History

History
INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION
Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions:
1. This question paper consists of TWO Sections :
SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
1. Civil Rights Resistance in South Africa 1970s – 1980s: The challenge of Black
Consciousness to the Apartheid State.
2. The coming of democracy to South Africa: The TRC
3. The end of the Cold War and a new order 1989 to the present
SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
4. Civil Rights Resistance in South Africa 1970s – 1980s: Internal resistance to
Botha’s reforms and the Apartheid state
5. The coming of democracy to South Africa: The negotiated settlement and
GNU
6. The end of the Cold War and a new world order
2. A candidate needs to answer THREE questions as follows:

SECTION A consists of THREE (3) source-based questions. Candidates need to answer AT LEAST ONE SOURCE-BASED question which counts 50 marks.

SECTION B consists of THREE (3) essay questions. Candidates need to answer
AT LEAST ONE ESSAY question which counts 50 marks.

The THIRD question can be either a source-based question or an essay question.

The total mark for the paper is 150
3. Learners may answer two questions on the same topic.
4. When candidates answer questions, they are required to demonstrate application of knowledge, skills and insight.
5. Rewriting of the sources as answers will be to the disadvantage of candidates.
6. Write neatly and legibly.

History
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SECTION A – SOURCE-BASED SECTION (50 MARKS)
_________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER AT LEAST ONE OF THE QUESTIONS
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QUESTION 1 CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING
THE 1970s – 1980s
HOW DID BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT INFLUENCE
THE LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE 1970s?
Study Sources 1A, 1B and 1C and answer the questions that follow:
1.1 Study Source 1A
1.1.1 Which political system led to the death of Biko?
1.1.2
(1x2) (2)
What, according to the source, were some of his ideas? (2x1) (2)
1.1.3
1.1.4
What is the cartoonist’s viewpoint regarding the contribution
Biko made to the freedom struggle of South Africans? (2x2) (4)
How useful is Source 1A for historians researching this period in South Africa’s history?
(1x3) (3)
1.2 Refer to Source 1B-1 and 1B-2
1.2.1 Who, according to the source, are identified as being black? (2x1) (2)
1.2.2 Explain why the formation of SASO was important to Steve Biko.
(1x3) (3)
1.2.3 What, according to the source, are the two choices a black man has to make? (2x1) (2)
1.2.4 What issues confused the young Naidoo that led to all the questions he posed to his parents? (2x1) (2)
1.2.5 Why would the response by the parents of the young Naidoo,
‘That’s the way it is, ’ not be associated with the values of Biko and the
Black Consciousness Movement? (1x3) (3)
1.2.6 Explain how the ideas of Biko influenced the young Naidoo?
(2x2) (4)
1.2.7 How do the two sources complement each other with regard to ideas of
‘solidarity’ and the ‘chains of servitude’?
(2x2) (4)

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1.3 Study Source 1C
1.3.1 Which public holiday is associated with the Soweto uprising? (1x2) (2)
1.3.2 What impressed Biko about the young people?
1.3.3 How did Apartheid force people to live in ‘chains’?
(2x1) (2)
(1x3) (3)
1.3.4 Explain with reference to Viewpoint 2, how the Black Consciousness
Movement ‘change[ed] the habits of people’. (2x2) (4)
1.4 Use the sources and your own knowledge and write a paragraph of 8 lines (80
words) in which you evaluate how the Black Consciousness Movement
influenced the liberation struggle during the 1970s.
(8)
[50]

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QUESTION 2 THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO S.A AND COMING TO TERMS
WITH THE PAST - TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC)
WHAT COULD BE REGARDED AS CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
TRC IN HEALING AND RECONCILING A POST – APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA?
Study sources 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D and answer the questions that follow:
2.1 Refer to Source 2A
2.1.1 Define the term reconciliation in the context of the TRC. (1x2) (2)
2.1.2 Quote evidence from the source which indicates the ANC was
committed to the Truth and Reconciliation process.
(1x2) (2)
2.1.3 Explain the role of truth in nation - building and reconciliation?
(2x2) (4)
2.2 Refer to Source 2B
2.2.1 What does the speaker in Viewpoint 1 attribute to his own healing?
(1x2) (2)
2.2.2 a. Use Viewpoint 1 and explain the concept restorative justice
(1x2) (2) b. Show how restorative justice applies to both victim and perpetrator. (1x2) (2)
2.2.3 H ow does Sarah Letanta’s experience of reconciliation with the past in Viewpoint 2 contrast with that of Viewpoint 1? (2x2) (4)
2.3 Refer to Source 2C and 2A
2.3.1 Use the table to show how the TRC experiences of some victims of apartheid have not lived up to the expectations as expressed by the
ANC in Source 2A. (1x3) (3)
2.3.2 Why would you regard Source 2C as reliable? (1x3) (3)

