Chloe Troulan
Science Questions from the book
Page 206 Data based questions:
1. State the kingdom to which all of the species in figure 3 belong.
- The kingdom in which all of these species in figure 3 belong to is Animalia.
2. A) Four of the fish in figure 3 are classified in the same genus. Deduce which these fish are.
- The four fish in figure 3 that are in the same genus are the four that have long tails and their
bodies are roundish and flat.
B) Deduce with a reason whether these four fish are in:
i) the same or different species
- These four fish are in different species because although they are similar in their shapes and
the overall look of the fish, they have different characteristics between them.
ii) the same or different families
- These four fish are in the same family because they all have the same features which would
cause the family of them to all have the same features, stating that they are in a family would
mean that they are similar but then when it comes to categorizing them into more specific
classifications then we see that the genus and species then changes to suit the looks of each of
the fish.
C) State two characteristics of these four fish that are not possessed by the other four fish.
- Two characteristics of these four fish that are not possessed by the other four fish would be:
the flat bodies and the eyes flat on top of their heads.
3. The other four fish are classified into two orders. Deduce, with a reason, how the four fish are
split into two orders.
- The other four fish are classified into two orders and they are split in these orders because
not all four of the remaining fish have the thin tube liked body there is one fish that looks
like a cross between the other four and the remaining three. This is because this one fish has
a body that looks like it would turn into a flat body over time and also it’s eyes look as
though they would be on top of its head by the time it gains a flat body.
Page 209 Questions
1. Study the organisms shown in figure 7 and assign each one to its phylum.
Organism
Adocia cinera
Alcyonium glomeratum
Phylum
Porifera
Porifera
Nymphon gracilis
Pycnogonum littorale
Corynactis viridis
Lepidonatus clara
Polymastia mammiliaris
Cyanea capillata
Procerodes littoralis
Loligo forbesii
Arenicola marina
Prostheceraeus vittatus
Caprella linearis
Gammarus Locusta
Arthropoda
Annelida
Cnidaria
Annelida
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Platyhelminthes
Arthropoda
Annelida
2. List the organisms that are:
a) bilaterally symmetric
- The organisms that are bilaterally symmetric are:
Procerodes littoralis
Loligo forbesii
Arenicola marina
Prostheceraeus vittatus
Caprella linearis
Nymphon gracilis
Pycnogonum littorale
Lepidonatus clara
b) radially symmetric
- The organisms that are radially symmetric are: Cyanea capillata and Corynactis viridis.
c) not symmetric in their structure
List the organism that have:
a) jointed appendages
- The organisms that have jointed appendages are: Caprella linearis, Arenicola marina and
Nymphon gracilis.
b) stinging tentacles
- The organisms that have stinging tentacles are: capillata and Corynactis viridis.
c) bristles
- The organisms that have bristles are: Gammarus Locusta, Lepidonatus clara and Pycnogonum
littorale.
3. List the organisms that filter feed by pumping water through tubes inside their bodies.
- The organisms that filter feed by pumping water through tubes inside their bodies are: Adocia
cinera, Alcyonium glomeratum and Polymastia mammiliaris.
Page 210 Chapter 18 Questions
1. Was Linnaeus racist, in his division of humans into four varieties or in his description of these
varieties?
- I would say that in some of the descriptions of these four varieties Linnaeus was racist in some
way because when he explains the Asiatic’s he explains them as sooty, I find that by using this
word it sounds racist in a way. But in the others when he says the Africans are black and the
Europeans are fair, these to explanations are not racist in anyway.
2. Was the UNESCO symposium correct in its statement that the differences between humans
around the world are insignificant?
- I would have to agree with the UNESCO symposium when they say that all men belong to a
single species because all humans are humans just because of a racial status, where we are from
and what colour we are does not give anyone the right to say that someone is a different
species to another person. All humans reproduce the same way, go through all the same
processes and we all look similar in many ways the only differences which are quite insignificant
would be: the skin colour of someone, where someone is from and who they are related to, as
well as some physical differences such as noses, mouths and hair colour.
3. To what extent should efforts be made to preserve differences between humans?
- Efforts should be made to preserve differences between humans because overtime people
may become more and more alike which would cause problems with identity. People need their
own individuality and just because they don’t look exactly like others it does not mean that they
are a different species than someone else. Another reason that we should preserve the
differences between humans would be because statistics show that humans differ from each
other at only about 0.1% of the 3 million bases in the human genome, this is an extremely low
percentage which means that every day people are getting more and more similar.
