Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Timing the diversification of the Amazonian biota: butterfly divergences are
consistent with Pleistocene refugia
Ivonne J. Garzón-Orduña, Jennifer E. Benetti-Longhini and Andrew V. Z. Brower
Appendix S1 Uncorrected pairwise (p) distances, divergence times and sources of
sister pairs of Neotropical butterfly species.
The first column provides an identification number for each of the comparisons,
the second column records the genus and the species compared, the third and fourth
columns provide uncorrected p distances among pairs of sister species, and between
pairs of sister species and their most recent ancestor, respectively. Estimations of
divergence times are shown in the fifth column. Crown group ages, if reported in the
literature, are provided in the sixth column, and the last column presents the
reference used as the source of the phylogeny. The first row for each taxon
features, in addition to the genus, the averaged estimated age of the speciation
events included, followed by the crown group age. Nomenclature follows Lamas
(2004).
1
Estimated age
(Ma)
Species pair compared
p distance among
sister taxa
p distance
between
three taxa*
Brower (1994)
1.1% Myr –1
Nymphalidae: Danaine
FORBESTRA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
olivencia–proceris
1–equicola
HYALIRIS
0.002
antea–oulita
HYPOSCADA
0.013
zarepha–anchiala
schausi–virginiana
5–kena
HYPOTHYRIS
0.034
0.034
ninonia–mansuetus
7–mamercus
ITHOMIA
0.027
lagusa–xenos
0.038
0.051
0.036
0.025
Crown group
age reported in
literature (Ma)
Source of
phylogeny
c. 6.40
Elias et al. (2007)
c. 6.00
Arias-Mejia
(2012)
0.09
2.32
0.59
1.57
Not available
1.55
1.55
1.63
1.18
c. 7.00
1.23
1.14
1.11
3.00–8.00
de Silva et al.
(2010)
Arias-Mejia
(2012)
Mallarino et al.
(2005)
1.73
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
iphianassa–salapia
10–cleora
celemia–heraldica
eleonora–ellara
13–praeithomia
amarilla–arduinna
15–jucunda
NAPEOGENES
0.004
glycera–N. species 1
17–pharo
larina–aethra
duessa–stella
apulia–gracilis
21–inachia
lycora–harbona
sodalis–benigna
24–sulphureophila
cranto–flossina
OLERIA
0.040
aquata–sexmaculata
tigilla–assimilis
enania–quintina
ilerdina–onega
Oleria sp. nov 17–511 estella
31–gunilla
rubescens–paula
33–zelica
boyeri–deronda
0.062
0.050
0.056
0.060
0.022
0.033
0.031
0.003
0.018
0.031
0.038
0.042
0.050
0.037
0.008
0.017
0.046
0.021
0.064
0.070
0.039
0.025
0.033
0.063
0.18
1.50
1.41
0.14
0.82
1.41
1.73
1.80
c. 13.00
1.82
1.91
2.27
1.68
0.36
0.77
2.09
0.95
2.91
3.18
2.05
Not available
Elias et al. (2009)
de Silva et al.