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2.4 Refer to Source 2D
2.4.1 Identify three social problems highlighted in the source which can be
viewed as obstacles to reconciliation in South Africa. (3x1) (3)
2.4.2 How could Source 2D be used to show that the TRC did not fulfil its mandate as described by the ANC in Source 2A.
(1x3) (3)
2.5 Refer to Source 2E
2.5.1 Who was president of South Africa when the TRC was established?
(1x2) (2)
2.5.2 Name the historical figure holding the lamp. (1x2) (2)
2.5.3 What does the lamp symbolize? (1x3) (3)
2.5.4
2.5.5
Which position did the historical figure occupy in the TRC? (1x2) (2)
Explain the message being conveyed in the source. (1x3) (3)
2.6 Use all of the sources and your own knowledge and write a paragraph of 8 lines
(80 words) in which you evaluate the work of the TRC.
(8)

History
QUESTION 3 THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE BALANCE OF POWER
AND EMERGING ECONOMIES?
Study Sources 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E and 3F to answer the following questions.
3.1 Study Sources 3A and 3B
3.1.1 Define the term globalization. (1x2) (2)
3.1.2 How can it be envisaged that the North-South divide be bridged?
(3x1) (3)
3.1.3 How does Source 3A complement 3B with regard to globalisation?
(2x2) (4)
3.2. Study Source 3C
3.2.1 Name the countries which could benefit from commercial and financial globalization. (2x1) (2)
3.2.2
List the drivers of the buzz that has been generated around ‘state capitalism’. (2x1) (2)
3.2.3 How can emerging markets be linked to globalization? (2x2) (4)
3.3 Study Source 3D
3.3.1 List 2 factors from the source that are holding back the funding for
BRICS. (2x1) (2)
3.3.2 How does BRICS hope to challenge the financial status quo (situation) of rich nations? (1x3) (3)
3.3.3 Explain how Source 3C differs from Source 3D with regard to commercial and financial globalization. (2x2) (4)
3.4 Refer to Sources 3E and 3F
3.4.1 Source 3E:
Which country is represented by the ‘Great Wall’? (1x2) (2)
3.4.2 Source 3E: Identify TWO important figures in the cartoon. (2x1) (2)
3.4.3 Explain the context of Source 3E. (1x3) (3)

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3.4.4 Would you regard Source 3E as biased? Substantiate. (1x3) (3)
3.4.5 Explain the implications of globalization according to Source 3F.
(1x3) (3)
3.4.6 How does Source 3E differ from Source F with regard to the concept of globalization? (1x3) (3)
3.5 Use your own knowledge and all the sources and write a paragraph of 8 lines
(80 words) to show the positive influence of globalisation. (8)
[50]

History
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SECTION B: ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS (50 MARKS)
_________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER AT LEAST ONE OF THE QUESTIONS
_________________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 4 CIVIL RESISTANCE IN S.A IN THE 1970s – 1980s:
Internal Resistance
PW Botha and the government’s attempts to reform apartheid were, at best, 'political suicide'.
Critically examine the validity of this statement by referring to intensified internal resistance by the anti-apartheid organisations against Botha's apartheid regime in the 1980s. [50]
QUESTION 5 THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO S.A: The negotiated settlement and GNU
The coming of democracy to South Africa was regarded by South
Africans and the world as a miracle.
Discuss critically, by referring to how the process was managed which eventually led to the new democratic era in 1994, amidst the many challenges. [50]
.
QUESTION 6 HOW HAS THE WORLD CHANGED SINCE THE
1960s?
Impact on change and reform in S.A in the 1990s
The fall of the Soviet Union in 1989 had a significant impact on South Africa's political future.
By referring to the above statement explain how the end of the Cold
War affected political change in South Africa in the 1990s. [50]
ANSWER ANOTHER QUESTION, EITHER A SOURCE – BASED QUESTION OR
AN ESSAY
FINAL TOTAL: 150

History

History
QUESTION 1
HOW DID BIKO AND THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT AFFECT THE
LIBERATION STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE 1970s?
SOURCE 1A
The cartoon below by Zapiro pays tribute to Steve Biko, 1977.
Steve Biko – 25 years on – Apartheid killed him but not his ideas published in
Sowetan on 12 Sep 2002
I Write What I Like by Steve
Biko

