Chapter 3: The Dynamic Earth
Name: _______________________
Earth is divided into 4 parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
How are seismic waves used to detect the interior of the earth?
Composition of Earth
1.
2.
3.
Structure of the Earth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Compositional
Layers
Structural
Layers
PLATE TECTONICS
Tectonic plates:
How are mountains formed?
EARTHQUAKES
Fault:
What causes earthquakes?
Magnitude:
Largest felt=
Smallest felt=
Where do earthquakes usually occur?
VOLCANOES
How are volcanoes formed?
Local Effects:
Global Effects:
EROSION
Water Erosion
Wind Erosion
3-2 Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
78% =
21% =
1% =
How does air pressure change the density of air in different altitudes?
LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
1.
2.
3.
4.
How are the layers determined?
Which layer do planes fly?
What is the Aurora Borealis?
FORMS OF ENERGY FROM THE SUN
Radiation:
Conduction:
Convection:
How does convection energy create a current?
Greenhouse Effect:
What are the greenhouse gases?
CLIMATE
weather:
climate:
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE CLIMATE
1.
6.
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
9.
5.
The Ozone Shield
ozone layer:
located in the _______________
What is the main function of the ozone layer?
OZONE DEPLETION
CFC’s (chloroflurocarbons):
Sources:
How long does it take for them to rise into the stratosphere?
Each CFC molecule contains _______________ atoms of chlorine
1 chlorine atom can destroy _____________ozone molecules
OZONE HOLE
1985 Nature: ozone at the South Pole thinned by 50-98%
- first signs of thinning in 1979
- ozone is considered a pollutant on the ground, but will react with
other substances before reaching the stratosphere
EFFECTS ON HUMANS
What are some of the effects of a thinning ozone layer on humans?
EFFECTS ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS
What are some of the effects of a thinning ozone layer on other
organisms?
PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER
1987 Montreal Protocol
Nations agreed to sharply limit CFCs
1992 Copenhagen, Denmark
- eliminate CFC’s by 1995
- US to ban all damaging substances by 2000
- help developing countries
- other substances banned
(13.3) Global Warming
greenhouse effect:
greenhouse gases:
Charles Keeling (1958)
- measured carbon dioxide levels in Mauna Loa, Hawaii
- far from forests and human activity so he thought that the average
levels could be measured for the entire Earth
- normal fluctuations during different seasons
- 1958 = 314 parts per million (0.0314%)
- 1994 = 358 parts per million
Extra Carbon Dioxide
- plants contain carbon; after millions of years, become coal, oil or
natural gas
- burning of fossil fuels release CO2
- burning of forests also release CO2, then there are less trees to take
the CO2 out of the air
GLOBAL WARMING:
CONSEQUENCES OF WARMING
Natural climate changes happen, like ice ages, but happen over
hundreds or thousands of years
Melting Ice and Sea Levels
Weather Patterns
Human Health Problems
Agriculture
Animals
What can be done to slow global warming?
What is the Kyoto Protocol?
How much carbon dioxide do you send into the atmosphere?
1 gallon gasoline = 9kg
1 kW hour electricity = 1 kg
100 cubic feet natural gas = 5.5 kg carbon
3-3 Hydrosphere and Biosphere
What is the hydrosphere?
WATER CYCLE
1.
2.
3.
OCEANS
Which ocean is the largest?
Pacific:
Atlantic:
Indian:
Arctic:
OCEAN WATER
What is the composition of ocean water?
How are ocean currents determined?
FRESHWATER
Where is most of Earth’s fresh water?
How do river systems work?
GROUNDWATER
What is groundwater used for?
Where is it stored?
BIOSPHERE
What is the biosphere?
What makes life possible?
How does energy flow within the biosphere?