minimum height for "KEEP FIRE AWAY".
May use other languages and international symbols (flame in a triangle, burning match in "no"
circle). [NFPA30-2012 9.5.5]
Fuel Transportation & Site Refueling
Safe Transportation of Methanol - Identified by 49CFR172.101 Hazardous Materials Table
(2)
(8)
(3)
(7)
Hazardous
Hazard
(6)
Special
Packaging
(1) materials
(4)
(5)
class
Label provision
(§173.***)
Sym description
Identificatio P
or
Code
s
bols
s and
n Numbers G
Divisio
s
(§172.10
Nonproper
Exceptions
n
2)
bulk
shipping
(9)
Quantity limitations
(see §§173.27 and
175.75)
Bulk
Passenger Cargo aircraft
aircraft/rail
only
names
+ I Methanol
3 UN1230
II 3, 6.1
IB2, T7,
TP2
150
202
242
1 Liter
60 Liters
(1) Symbol "+ " :
the material is known to pose a risk to humans
(1) Symbol "I" : The letter “I” identifies proper shipping names which are appropriate for describing
materials in international transportation. An alternate proper shipping name may be selected when only
domestic transportation is involved (i.e.; must call it "Methanol", not "Methyl Alcohol")
(2) "Methanol" proper shipping name
(3) Hazard class or Division "3" : flammable liquid per 49CFR173.120(a) definitions
(4) Identification Numbers :
United Nations (international) material designation for shipping
identification number
(5) PG : Packing Group II flashpoint below 73.4°F (23°C), and having a boiling point above 95°F
(35°C) per 49CFR173.121(a)(1).
(6) Label Codes :
Flammable Liquid [see 49CFR172.419 for labeling], Poison [see 49CFR172.430
for labeling]
(7) Special provisions :
IB2 = special provision for Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC);
T7 = special provision for UN or IM Specification portable tanks;
TP2 = special provision for UN or IM Specification portable tanks.
(8) Packaging :
Exceptions [49CFR173.150] = inner packaging not over 1.0 Liter (0.3 gallons) net capacity each…
Non-bulk [49CFR173.202] = Non-bulk packagings for liquid hazardous materials in Packing Group II.
Non-bulk packaging: liquid capacity does not exceed 119 gallons (450L) [49CFR171.8]
Bulk [49CFR173.242] = Bulk packagings for certain medium hazard liquids and solids, including solids
with dual hazards. Defines requirements for (a) Rail cars (see specification for details), (b) Cargo tanks
(see specification for details), and
(c) Portable tanks.
DOT Specification 51, 56, 57 and 60 portable tanks;
Specification IM 101, IM 102, and UN portable tanks;
and marine portable tanks conforming to 46 CFR part 64 are authorized.
(9) Quantity limitations : limit of 1 Liter for passenger aircraft or passenger rail, limit of 60 Liters for cargo
aircraft.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
"Areas in which flammable liquids are transferred at one time, in quantities greater than 5
gallons from one tank or container to another tank or container, shall be separated from other
operations by 25-feet distance or by construction having a fire resistance of at least 1 hour.
Drainage or other means shall be provided to control spills. Adequate natural or mechanical
ventilation shall be provided to maintain the concentration of flammable vapor at or below 10
percent of the lower flammable limit." [29CFR1926.152(e)(1)]
"Transfer of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids from one container to another shall be
done only when containers are electrically interconnected (bonded)." [29CFR1926.152(e)(2)]
" Dispensing devices and nozzles for Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids shall be of an
approved type. [29CFR1926.152(e)(5)]
"Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not actually
in use." [29CFR1926.152(f)(1)]
"The tank trucks shall comply with the requirements covered in the Standard for Tank
Vehicles for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, NFPA No. 385-1966."
[29CFR1926.152(g)(2)]
"The dispensing hose shall be an approved type." [29CFR1926.152(g)(3)]
"The dispensing nozzle shall be an approved automatic-closing type without a latch-open
device." [29CFR1926.152(g)(4)]
"Filling, emptying and vapor recovery connections to tanks containing Class I, II or IIIA
liquids shall be located outside of buildings in accordance with Section 5704.2.7.5.6 at a
location free from sources of ignition and not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) away from building
o
o
o
o
o
o
openings or lot lines of property that can be built upon. Such openings shall be properly
identified and provided with a liquid-tight cap which shall be closed when not in use."
[IFC2012 5704.2.7.5.2]
"Filling, withdrawal and vapor-recovery connections for Class I, II and IIIA liquids which are
made and broken shall be located outside of buildings, not more than 5 feet (1524 mm)
above the finished ground level, in an approved location in close proximity to the parked
delivery vehicle…." [IFC2012 5704.2.7.5.6]
"An approved means or method in accordance with Section 5704.2.9.7.6 shall be provided to
prevent the overfill of all Class I, II and IIIA liquid storage tanks."
[IFC2012 5704.2.7.5.8]
"Protected above-ground tanks shall not be filled in excess of 95 percent of their capacity. An
overfill prevention system shall be provided for each tank. During tank-filling operations, the
system shall comply with one of the following:
1. The system shall:
1.1. Provide an independent means of notifying the person filling the tank that the fluid
level has reached 90 percent of tank capacity by providing an audible or visual alarm signal,
providing a tank level gauge marked at 90 percent of tank capacity, or other approved
means; and
1.2. Automatically shut off the flow of fuel to the tank when the quantity of liquid in the
tank reaches 95 percent of tank capacity. For rigid hose fuel-delivery systems, an approved
means shall be provided to empty the fill hose into the tank after the automatic shutoff device
is activated.
2. The system shall reduce the flow rate to not more than 15 gallons per minute (0.95 L/s)
so that at the reduced flow rate, the tank will not overfill for 30 minutes, and automatically
shut off flow into the tank so that none of the fittings on the top of the tank are exposed to
product because of overfilling." [IFC2012 5704.2.9.7.6]
Class 1 liquids are kept in closed containers or tanks when not actually in use. [NFPA302012 18.4.1]
Liquids transferred by inert gas pressure are permitted if all fluid storage & handling is
designed for the anticipated pressure, overpressure or pressure-relief devices are provided,
and only inert gas is used. [NFPA30-2012 18.4.4]
Areas where liquids are transferred from one container or tank into another require:
 separation by distance or fire-resistance construction from other potential ignition
