Chapter 5 – The Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis
5A Genes and Cell Division Pages 95-101
I. Genes and Chromosomes
A. Genes contain the _____________________ needed to _________________ cells and _____________
_____________________.
B. Genes ______________________ thousands of ___________________.
C. Genes are usually ___________________ in ______________________.
D. Chromosomes are located in the _________________.
E. Chromosomes consist of ____________ and __________________ _____________________.

Genes: _______________________ sections of _______________ that ______________ for a
________________________ ______________________.
F. Different ___________________ ______________________ have ___________________
____________________ of chromosomes.

Humans: 46*
Housefly: ____
Onion: _____
G. Chromosomes occur in _________________.

Humans ______ pair
Housefly ________ pair
Onion ________ pair
H. Each member of a _________________ pair has the same _____________ of ______________.
Diploid Cell- A _____________ that has ________________ of chromosomes.
II. Cell Division
A. Occurs when one cell (_______________ _________) divides to ________________ two new
cells.(_______________________ ______________)
B. Why would a cell want to divide?
1. ________________ ________________ because of _________________ or _______________.
2. _____________________ of the ___________________
C. The Cell Cycle: the _____________________ in the ________________ of a cell. It has ____ stages.
1. Interphase- ______________ are copied and _______________ chromatids are formed. ( makes a
twin)
2. Mitosis- ___________ distribution of the parent’s cell duplicated genes between the __________
new _______________________ ___________________. Consists of __________ phases.
Phases of Mitosis:
1. Prophase

nuclear __________________ disappears

___________________________ coil up

Sister _________________ ___appear X-shaped.

________________________ forms
2. Metaphase

The ________________ chromatids are _________________ up in the enter
of the ___________________.
3. Anaphase

Each ___________ of __________________ ________________ separates
into ___________ chromosomes.

_____________________ _______________________ move to the end of
the _________________.
4. Telephase

Daughter Chromosomes reach the _______________ of the _____________
and begin to _________________.

New _______________________ _____________________ form, resulting
two new _____________________.
3. Cytokenesis- parent cell _________________ into two _______________________ __________.
Each cell gets a ______________________, cytoplasm, and some ______________________.
D. Each _________________ ____________ has genes ________________ to those of the
__________________ _____________.
E. Purpose: replaces ____________________ and worn-out cells.
III. Asexual Reproduction
A. Reproduction by ____________________ cell division.
B. Same genetic _____________________ as ____________________ cells.

___________________ are identical to the parent.
C. Examples
1. Budding- a type of asexual reproduction in which a _________________ of the
________________ ____________ separates to form a new organism,

As seen in ____________________.

Can result in a ________________ chain of cells.
2. Regeneration – the process of _____________________ missing structures, in some organisms it
is a ____________________ of asexual _______________________.

Regrowing missing ________________ _______________

As seen in ____________________ __________________.
3. Spores

A cell _____________________ with a ______________________ ___________________.

Produced by ______________________ _____________ ____________________.

Each spore can _______________ into a _______________ ___________________.
IV. Sexual Reproduction
A. Occurs when two _____________________ each give one _____________________ copy of their
_______________ to form a ______________ organism.

Organisms will have _____ genders: _____________ and ____________
B. Uses the process of ___________________.
1. Involves ______ cell divisions
2. Each ______________________ ___________ has just one copy of the _____________.

Referred to as a _________________.

Haploid cell- A ______________ that has only one of each ___________________.

Gamete- A ______________________ ______________ that contains only __________ of
each type of ____________________, an _________ or a sperm.
3. There are ___________ types of _______________.

An __________________ produced by __________________

____________________ produced by ___________________

The egg and sperm each _________________ one _____________ of pair of
____________________________.
C. After meiosis ____________________ occurs.
1. The _______________________ of ______________________.
2. Egg and sperm ___________________ to form a ___________________ cell referred to as a
____________________. It goes through many _________________ of mitosis to grow into an
__________________.
V. Offspring
A. ______________________ __________________ produces offspring ____________________ to the
parent.
B. ______________________ ___________________ produces _________________ similar to, but
______________________ from, the ___________________.
**Complete Section Review page 101**
5B How Genes Function Pages 101-107
I. Language of Genes
A. Four __________________
B. Three __________________ make a __________________.
C. Sets of ________________ make a gene.
Think of it like this:
Letters →Words →Sentences
Nucleotides→ Condons →Genes
D. Genes are necessary to make _______________________.
E. During ___________________, a complete ____________ is made of all the ______________ and is given
to each new ___________________.
II. DNA
A. Deoxyribonucleic acid
1. Double helix- model looks like a twisted ladder
2. Composed of ___________________.
B. Nucleotide parts
1. Sugar
2. _________________
3. _________________
C. Nucleotide bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
What this looks like:
Sugars and phosphates are the same in each nucleotide and form the sides of the ladder. The rungs are two bases
bonded together.
D. Replication- The process of forming two _____________ _________________ from one DNA molecule.
1. Enzymes ________________ the DNA into two ____________.
2. Other ________________________ will join up with their _____________________ pairing partners.
III. RNA
A. Ribonucleic acid- similar to the ___________________________ in DNA.
B. Formed through ________________________.
Transcription: the ____________________ of a single mRNA strand from a _____________
molecule.
1. DNA unzipped
2. RNA nucleotides line up with one side of _____________.
3. DNA _________________
4. RNA __________________ nucleus.
C. Two types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (_____________)- Carry the _______________ located on the ___________ to
make proteins.
2. Transfer RNA (_______________)- Carry the ________________ _______________ that will
make up ____________________.
IV. Protein Synthesis (Translation)- The _______________________ of a _____________________.
A. Proteins are _______________________ at ______________________.
1. mRNA ______________________ code to the ____________________.
2. tRNA carries ____________________ ____________________ to the ribosomes.
3. Amino acid __________________ are formed.
4. Chains are _______________ and ____________________ to form the ____________ shape of the
protein.
Putting it all together!
1. Transcription

DNA → mRNA

Occurs in the _________________
2. Translation

mRNA → _______________ _______________ chain

Occurs in the ______________________
Irreducible Complexity
1. All of the pieces have to be in _________________ at the _________________
_______________ to produce a _________________________.
2. ___________________ cannot exist without _____________________.
3. God _______________________ each organism’s ______________ molecules.
**Complete Section Review page 107**
END OF CHAPTER 5