WHAP Unit 3 Chapter 7 Reading Guide
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/179
Date:
Hour:
Read Chapter 7 and Identify the following:
Silk Roads:
Trade routes through Eurasia, starts
with trade of silk and then other
luxury goods
Fotudeng:
Buddhist monk who traveled Silk
Roads, miracle worker, led to
conversions in China
Black Death:
Plague that killed 1/3 of European
population
Sea Roads:
Sea lanes for trade in Indian Ocean
basin
Monsoons:
Alternating wind currents that blew
predictably eastward during the
summer months and westward during
the winter
Srivijaya:
Southeast Asian kingdom that
controlled trade of Strait of Malacca,
670-1025
Angkor:
Prosperous Southeast Asian kingdom,
800-1300
Angkor Wat:
Largest religious structure in the
premodern world, Hindu architecture,
later Buddhist
Swahili:
African East Coast traders, city-states
in the area, 1000-1500
Ibn Battuta:
Famous Muslim interregional traveler,
study laws of Islam and shared with
others as he traveled, public official,
merchant
Great Zimbabwe:
African interior state, gold, traded
with Swahili, constructed huge stone
enclosures without mortar, 1250-1350
Sand Roads:
Commercial network across the
Saharan desert
Mali:
West African kingdom, gold, slaves
Thorfinn Karlsfeni:
Viking that came to North America,
merchant and seaman
“American Web”:
Phrase used to describe the regional
trade networks in North and South
America
15 x 2= 30
Silk Roads
Sea Roads
(Indian Ocean Basin)
Sand Roads
(Trans-Sahara)
American Web
Goods Traded
Silk, bamboo, mirrors,
gunpowder, paper,
rhubarb, ginger,
lacquerware,
chrysanthemums
Furs, walrus tusks,
amber, livestock,
horses, falcons, hides,
copper vessels, tents,
saddles, slaves
Cotton textiles, herbal
medicine, precious
stones, spices
Dates, nuts, almonds,
dried fruit, dyes, lapis
lazuli, swords
Gold coins, glassware,
glazes, grapevines,
jewelry, artworks,
perfume, wool and
linen textiles, olive oil
Ceramics, glassware,
wine, gold, olive oil
Ivory, gold, iron goods,
slaves, tortoiseshells,
quartz, leopard skins
Frankincense, myrrh,
perfumes
Grain, ivory, precious
stones, cotton textiles,
spices, timber,
tortoiseshells
Tin, sandlewood,
cloves, nutmeg, mace
Silks, porcelain, tea
Gold, ivory, slaves,
salt, glassware,
weapons, millet,
yams, sorghum, kola
nuts, copper, cotton,
horses
Shells, copper, buffalo
hides, obsidian, mica
Beads
Bells, macaw feathers
Chocolate—cacao
beans
Turquoise
Beliefs Spread
Buddhism
Hinduism
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Islam
Christianity
Disease Spread
Black Death,
bubonic plague,
smallpox, measles
Key Concept 3.1
Christianity
Bubonic plague, Black
Death
12 x 2= 24
Expansion and Intensification of Communication
and Exchange Networks
I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and
expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.
A. Existing trade routes flourished and
promoted the growth of powerful new
trading cities.
Mediterranean Sea
Silk Roads, Indian Ocean Basin (Sea Roads), Trans-Saharan Trade (Sand Roads)
Timbuktu, all the Swahili city-states (Lamu, Mombasa, Sofala…), Guangzhou,
Calicut, Malacca, Palembang, Quilon, Hormuz, Cahokia
B. New trade routes centering on
Mesoamerica and the Andes
developed.
C. The growth of interregional trade in
luxury goods was encouraged by
significant innovations in previously
existing transportation and
commercial technologies, including
more sophisticated caravan
organizations; use of the compass,
astrolabe, and larger ship designs in
sea travel; and new forms of credit
and monetization.
D. Commercial growth was also
facilitated by state practices, trading
organizations, and state-sponsored
commercial infrastructures.
“American Web” Regional trade zones
Maya and Aztec, coast to highland zones in Andes, Cahokia
E. The expansion of empires facilitated
Trans-Eurasian trade and
communication as new peoples were
drawn into their conquerors’
economies and trade networks.
Roman Empire (later Byzantine-Black sea control)
Byzantine Empire
Han China in beginning, Tang and Song China
Islamic empires-Abbasid----mentioned, more info later
Mongols---mentioned, more later
Silk, spices, cotton, porcelain, precious metals and stones, slaves, exotic
animals
Camels domesticated, used in large groups, Caravanserai, camel saddles
Silk as currency, cacao beans as currency (what AP is looking for is not really in
the chapter, hopefully will see mentioned in upcoming chapters---checks,
credit, banks)
Roman coins , safety/large military for protection such as in Srivijaya
(minting of coins, paper money)
Pochteca---Aztec merchants sometimes sent as state agents
Roads, bridges, canals, etc.
II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.
A. The expansion and intensification
of long-distance trade routes often
depended on environmental
knowledge and technological
adaptations to it.
B. Some migrations had significant
environmental impact.