sources,
 drainage or other spill control, and
 natural or mechanical ventilation per NFPA30-2012 17.11. [NFPA30-2012
18.5.6]
 mechanical ventilation required for Class 1 liquids dispensed inside a room.
[NFPA30-2012 18.6];
 shall provide at least 1cfm exhaust air for each sq. ft. of floor area (0.3
m3/min./m2), but not less than 150 cfm (4 m 3/min.), [NFPA30-2012
18.6.5]
 have an interlocked audible alarm that sounds if ventilation fails.
[NFPA30-2012 18.6.5.1]
 exhaust air outlet on one side of a room within 12 inches (300 mm) of the
floor, and one or more inlets on the other side of the room within 12
inches (300 mm) of the floor. [NFPA30-2012 18.6.1],
 and exhaust discharged outside the building unless recirculation is used;
recirculation requires continuous monitoring and provide full exhaust to
the outside if vapor exceeds 25% LFL. [NFPA30-2012 18.6.3 &
18.6.3.1]
Fire & Emergency Response
- Indoor:
o
"At least one portable fire extinguisher, having a rating of not less than 20-B units, shall be
located outside of, but not more than 10 feet from, the door opening into any room used for
storage of more than 60 gallons of flammable liquids." [29CFR1926.152(d)(1)]
- Outdoor:
o "At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B units shall be
located not less than 25 feet, nor more than 75 feet, from any flammable liquid storage area
located outside." [29CFR1926.152(d)(2)]
Hazardous Substances - OSHA Reportable Quantity (RQ) - Methanol
Table 1 to Appendix A
Methanol = 5000lbs (2270kg) [49CFR172.101].
See also Table 302.4 List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities. [40CFR302.4]
At a specific gravity of 0.887 for 64% methanol & 36% water, this is ~676 gallons (2559 Liters) at 68°F
(20°C)
At a specific gravity of 0.792 for 100% methanol, this is ~758 gallons (2866 Liters) at 68°F (20°C)
o
Performance requirements (for Performance-based design alternative) - if chosen by mfg.
[IFC2012 5001.3.3]
o Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) - if required by AHJ [IFC2012 5001.5.1]
o Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS) - if required by AHJ
[IFC2012
5001.5.2]
For details on use, see IFC2012:
 Section 5001.2 Material classification
 Section 5001.3 Performance-based design alternative, specifically,
 Section 5001.3.3 Performance requirements
 Section 5001.5.1 Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP)
 Section 5001.5.2 Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS)
o Fire Suppression - if required: [IFC2012 5705.3.7.3] Group H-2 or H-3 areas for flammable &
combustible liquids
o Fire protection for the storage, use, dispensing, mixing, handling, and on-site transportation
of flammable liquids per IFC Chapters 9 & 57.
o "When required by the fire code official, foam fire protection shall be provided for aboveground tanks, other than pressure tanks operating at or above 1 pound per square inch
gauge (psig) (6.89 kPa)
 when such tank, or group of tanks spaced less than 50 feet (15 240 mm) apart
measured shell to shell,
 has a liquid surface area in excess of 1,500 square feet (139 m2),
 and is in accordance with one of the following:
1. Used for the storage of Class I or II liquids. …
4. Considered by the fire code official as posing an unusual exposure hazard because of
topographical conditions; nature of occupancy, proximity on the same or adjoining
property, and height and character of liquids to be stored; degree of private fire protection
to be provided; and facilities of the fire department to cope with flammable liquid fires."
[IFC2012 5704.2.9.2.1]
o "Where foam fire protection is required, it shall be installed in accordance with NFPA 11."
[IFC2012 5704.2.9.2.1]
o "Where foam fire protection is required, foam-producing materials shall be stored on the
premises.
Exception: Storage of foam-producing materials off the premises is allowed as follows:
1. Such materials stored off the premises shall be of the proper type suitable for use with
the equipment at the installation where required.
2. Such materials shall be readily available at the storage location at all times.
3. Adequate loading and transportation facilities shall be provided.
4. The time required to deliver such materials to the required location in the event of fire
shall be consistent with the hazards and fire scenarios for which the foam supply is
intended.
5. At the time of a fire, these off-premises supplies shall be accumulated in sufficient
quantities before placing the equipment in operation to ensure foam production at an
adequate rate without interruption until extinguishment is accomplished." [IFC2012
5704.2.9.2.2.1]
o
o
o
Hazard analysis exempted: Exemption No. 1: Operations where liquids are used solely for
on-site consumption as fuels. [NFPA30-2012 6.4.1]
Fire Protections and Fire Suppression Systems (general requirements) per NFPA30-2012
6.7.
A written emergency action plans is required, including procedures for response to leaks or
fire, maintenance, inspections, shutdown and isolation, etc. [NFPA30-2012 6.8.1]
o FIRE: [ERG2012 - Guide 131]
CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point: Use of water spray when fighting fire may
be inefficient.
SMALL FIRE
o Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
LARGE FIRE
o Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
o Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.
o Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
o Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.
FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS
o Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
o Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.
o Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration
of tank.
o ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
o For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible,
withdraw from area and let fire burn.
o SPILL or LEAK:
[ERG2012 - Guide 131]
o Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no
fire.
o ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
o All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.
o Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
o Stop leak if you can do it without risk.
o Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
o A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.
o SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers for later disposal. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.
o LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce
vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.
Propane Storage Requirements for Fuel cells
The following categories for compliance are used:

