Semester Exam
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW QUESTIONS
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What is the name of the body cavity containing the brain?
What is the name of the body cavity containing the spinal cord?
What is the name of the body cavity containing the heart and lungs?
Which body cavity contains the digestive system organs?
Which body cavity contains the reproductive organs?
Is drawing blood to determine one’s blood sugar level and example of anatomy or physiology?
Is viewing muscle tissue through a microscope a study of anatomy or physiology?
Is making a section through an organ to observe its interior the study of anatomy or physiology?
Is examining the surface of the body for abnormalities the study of anatomy or physiology?
List the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest.
What term is used to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body?
Which system regulates water, electrolytes and acid-base balance in the blood?
To which system do the kidneys belong?
Which system of the body eliminates metabolic wastes?
List 5 of the 8 functions that are necessary for life.
Which system is most responsible for movement?
The parts of a control system are receptor, stimulus, control center, efferent pathway, afferent pathway, response and effector.
Put these in the order in which they are used.
Fill in the blank: The patellar region is _____ to the femoral region.
Fill in the blank: The thoracic cavity is _____ to the spinal cavity.
Fill in the blank: The lungs _____ to the heart.
What regional name is given to the curve of your shoulder?
What is the name of the region that contains your naval?
Which plane divides the body into left and right sides?
Which plane (section) would divide the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Which type of epithelium is best suited for areas subjected to friction?
Which type of epithelium lines much of the respiratory tract?
Which type of epithelium if found in organs whose walls stretch and are thinner than when they are contracted?
Which type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?
Which type of connective tissue forms the insulating layer under the skin?
Which type of connective tissue is found covering the ends of long bones and connecting the ribs to the sternum?
Which type of muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls?
Which type of muscle tissue displays intercalated disks?
Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for contracting the walls of digestive organs?
Which type of muscle tissue is attached to bones?
Which of the four tissue types allows for organ movements within the body?
Which of the four tissue types transmits electrical impulses?
Which of the four tissue types supports body organs?
Which of the four tissue types contains cells that absorb and secrete substances such as hormones.
Which of the four tissue types packages and protects body organs?
Which of the four tissue types contains large amounts of nonliving matrix and is well vascularized?
Which of the four tissue types is found lining body organs, covering body surfaces and in glandular tissue?
Which of the four tissue types’ functions include protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion?
What is the word used to refer to the free surface of tissues?
Which muscle tissue type is under voluntary control?
Which muscle tissue types are involuntarily controlled?
What is the name of the tissue that forms under a scab?
What are the two ways that tissues can be repaired?
Upon what two factors does the type of repair that a tissue will undergo depend?
Why do bones heal faster than tendons and ligaments?
What word refers to a neoplasm that stays encapsulated and does not spread throughout the body?
Name 3 functions of adipose tissue.
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What word refers to a neoplasm that is capable of spreading throughout the body?
Which major cell type regenerates easily?
List the 3 categories of epithelial tissue membranes
In what areas of the body are mucous membranes found?
Name the protein that prevents the skin from soaking up or losing too much water.
What is the name of the outermost layer of the epidermis?
58. What causes people to tan when exposed to the sun?
59. In which layer of the epidermis are the melanin producing cells found?
60. What term is used to refer to a person whose appearance is blue due to a lack of good circulation or a lack of adequate oxygen in the
blood?