(2010)
2.82
2.27
2.55
2.73
1.00
1.77
1.14
1.50
2.86
3
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
35–derondina
radina–baizana
santineza–fumata
athalina–fasciata
attalia–cyrene
40–bioculata
tremona–makrena
makrena–padilla
TITHOREA†
0.063
0.023
0.034
0.065
0.052
0.068
0.031
0.022
harmonia–tarricina
0.098
Nymphalidae:Satyrinae
BLEPOLENIS
45
46
2.86
1.05
1.55
2.95
2.36
3.09
1.41
1.00
catherinae–batea
45– bassus
DASYOPHTHALMA
0.010
rusina–geraensis
47–creusa
FORSTERINARIA SUBCLADE
0.055
49
50
51
52
53
54
antje–pseudinornata
neonympha–inornata
coipa–boliviana
pilosa–pichita
52–guaniloi
punctata–rotunda
0.026
0.041
0.027
0.046
0.043
1.18
1.86
1.23
2.09
2.59
1.95
55
Guaianaza pronophilina–F. necys
0.050
2.27
47
48
0.100
0.057
A. Zubek‡,
unpublished data
15.00§
Penz et al. (2011)
4.45
0.68
0.020
Not available
0.45
0.91
3.52
2.50
4.55
1.88
Penz (2009)
c. 10.00
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
4
HARJESIA
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
obscura–spp DNA99044
56– blanda
LYMANOPODA
0.013
acraeida–venosa
caeruleata–caucana
melia–tolima
caracara–hazelana
ionius–pieridina
excisa–nivea
labda–nadia
araneola–hockingi
dietzi–lecromi
confusa–obsoleta
albomaculata–apulia
68–affineola
MORPHO
0.050
0.038
0.062
0.071
0.034
0.042
0.059
0.027
0.033
0.031
0.031
amathonte–menelaus
achilles–helenor
71–granadensis
deidamia–epistrophus
cisseis–hecuba
hercules–theseus
rhetenor–cypris
marcus–eugenia
0.064
0.029
0.067
0.029
0.072
0.067
0.063
0.058
0.053
0.036
1.82
c. 7.00
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
0.59
3.05
1.92
c. 27.00
Casner & Pyrcz et
al. (2010)
2.27
1.73
2.82
3.23
1.55
1.91
2.68
1.23
1.50
1.41
1.41
1.32
2.51
c. 20.00
Penz et al. (2012)
2.91
1.32
3.27
3.05
2.86
2.64
2.41
1.64
5
Not available
ORESSINOMA
78
sorata–typhla
PARATAYGETIS
0.065
lineata–albinotata
PSEUDODEBIS SUBCLADE
0.050
80
Taygomorpha celia–T. puritana
0.043
81
80–Pseudodebis marpessa
TAYGETIS
79
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
Kodandaramaiah
et al. (2010)
2.95
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
2.27
2.70
0.060
banghaasi–Harjesia oreba
Taygetis kerea–coeruleotaygetis
peribaea
93–Taygetis weymeri
0.072
0.073
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
3.45
1.78
c. 7.50
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
2.73
2.50
2.77
2.05
2.00
1.23
1.41
1.18
0.91
1.00
3.30
c. 9.00
Matos-Maravi et
al. (2013)
1.95
0.076
mermeria–larua
82–Taygetis sp. PM01-14
tripunctata–nr virgilia
rufomarginata–virgilia
85–acuta
echo–Taygetis sp. PM01-06
thamyra–sosis
88–Taygetis sp. PM04-04
uncinata–Taygetis sp. UNO261
90–laches
TAYGETINA SUBCLADE
c. 8.00
0.055
0.061
0.045
0.044
0.027
0.031
0.026
0.020
0.022
3.27
3.32
0.073
3.32
6
Nymphalidae: Charaxinae
ARCHEOPREPONA+
NOREPPA
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
2.89
demophon–camilla
95–phaedra
licomedes–chromus
meander–amphimachus
98–chalciope
CONSUL
0.054
fabius–panariste
100–electra
PREPONA–AGRIAS
0.010
amydon–hewitsonius
praeneste–deiphile neoterpe
pylene–deiphile ibarra
A. claudina–A. narcissus
Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae
BAEOTUS
0.021
0.027
0.055
0.019
aelius–beotus
106–deucalion
ERESIA
0.067
eunice–nauplius
carme–polina
109–emerantia
0.055
0.032
0.081
0.064
0.022
0.097
0.049
Not available
Ortiz-Acevedo &
Willmott (2013)
Not available
Inferred from
taxonomy
Not available
Ortiz-Acevedo &
Willmott (2013)
2.45
3.68
2.91
1.00
4.41
0.45
2.23
1.39
0.95
1.23
2.50
0.86
Inferred from
taxonomy
3.55
0.089
0.043
3.05
4.05
1.80
c. 15.00
Wahlberg &
Freitas (2007)
2.50
1.45
1.95
7
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
perna–clio
111–letitia
casiphia–stricta
113–datis
GNATHOTRICHE
0.034
exclamationis–mundina
HYPANARTIA
0.011
lethe–godmanii
116–bella
HISTORIS
0.033
odius–acheronta
JANATELLA
0.088
leucodesma–hera
119–fellula
JUNONIA
0.023
vestina–genoveva
121–evarete/coenia
Nymphalidae: Biblidinae
HAMADRYAS
0.024
epinome–iphthime
belladonna–amphinome
124–arinome
laodamia–velutina¶
0.057
0.032
0.039
0.038
0.036
1.55
1.77
1.73
1.64
5.00
2.20
0.064
c. 16.00
Wahlberg &
Freitas (2007)
Not available
Willmot et al.