Definitions



Propane
Components &
Systems
Certifications

Propane equipment can be listed in accordance with
listing standards or approved for use
Location, Capacity,
Siting, & Setbacks

NFPA 58 Chapter 6- 6.2 and 6.3
LP gas systems shall be located outside of building
unless specifically approved for indoor installation.
Effectively, this requirement limits storage systems to
outdoor locations.
The separation distances for LP storage systems are
shown in Table 6.3.1.1 from NFPA 58.

Container types &
design & storage
construction


Piping, Valves,
Regulators, Fuel
Controls (including
pressure relief
devices)
 Chapter 5 LP-Gas Code
Containers shall meet either:
1. DOT requirements for propane
2. ASME Boiler and Pressure vessel Code Part XIII
Unfired Pressure Vessels
3. API-ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels except
UG-125-UG-136.
Chapter 5 LP-Gas Code
Regulators shall comply with either of the following:
1.UL144
2. CSA 6.22
3. CSA 6.3
Piping
Valves 5.9
Valves shall meet the specified service pressure rating
Valves shall be recommended for LP Gas service by the
manufacturer






Vents & Ventilation
Fuel Transportation
& Site Refueling
i.
Containers shall be marked with either:
1. Flammable
2. LP-Gas
3. Propane
4.Butane
5 In accordance with 49 CFR transportation
6.5 Transfer operations shall be conducted outdoors.
Table 6.6.3.3 (A)
Fire & Emergency
4.4.2
Personnel shall be trained in emergency response
Labeling & Signage


Response





procedures.

4.
Hydrogen Fuel Supply
5.
Permitting Process
6.
Fuel Supply Considerations
7.
Example Emergency response Plan (ERP)
8.
General Guidance on Site Selection
Annex A Supplementary Information
Annex B Example Systems
Annex C Example Permits