History
SOURCE 1B-1
Extract from Jay Naidoo’s autobiography, Fighting for Justice, 2010.
Jay Naidoo was elected as the first General Secretary of COSATU and Minister in
Mandela’s cabinet responsible for the Reconstruction and Development Programme.
Here in the extract he shares the influence of Biko and Black Consciousness on his political development.
“Logie (my brother, two older than me) became active in SASO, which was led by the passionate and fiery Steve Biko, who was convinced that black students (Africans,
Indian and coloured) needed an organisation of their own……. One hot afternoon I went with Logie to a public meeting……
A young African man walked out to the front. Biko clenched his fist in the air and shouted ‘ Amandla!’
‘Ngawethu!’ responded the audience…..
‘ Black man, you are on your own. We have nothing to lose except our chains. There is only black and white in the country. There is no middle ground. We must take a stand . We are either for justice and freedom, or apartheid and servitude (slavery).’
This was a leader – an inspiring leader. Steve Biko’s words fed every cell in my body like a super boost of adrena lin…… Following his writings I was enthralled
(captivated).
‘ Being black’ said Biko, ‘is not a matter of pigmentation (skin – colour) – being black is a reflection of a mental attitude.’ Merely by describing yourself as black you have started on a road towards emancipation. You have committed yourself to fight against all forces that mark you as a subservient (meek and obedient) being…… we are all oppressed by the same system…
I remember the countless times I have asked my parents: ‘Why can’t I go into that whites - only cinema, sit wherever I want to on that bus, play in whatever park I want…. crushed by the weight of repression their response was to shrug their shoulders saying, ‘That’s the way it is.’ …….
Biko was a catalyst (spark) to my early political stirrings.”

History
SOURCE 1B-2
A photograph taken at the funeral of Steve Biko, Mayibuye Centre, Michael Robins,
1977. The photograph depicts the respect and honour to the fallen hero. The poster expressed the need for solidarity and to break the chains of inferiority.
Taken from: http://www.bing.com/images/
Importance of solidarity
Breaking the chains of servitude

History
SOURCE 1C
Viewpoint 1
Steve Biko comments on the role of Black Consciousness in the Soweto uprising.
From ‘Steve Biko speaks for himself in News and Letters, November 1977”.
“Where is the evidence of support among the younger generation for Black
Consciousness? In one word: Soweto! The boldness, dedication, sense of purpose, and clarity of analysis of the situation
– all of these things are definitely a result of
Black Consciousness ideas among the young generation in Soweto and elsewhere.
But this cannot be measured. For the power of the movement lies in the fact that it can indeed change the habits of people. This change is not the result of force but of the dedication -, of moral persuasion. This is what got through to the young people.
They realize we are not dealing with mere bread and butter issues.”
Viewpoint 2
In a single paragraph Obed Kunene, editor of the Zulu newspaper Ilanga, captured better than anyone else the multiple causes of the Soweto revolt and the destruction of facilities that accompanied it. New History of South Africa, H.Giliomee and
B.Mbenga, 2007
Blacks do not destroy facilities …… They destroy symbols of the entire system devised by whites for them…. Pass laws with their repugnant (offensive) manifestation, Bantu Education, job reservation, unequal pay for equal work…… no landownership rights, poor living conditions ….. and a denial of the democratic right to decision
– making. It is a system that has virtually ruined the fabric of black society……