61. Acne is a disorder associated with the inflammation of what type of gland?
62. Water, salt, wastes, lactic acid and vitamin C are found in the secretions of which type of gland?
63. Which kind of glands are found in the axillary and anogenital regions only?
64. What stimulates the increased secretion of sebum at puberty?
65. What are sebaceous glands needed for?
66. What are the 2 most significant threats to life for someone who has suffered a 3rd degree burn?
67. How does a physician estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient?
68. Redness and swelling is an indication of which degree of burn?
69. Which layer or layers is or are affected by second degree burns?
70. What does ABCD stand for in recognizing melanoma?
71. What skin disorder that usually appears on the lips is caused by the herpes simplex virus?
72. A skin disorder characterized by itching, redness and swelling resulting from exposure of the skin to chemicals.
73. A chronic condition characterized by reddened epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales.
74. A condition common to nursing home residents who must stay in bed for long periods of time.
75. Name 2 ways the skin is involved in cooling the body.
76. Name the dermal sensory structures that sense light pressure.
77. Which major subdivision of the skeleton supports the skull?
78. Which major subdivision of the skeleton transmits the weight of the body to the lower limbs?
79. To which classification of bones do the bones of the vertebral column belong?
80. What material separates the bones of the vertebral column?
81. Name the two fused portions of the vertebral column.
82. What is the purpose of the disks between the vertebrae?
83. Which section of the vertebral column must be developed before a baby can hold its head up?
84. The development of which section of the vertebral column allows a baby to walk?
85. What condition results from an abnormal curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
86. What condition results from an exaggerated posterior curvature of the upper vertebral column?
87. What condition results from exaggerated anterior curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
88. Name the three bones or groups of bones that make up the bony thorax.
89. Name the two organs that are protected by the bony thorax.
90. To which bone classification does the sternum belong?
91. How many true ribs are there?
92. How many false ribs are there?
93. How many floating ribs are there?
94. What is the difference between true ribs and false ribs?
95. What 2 features of the pelvic girdle prevent dislocation?
96. What bone moves when the biceps brachii muscle contracts?
97. Where are the carpals?
98. How many metacarpals do you have in each hand?
99. What is the name for the two hip bones?
100. Which bone of the pelvis do you sit on?
101. What is the most significant function of joints?
102. Why do sprains heal more slowly than bones?
103. What is the most common form of arthritis?
104. Which joints are most commonly affected by arthritis?
105. How is rheumatoid arthritis different from osteoarthritis?
106. What bone-thinning disease results from lack of estrogen and lack of adequate vitamin D and calcium?
107. What gland secrets a hormone that causes bones to deteriorate in order for calcium to be released into the blood?
108. What gland secrets a hormone that causes bones to deposit calcium?
109. What is the name of the bone destroying cells?
110. What is the name of bone forming cells?
111. What is the name of bone cells that no longer divide, but maintain the bony matrix?
112. Put these terms in order from smallest to largest: myofilament, fiber, fascicle, myofibril
113. Another name for a muscle cell
114. Which type of muscle is striated, has intercalated discs, is involuntary and contains branching cells?
115. What does a motor unit consist of?
116. In terms of thin and thick filaments, what happens when a muscle contracts?
117. Organelles responsible for calcium storage, release and absorption
118. The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
119. How can muscles get bigger?
120. What is another name for the myosin heads that attach to actin molecules to move them?
121. Which type of muscle is equipped for non-rhythmical, rapid contractions?
122. Which muscle type is described as striated, with cylindrical cells, attached to the skeleton, and voluntary?
123. What name is given to the reversal of charge that occurs down a neuron in domino fashion when it has been stimulated by the brain?
124. What is a strong, cordlike bundle of epimysia at the end of a muscle and attached to a bone called?
125. What process is the primary source of energy for a muscle?
126. What action is caused by the orbicularis oris?
127. What is the name used to refer to a muscle cell’s membrane
128. What occurs during oxygen debt?
129. What causes a smooth tectonic contraction?
130. What element, stored in bones is needed for muscle contraction?
131. Which process creates the most ATP molecules per glucose molecule?
132. Which muscle allows you to wrinkle your forehead?
133. What group of muscles allows you to flex the knee?
134. What muscle is involved in abduction of the arm?
135. Give an example of an isotonic contraction
136. When is a muscle truly fatigued?
137. What name is given to a sustained partial muscle contraction that is vital to the health of muscles?
138. What is the place where a muscle is attached to a moveable bone called?
139. What is the place where a muscle is attached to an immovable bone called?
140. A congenital muscular disease that results in the degeneration of skeletal muscles
141. What is the major function of the peripheral nervous system?
142. What term refers to the death of brain neurons when a blockage or bleed causes oxygen to stop being delivered to these cells?
143. What are the two categories of cells found in the nervous system?
144. Which type of cutaneous receptor detects deep pressure?
145. Which type of cutaneous receptor detects pain?
146. What are the 2 types of proprioceptors?
147. What is the difference between and autonomic reflex and a somatic reflex?
148. Which part of the brain controls the precise timing of skeletal muscle activity, balance and equilibrium?
149. What area of the brain connects the cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with one another?
150. List the meninges in order from outermost to innermost.
151. The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration and blood pressure are located in what area of the brain?
152. What area of the brain controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst?
153. What area of the brain plays a role in the awake/sleep cycles?
154. What function does the Broca’s area control?
155. Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor area?
156. What are gyri?
157. What are sulci?
158. What parts of the body are considered to be effectors?
159. Put the 5 components of a typical reflex arc in order from stimulation to response.
160. What do neurotransmitters do?
161. What is another name for a neuron at rest?
162. What is another name for a neuron that is being stimulated and propagating an action potential?
163. Which part of a neuron normally receives stimuli?
164. What are the two organs found in the CNS?
165. What structures make up the PNS?
166. What is the difference between microglial, ependymal and astrocytes?
167. Distinguish gray matter from white matter
168. Compare the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous pathways.
Diagrams to review:
Surface anatomy p. 14
Planes p. 15
Body cavities p. 16
All tissue diagrams pp. 80, 83-86
Membranes p. 97
Skin p. 101
Skeleton p. 125
Lateral Skull p. 126
Frontal skull p. 129
Anterior muscles p. 190
Posterior muscles p. 192
Neuron p. 206
Exterior brain p. 216 (a)
Interior view of brain p. 219