Fig. S1: Maximum clade credibility chronogram of 23 species of Geophagini (red and blue
branches) and four outgroup Neotropical cichlid species (black) based on DNA sequences
totalling 3868 aligned base pairs from two nuclear (RAG2, S7 intron 1) and three mitochondrial
(ND4, Cytochrome b and 16S) genes from 160 Neotropical cichlid species[1,2]. Time
calibrations were carried out using relaxed molecular clock methods in the program BEAST
1.6.2. Calibration was based on three Neotropical cichlid fossil taxa; details of the time
calibration procedures are described in [2]. The blue and red branches designate taxa from the
major monophyletic sister clades GGD and CAS respectively. All abbreviations for taxonomic
names are given in Table S1. Most of the 27 taxa included in our analyses are the same as those
used in previous phylogenetic analyses [1,2]. One exception to this is the inclusion of
Crenicichla saxatilis in place of the closely related C. sveni (present in the previous 2010
phylogeny), another member of the C. saxatilis species group [3].
Fig. S2: Bite occlusion patterns in 8 species of Neotropical cichlids with their associated quadrate offset value. The angle of jaw
occlusion increases steadily with increasing quadrate offset. Taxa illustrated from left to right are: (top row) Crenicichla sp. “Orinocowallaci”, Acaronia nassa, Petenia splendida, ‘Geophagus’ steindachneri, (bottom row) Andinoacara rivulatus, Uaru
amphicanthoides, Symphysodon aequifasciatus and Herotilapia mutlispinosa.
Fig. S3: A 3D functional phylomorphospace illustrating the relative lineage density and
morphometric branch lengths of the two major clades of Geophagini. Points indicate the PC
scores across the three critical axes of variation, and lines illustrate phylogenetic relationships
between taxa. Point size and colour intensity illustrate depth along the horizontal plane of the
image along which PC1 and PC2 vary (e.g. lighter objects are further into the background), while
PC3 is oriented with the vertical plane of the image. A) Phylomorphospace of clade GGD
(denser, comparably shorter morphometric branch lengths). B) Phylomorphospace of clade CAS
(less dense, comparably longer morphometric branch lengths).
Literature Cited
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