History
QUESTION 2
WHAT COULD BE REGARDED AS CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE
TRC IN HEALING AND RECONCILING A POST – APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA?
SOURCE 2A
ANC Submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Committee, 19 th August 1996
From the website of the TRC: www.justice.gov.za
The ANC campaigned actively for the TRC to be included in the Interim Constitution because we believe that such a Commission can play an important role in ensuring the psychological, intellectual and political well-being of the new democracy. Only by unveiling and acknowledging as far as possible the truth about the realities of one of the most horrible and vicious political systems in twentieth century world politics can the millions whose basic human rights were legally trampled upon as a matter of course be accorded the kind of respect which they deserve, and the reparations which are possible. Only by confronting the past can there be genuine reconciliation, nation-building and unity in our country. Creating an official record of what happened could help in a cathartic way to heal South Africans psychologically. By knowing what happened and why it happened, South Africa will be better placed to ensure that the evil deeds of the past are never repeated.
SOURCE 2B
Testimonies of South African members of the Forgiveness Project, a UK charity that explores how forgiveness, reconciliation and conflict resolution can be used to impact society. The project is modelled on South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation
Commission, working with victims and perpetrators of violence from all over the world.
View Point 1
Vusumzi Mcongo, arrested in 1976 for being a member of South African Students
Movement, found guilty of incitement to violence and imprisoned on Robben Island.
By chance, during Steve Biko’s hearing at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), I met some of the security officers involved in his case. I greeted them and reminded them that they’d also cross-examined and tortured me. Then I wished them luck in their case. I bore them no ill will.
I knew then that the experience of Robben Island had not brutalised me. We had all learned different lessons in different ways.
We cannot live with broken hearts. In time we have to accept that these things have happened to us, that those years have been wasted. To stay with the past will only bring you into turmoil. No nation can survive without forgiveness.
View Point 2
Sarah Letanta, a Johannesburg - based woman who was shot in 1964.
I was walking down the street, carrying a baby, when I was shot. The baby wasn’t hurt, but I felt this weakness and my walking got slow. I held my side and it felt warm and damp. Then I collapsed. I was convinced I would die. I survived, but only just. I can never work again and life is very hard. I hate the people who did this to me. I’d like revenge. The only relief I get is from talking to other victims. I’ve tried to forgive but I’ve still got anger; I’ve still got wounds and pains. The three bullets are still fixed in me. My pain never goes away, so I can’t forget.
Taken from: the forgivenessproject .com, August 2014

History
Source 2C
From a survey conducted by the Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation with thirty members of the Khulumani Victim Support Group between January and
May 1998. The Khulumani Support Group is an organisation of roughly 85,000 victims and survivors of Apartheid-related human rights violations in South Africa.
The group continues to campaign for reparations to be paid out by the government
in line with the recommendations of the TRC, as well as for members who did not feature in the TRC.
What do you think of the TRC now that the process has begun? Number of respondents
14 Expectations not met / promises not kept / nothing received by the victims / still waiting for help / not sure if it will help anymore / not helpful at all
There has been a lack of investigation / follow-up / no new information revealed
The TRC has been helpful in people’s stories being told / sharing of experiences / more acceptance of victims
TRC is problematic as it favoured perpetrators over victims / because of amnesty / because of no prosecutions / no one has claimed responsibility
The TRC has been helpful as some truth has come out
5
5
4
2
SOURCE 2D
The title of the article is: ‘A wounded nation,15 Years on.’ The author is a psychologist who interviewed apartheid killer Eugene De Kock for a book on healing.
From Pumla Madikizela Godobo in the Mail and Guardian newspaper on
Reconciliation Day, 16 December, 2009.
...Many white South Africans, especially those whose votes sustained (supported) the apartheid government’s oppressive rule, find it difficult to acknowledge that the social, educational and economic privileges under apartheid gave them a better life under apartheid. This also created the possibility of a better future for them in the post-apartheid era.
Part of the collective denial of this status of beneficiaries has to do with the following: acknowledging that they have benefited from a system that oppressed fellow human beings and even committed atrocities, threatens white people’s sense of humanity....
...Many young black people wake up to a yawning void of emptiness, with no opportunities for skills training, jobs or inspiration to attend the schools in their neighbourhood. They are caught up in a never-ending cycle of nothingness.
We should not be surprised that, increasingly, on television we see more young people taking to the streets in protest and that the age of the perpetrators of violent crime is becoming younger.
The 15 years of our democracy seem to have produced a generation of young people whose circumstances make them feel worthless. This makes it difficult to bestow worth upon others and to connect with them as fellow human beings.
This is how poverty strips away the humanity of individuals. The complex and enduring struggle to restore one’s sense of humanity in the face of such dehumanising conditions can manifest in violence, against self or others...

History
SOURCE 2E
Its mandate ended, the work of the TRC comes to an end
This cartoon by Jonathan Shapiro, or Zapiro, appeared in the Mail and Guardian newspaper on 30 July 1998.
Its mandate ended, the TRC
(except for its Amnesty
Committee) draws to a close