(2001)
1.50
2.91
Inferred from
taxonomy
0.040
0.041
4.00
1.43
c. 10.00
Wahlberg &
Freitas (2007)
1.05
1.82
1.48
Not available
Pfeiler et al.
(2012)
c. 23.00 (95%
HPD 20–27.5)
Garzón Orduña et
al. (2013)
1.09
1.86
1.67
0.026
0.032
2.59
1.45
1.18
1.45
8
PERISAMA
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
albipennis–bomplandii
127–moronina
ambatensis–phenix
latimargo–calamis
klugii–dorbignyi
alicia–paralicia
goeringi–tryphena
133–affinis
guerini–humboldti
135–comnena
vitringa–cabirnia
137–yeba
philinus–tristrigosa
139–canoma
hazama–ouma
Orophila cecidas–O.diotima
0.70
0.007
0.023
0.006
0.011
0.008
0.022
0.010
0.015
0.003
0.009
0.004
0.013
0.020
0.035
0.026
0.033
Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae
EUEIDES
143
144
145
146
147
148
lybia–tales
143–aliphera
lineata–isabella††
vibilia–lampeto
146–pavana
HELICONIUS
0.077
charitonia–peruvianus
0.037
0.076
0.061
0.025
0.026
Not available
A. Zubek‡,
unpublished data
0.32
1.05
0.27
0.50
0.36
1.00
0.45
0.68
0.14
0.41
0.18
0.59
0.91
1.59
1.18
1.50
2.41
c. 18.4**
Beltrán et al.
(2007)
3.50
3.45
2.77
1.14
1.18
2.29
c. 18.4**
Beltrán et al.
(2007)
1.68
9
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
sara–leucadia
eleuchia–congener
150–sapho
clysonimus–telesiphe
152–hortense
hierax–xanthocles
154–doris‡‡
burneyi–wallacei
156–egeria
ethilla–nattereri
hecale–atthis
elevatus–pardalinus
numata–ismenius
melpomene–cydno§§
demeter–eratosignis
Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae
ADELPHA
0.059
0.053
justina–olynthia
jordani–naxia
165–malea aethalia
erotia–lycorias
167–phylaca
mesentina–thesprotia
irmin–leucophthalma
170–cocala
rothschildi–sichaeus
iphicleola–iphiclus
173–thessalia
epione–ethelda
0.052
0.009
0.077
0.058
0.064
0.073
0.086
0.035
0.059
0.035
0.009
0.015
0.037
0.049
0.061
2.68
2.41
3.50
2.64
2.91
3.32
3.91
1.59
2.68
1.59
0.41
0.68
1.68
2.23
2.77
1.97
0.100
0.031
0.042
0.021
0.033
0.070
0.038
0.015
0.039
0.030
c. 11.00
Mullen et al.
(2011)
2.36
0.41
4.55
1.41
1.91
0.95
1.50
3.18
1.73
0.68
1.77
1.36
10
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
cytherea–salmoneous
Papilionidae: Troidina
PARIDES–EURYADES
0.082
ascanius–buchinus
proneus–agavus
aeneas–tros
panthonus–burchellanus
180–lysander
eurimedes–zacynthus
182–neophilus
childrenae–sesostris
erithalion–vertumnus
185–anchises
E. corethrus–E. duponchelii
0.040
0.089
0.070
0.020
3.73
2.20
0.031
0.026
0.047
0.076
0.028
0.045
0.061
c. 27.00 (95%
HPD
23–32.4)
Condamine et al.
(2012)
1.82
4.05
3.18
0.91
1.41
1.18
2.14
3.45
1.27
2.05
2.77
*In a comparison ((A,B),C) the largest distance between A–C and B–C is reported.
†Not sister taxa; there is a new species described from Colombia more closely related to T. harmonia from which there is not
COI available yet (Willmott & Lamas, 2004).
‡Zoological Museum of the Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
§Species diversification reported to be around 2.5 Ma.
¶The sister pair is probably laodamia–arete but there is not COI for arete.
**Time of divergence of Heliconius and Eueides.
††There might be two other species in between these two taxa, according to Beltran et al. (2007).
‡‡The largest distance is between doris and hierax, but hierax is a long branch.
§§Largest divergence between races of melpomene and cydno.
11
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13