Page 211 Chapter 18 Questions
1. Identify the phylum to which each of the plants shown in figure 10 belongs, giving reasons for
each.
2. In figure 11, each number represents a species. The closer that two numbers are on the diagram
the more similar the two species. The circles represent taxonomic groups. For example, the
diagram shows that 2,3,4 and 5 are in the same genus.
a) State one species that is in a genus with no other species.
- One species that is in a genus with no other species is 1.
b) State the species that are in a family with two genera.
- The species that are in a family with two genera are: 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31, 32
and 33.
c) State the species that are in an order with two families.
- The species that are in an order with two families are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23.
d) State the species that are in a class with three orders.
- The species that are in a class with three orders are: species 1-34.
e) Deduce whether species 8 is more closely related to species 16 or species 6.
- Species 8 is more closely related to species 16 because species 8 and 16 are in the same
family compared to species 8 and 6 which are in the same order.
f) Explain why three concentric circles have been drawn around species 34 on the diagram.
- Three concentric circles have been drawn around species 34 on the diagram because there
is no other species similar to it, it is in the same class as all the other species but it is in its
own order, family and genus.
3. a) Distinguish between Porifera and mollusc using external recognition features.
- Porifera and Mollusca are two different phylums and are quite different, the phylum perifora is
made up of mainly: fan sponges, cup sponges, tube sponges and glass sponges then Mollusca is
made up mainly of: bivalves, gastropods, snails, chitons, squid and octopus. Species in the
phylum perifora have no anus or mouth whereas in mollusca they have both a mouth and an
anus, in perifora there is not symmetry in the species compared to the species in mollusca that
are bilaterally symmetrical. The skeleton of ht species in these phylums are quite different, in
porifera they have internal spicules (skeletal needles) and in mollusca they have a shell made of
CaCO3. Another distinguishing factor between the two phylums would be that species in
perifora have pores all over the surface through which water is drawn in for filter feeding and
they are very varied shapes, then in mollusca the species have a fold in the body wall called the
mantle which secretes the shell and it has a hard rasping radula which is used for feeding.
b) Compare the external recognition features of Annelida and Arthropoda.
- Annelida and Arthropoda are two different phylums and they are similar and different in many
ways. Firstly all species in both phylums have a mouth and an anus and they are both bilaterally
symmetrical. When comparing the skeleton we see that species in annelid have an internal
cavity with fluid under pressure and then the species in arthropoda have an external skeleton
made of plates of chitin. Finally the bodies of species in annelid are made up of many ringshapes segments, often with bristles and the blood vessels are often visible, then the species in
arthropoda have segmented bodies and legs or other jointed appendages with joints between
the sections.
c) Compare the external recognition features of Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes.
- When comparing cnidaria and Platyhelminthes we see that they both only have a mouth and
no anus, but cnidaira species are radially symmetrical compared to Platyhelminthes species
which are bilaterally symmetrical. Their skeletons are both soft but cnidaria is soft but hard
corals secrete CaCO3 and then Platyhelminthes is soft with no skeleton at all. Species in cnidaria
have tentacles arranged in rings around the mouth, with stinging cells and then polyps or
medusa, compared to species in Platyhelminthes that have flat thin bodies in the shape of a
ribbon and there is no blood system or system for gas exchange.
4. a) State the group that humans are placed in at each of the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa.
- the group that humans are placed in at each of the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa are:
Kingdom-Animalia, Phylum - , Class- , Order- Primates, Familiy-Hominidae, Genus -Homo,
Species- sapiens.
b) Outline the binomial system that is used for naming living organisms.
- The binomial system that is used for naming living organisms is easier for people to recognize
them because when we are writing about species we can name the phylum, the class etc, this
allows us to observe organisms more closely. There are a few rules to the binomial system and
they are: that the genus will always be capitalized and the species will be in lower case letters, if
typed binomial is in italics and lastly once the binomial has been used once in a text it can be
abbreviated to the initial letter of the genus name with the full species name. The earliest
published name for a species was from 1753 which shows us that using the binomial system has
made it easier for scientists to study organisms although over time the system may have been
adapted.
c) Explain how keys are designed to allow organisms to be identified.
- Keys are designed to allow organisms to be identified because when we are studying an
organism the kingdom, phylum and class can be easy to find out but sometimes scientists need
help to figure out the lower taxa so by looking at a key it makes it easier and more
understandable for us to talk about an organism.