History
QUESTION 3
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE BALANCE OF POWER
AND EMERGING ECONOMIES?
SOURCE 3A
A Definition of Globalization: http://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/ accessed August 2014
Globalization is a difficult term to define because it has come to mean so many things. In general, globalization refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as a whole.
Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common medium like the economy or the Internet.
In our world, there are few places a person can’t get to within a day of travel, and few people a person can’t reach via telephone or Internet. Because of modern modes of travel and communication, citizens of a nation are more conscious of the world at large and may be influenced by other cultures in a variety of ways. Time and space matter less, and even language barriers are being overcome as people all over the world communicate through trade, social Internet forums, various media sources, and a variety of other ways.
SOURCE 3B
The North – South Divide http://theafricanfile.com/public-diplomacy/international-relations/globalization-in-emergingmarkets-united-how-south-africa%e2%80%99s-relationship-to-africa-serves-the-brics/ accessed in August 2014
There is a growing trend of investment in the African continent spurred by many diverse factors and players. The world’s rising demand for hydrocarbons and precious metals for high-tech devices means that the search for these resources will continue to penetrate regions that were under explored or cut off to the West and East due to import substitution policies of the latter part of the 20th century. In Africa, the relative stabilization of the political scene has meant that foreign companies are more likely to invest than before. The lack of ideologically polarized governments that had been prevalent in the region during the Cold
War also allows businesses to pursue market-driven objectives rather than kowtow to their national governments’ political orientation. The investors in the continent range from EU businesses seeking new markets now that the taint of colonialism has begun to wear off, to
American energy companies seeking to diversify their holdings away from the politically and ideologically charged Middle East, to emerging countries seeking to find new markets for their growing industrial and services industries. Most notably, China has been the focus of much coverage of African investment. This trend has been reflected on by Africans who see in China a new south-south partnership that will reinvigorate African markets, as well as
Western countries who see China as a new competitor for the consumption of resources.
With this emphasis on China, many observers have failed to recognize the importance of the current hegemon in Africa: the Republic of South Africa. Though the Rainbow Nation may not possess the GDP or growth rates of China, or the other prominent emerging markets of
Brazil, Russia, and India, the former apartheid state has significant trade links with the continent, especially in Southern Africa.

History
SOURCE 3C
An extract of an article entitled ‘In the times of State Capitalism’, published in a special edition to the BRICS post on 27 May 2013. http://thebricspost.com/in-the-times-of-state-capitalism/#.U_Rcjk2Ircs,
17 AUGUST 2014.
In January 2012, the Economist published a challenging special report on State capitalism, which, according to the magazine, is a model that “tries to weld the powers of the State with the powers of capitalism.” Since then, the issue has gained attention around the world and has contributed to the debate on the recent economic crisis and the models of economic development. The growing clout of the emerging economies on the world stage and their resilience to the financial crisis are, however, the drivers of the buzz that has been generated around ‘state capitalism’. China’s state-backed companies have been under increasing criticism for propagating an unsustainable model. Contrary to ‘state intervention’ often seen in several developing countries, ‘state capitalism’, according to the magazine, makes use of market instruments and methods to reach its goals. The report justifies its focus on the recent experiences in emerging countries, especially that in China, because “it reflects the future rather than the past”. State capitalism manifests in several ways and it can be complex as well as sophisticated, such as the public policies aimed at supporting the private South-Korean conglomerates, or the setting up of sovereign wealth funds from Asia and Gulf States with growing influence on capital markets and investments.

History
SOURCE 3D
An extract from an article entitled ‘BRICS may decide on a $100 BN fund in 2014.’
LIidia Kelly and Alonso Soto, Published on 12 October 2013. . http://www.iol.co.za/business/news/brics-may-decide-on-100bn-fund-in-2014-
1.1590984#.U_RxmE2Ircs 17 August 2014.
Washington - The BRICS emerging economies may decide early next year on their
$100 billion fund designated to steady currency markets, Russia's Finance Minister
Anton Siluanov said on Friday, indicating little progress at the group's meeting in
Washington this week.
Officials from Brazil, China, India, Russia and South Africa surprised many by starting work last year on the pool and a joint development bank to reshape the global financial architecture long dominated by rich nations.
But progress has been slow and the bank with a capital of up to $50 billion is still far from running, amid disagreements over burden sharing and where it should be based.
Expectations that the Federal Reserve would 'taper' its US bond-buying scheme have reversed the cheap dollar flows that had fuelled a boom among the BRICS, adding urgency to make funds available to members facing balance of payments difficulties.
SOURCE 3E
A cartoon (undated) Showing globalization by cartoonist Adam Zyglis of the Buffalo
News (It is a Western – New York newspaper) http://2.images.theweek.com/img/dir_0067/33748_cartoon_main/chinas-newconstruction.jpg 17 August 2014.

History
SOURCE 3F
A drawing by the Belgian multidisciplinary artist, Ben Heine (2011) born on 12 June
1983 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. http://graceatelmberg.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/globalization-part-2-politicalcartoons/ 17 August 2014.