Human Growth & Development
Chapter 2: Notes pages 33 - 45
Name: _______________
1. A systematic set of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework
for studying and explaining development is called a(n) __________________________.
2. Developmental theories form the basis for educated guesses, or _______________,
about behavior, they generate ____________________, and they offer insight and
guidance for everyday concerns by providing a ____________________ view of human
development.
3. Development theories fall into three categories: ____________________ theories,
which traditionally offer a comprehensive view of development; and ______________
theories, which may be the comprehensive theories of the future.
4. Psychoanalytic theories interpret human development in terms of intrinsic
____________________ and _____________________, many of which are
____________________(conscious/unconscious) and ____________________.
5. According to Freud’s ____________________ theory, children experience sexual
pleasures and desires during the first six years as they pass through three
____________________ ____________________. From infancy to early childhood to
the preschool years, these stages are the ____________________, the
____________________ stage, and the ____________________ stage. One of
Freud’s most influential ideas was that each stage includes its own potential
____________________ between child and parent.
Specify the focus of sexual pleasure and the major development need associated with
each of Freud’s stages.
Oral ________________________________________
Anal ________________________________________
Phallic _______________________________________
Genital _______________________________________
6. Erik Erikson’s theory of development, which focuses on social and cultural influences,
is called a(n) ____________________ theory. In this theory, there are ______ (number)
developmental stages, each characterized by a particular developmental ____________
related to the person’s relationship to the social environment. Unlike Freud, Erikson
proposed stages of development that ____________________ (span/do not span) a
person’s lifetime.
Complete the following chart regarding Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.
Age Period
Stage
Birth to 1 yr.
trust vs. ____________________
1-3 yrs.
autonomy vs. ____________________
3-6 yrs.
initiative vs. ____________________
7-11 yrs.
____________________ vs. inferiority
Adolescence
identity vs. ____________________
Young adulthood
____________________ vs. isolation
Middle adulthood
____________________ vs. stagnation
Older adulthood
____________________ vs. despair
7. A major theory in American psychology, which directly opposed psychoanalytic
theory, was ____________________. This theory, which emerged early in the twentieth
century under the influence of ____________________, is also called ______________
theory because of its emphasis on how we learn specific behaviors.
8. Behaviorists have formulated laws of behavior that are believed to apply
____________________ (only at certain ages/at all ages). The learning process, which
is called ____________________, takes two forms: ____________________________
and ______________________________.
9. In classical conditioning, which was discovered by the Russian scientist
____________________ and is also called ____________________ conditioning, a
person or an animal learns to associate a(n) ____________________ stimulus with a
meaningful one.
10. According to ____________________, the learning of more complex responses is
the result of ____________________ conditioning, in which a person learns that a
particular behavior produces a particular ____________________, such as a reward.
This type of learning is also called ____________________ conditioning.
11. The process of repeating a consequence to make it more likely that the behavior in
question will recur is called ____________________. The consequence that increases
the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is called the ____________________.
12. (Thinking Like a Scientist) The behavior of infant monkeys separated from their
mothers led researcher ___________________ to investigate the origins of
____________________ in infant monkeys. These studies, which demonstrated that
infant monkeys clung more often to “surrogate” mothers that provided
____________________ (food/contact comfort), disproved ____________________
theory’s idea that infants seek to satisfy oral needs and ____________________ view
that reinforcement directs behavior.
13. The application of behaviorism that emphasizes the ways that people learn new
behaviors by observing others is called ______________________________. The
process whereby a child patterns his or her behavior after a parent or teacher, for
example, is called ____________________.
14. This process is most likely to occur when an observer is ____________________ or
____________________ and when the model is _____________________.
This type of learning is also affected by the individual’s ____________________.
Human social learning is related to ____________________, ____________________,
____________________, ____________________, and feelings of
____________________.
15. The structure and development of the individual’s thought processes and the way
those thought processes affect the person’s understanding of the world are the focus of
____________________ theory. A major pioneer of this theory is
____________________.
16. In Piaget’s first stage of development, the ____________________ stage, children
experience the world through their senses and motor abilities. This stage occurs
between birth and age ____________________.
17. According to Piaget, during the preschool years (up to age
_____________________), children are in the ____________________ stage. A
hallmark of this stage is that children begin to think ____________________. Another
hallmark is that sometimes the child’s thinking is ____________________, or focused
on seeing the world solely from his or her own perspective.
18. Piaget believed that children begin to think logically in a consistent way at about
____________________ years of age. At this time, they enter the _______________
_______________ stage.
19. In Piaget’s final stage, the ____________________ stage, reasoning expands from
the purely concrete to encompass ____________________ thinking. Piaget believed
most children enter this stage by age ____________________.
20. According to Piaget, cognitive development is guided by the need to maintain a
state of mental balance, called __________________________________________.
21. When new experiences challenge existing understanding, creating a kind of
imbalance, the individual experiences _______________________________, which
eventually leads to mental growth.
22. According to Piaget, people adapt to new experiences either by reinterpreting them
to fit into, or _____________________ with, old ideas. Some new experiences force
people to revamp old ideas so that they can ____________________ new experiences.