Yokes, saddles, stirrups
Domestication/use of camels, horses, and oxen
Pastoral nomads used horses on the steppes
Monsoons
Camel caravans—caravanserai
Canoes, shipbuilding, rudders and keels
Compass, magnetic needle, astrolabe
Bantu-as they migrated they spread iron-making, agriculture techniques
C. Some migrations and commercial
contacts led to the diffusion of
languages throughout a new region or
the emergence of new languages.
PolynesianBantu language was spread as they migrated
Arabic spread to Africa
Sanskrit to Southeast Asia, alphabets
Austronesian languages to Madagascar
III. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new,
networks of trade and communication.
A. Development and expansion of
Islam
Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet Muhammad, developed
in the Arabian peninsula. The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected
interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local
Arabian peoples. Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia
due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the
activities of merchants and missionaries.
B. In key places along important trade
routes, merchants set up diasporic
communities where they introduced
their own cultural traditions into the
indigenous culture.
Muslim communities in Indian Ocean basin
Christian monks in China
Buddhists monasteries in China
Indian and Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia
Merchants from Rome such as Greeks, Syrians, and Jews
C. The writings of certain interregional
travelers illustrate both the extent and
the limitations of intercultural
knowledge and understanding.
Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, Xuanzang
Fotudeng
D. Increased cross-cultural interactions
resulted in the diffusion of literary,
artistic, and cultural traditions.
Ramayana
Architecture: Angkor Wat, Borobudur
Buddhism in East Asia: Buddhist texts in Dunhuang, China
Buddhist art in caves in Dunhuang
Buddhist temples in China
In northwest India, Buddha sculptures have Greek style
Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia: “Indianization”, architecture such
as Angkor Wat and Borobudur
Islam in Africa: Trans-Saharan and Swahili city-states through trade
Decorated silk, jewelry
Manuscripts of Timbuktu
Islamic libraries
African “lion” in Indian style
Religions spread (Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity)
Yokes, saddles, stirrups
Use of horses, oxen, camels
Sericulture
Navigation tools: compass, astrolabe, magnetic needle
Better ships that can hold more cargo
Indian math to Arabs
Gunpowder
Mirrors
Paper
E. Increased cross-cultural interactions
also resulted in the diffusion of
scientific and technological traditions.
IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the
trade routes.
A. New foods and agricultural
techniques were adopted in populated
areas.
Sericulture
B. The spread of epidemic diseases,
including the Black Death, followed
the well-established paths of trade
and military conquest.
Each of the major population centers of the Afro-Eurasian world had
developed characteristic disease patterns, mechanisms for dealing with them,
and in some cases immunity to them.
Small pox, measles devastated populations of Roman and Han empires
Christianity and Buddhism became more appealing
Bubonic plague
In places for a time, wages were raised due to supply and demand of workers
Key Concept 3.3
Increased Economic Productive Capacity and Its
Consequences
Not sure if mentioned in this chapter: bananas to Africa, Champa rice, spread
of cotton, sugar and citrus fruits in Mediterranean
I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions.
A. Agricultural production increased
significantly due to technological
innovations.
Yokes
use of oxen, horses and camels
Sericulture
B. In response to increasing demand in
Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods,
crops were transported from their
indigenous homelands to equivalent
climates in other regions.
C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artists
and merchants expanded their
production of textiles and porcelains
for export; industrial production of
iron and steel expanded in China.
Sericulture/silkworms from China
Bananas from Indonesia to Madagascar
Self explanatory…
II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline, and with periods of increased
urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
A. Multiple factors contributed to the
declines of urban areas in this period.
Diseases like measles, smallpox, plague
Environmental issues? Overuse?
Trade growing in other areas diverts travel to that city
B. Multiple factors contributed to
urban revival.
Trade, developed immunity to diseases, safety provided by the state, increased
agricultural production, labor availability, natural resources
C. While cities in general continued to
play the roles they had played in the
past as governmental, religious, and
commercial centers, many older cities
declined at the same time that
numerous cities emerged to take on
Declining:
Emerging: Dunhuang, Venice, Timbuktu, all the Swahili city-states (Lamu,
Mombasa, Sofala…), Guangzhou, Calicut, Malacca, Palembang, Quilon,
Hormuz, Cahokia
these established roles.
III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some
important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and
family life.
A. As in the previous period, there
were many forms of labor
organization.
Slave trade increased from Trans-Saharan trade
Peasants working in agriculture or mining
Pastoralism—nomads in inner central Asia
Craftsmanship, artisans
merchants
B. As in the previous period, social
structures were shaped largely by
class and caste hierarchies. Patriarchy
persisted; however, in some areas,
women exercised more power and
influence.
C. New forms of coerced labor
appeared. Free peasants resisted
attempts to raise dues and taxes by
staging revolts. The demand for
slaves for both military and domestic
purposes increased, particularly in
central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the
eastern Mediterranean.
D. The diffusion of Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam, and
Neoconfucianism often led to
significant changes in gender relations
and family structure.
Elite could purchase luxury good
In Islam, merchants were not looked down upon like in China
Patriarchy everywhere but fewer restrictions for women in Africa and
Southeast Asia
Increased slave trade along trade routes, from Sub-Saharan Africa (Sudan)
15 year revolt of slaves
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