Peripheral Portion of the Vascular System
Vascular System
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
The portion of the cardiovascular system that deals with the blood
vessels that allow for the circulation of blood throughout the body
Major Structures of the Vascular System
4. Venules
5. Veins
3. Capillaries
Systemic Circulation System
The circulation system that supplies those parts of the body that receive blood through the aorta rather
than through the pulmonary artery
Tissue Layers of an Artery
1. Tunica Intima
1. The innermost tissue layer of an artery that is composed of
endothelium
Tunica
2. Tunica Media
3. Tunica adventitia
An enveloping membrane or layer of body tissue
2. The middle tissue layer of an artery that is composed of involuntary
muscle tissue and elastic connective tissue that permits constriction
and dilation of the artery
3. The outermost tissue layer of an artery that is composed of fibrous
connective tissue
Characteristics of Arteries
1. Beginning with the aorta, most arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart; the pulmonary artery is an exception, as it carries deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs.
2. Arteries branch into arterioles and arterioles branch into capillaries
3. The walls of arteries are supplied with oxygen and nutrients by a network of small blood vessels called
the vasa vasorum.
4. The tunica intima (the innermost tissue layer of an artery) causes an artery to stand open when cut
5. Many arteries are referred to by different names as they pass through different areas of the body.
Characteristics of the Aorta
1. The aorta is the main trunk of the systemic arterial circulation system.
2. The aorta consists of three major branches: (1) the ascending aorta, (2) the aortic arch, and (3) the
descending aorta
3. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta that begins at the left ventricle and rises upward,
branching into the left and right coronary arteries.
4. The aortic arch, which is also called the arch of the aorta, is the portion of the aorta that turns
backward and to the left at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra.
5. The main branches of the aortic arch are different on the right and left side of the body
6. On the right side, the aortic arch branches into a short artery called the
Innominate artery, which then branches into the right carotid artery and the right Subclavian artery.
Innominate - Having no name, unnamed
Carotid - Of or relating to or being the chief artery or pair of arteriesthat pass up the neck and supply the
head
Subclavian - Of or relating to or being a part (an artery, vein, or nerve) located under the clavicle
7. On the left side, the aortic arch branches directly into the left carotid artery and the left subclavian
artery.
8. The descending aorta forms two branches as it passes through the body: (1) the thoracic aorta as it
passes through the thoracic cavity and (2) the abdominal aorta as it passes through the abdominal
cavity.
9. The thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta each branch into many branches
I0. The descending aorta ends near the fourth lumbar vertebra at the aortic bifurcation, forming the
right common iliac artery and the left common iliac artery.
Bifurcation
The point at which something divides into two branches or parts
Iliac
Of or relating to, or located near the ilium, the last division of the small intestine
Major Arteries
1. Arteries from the aortic arch
a. Right subclavian artery
a. The main artery form the aortic arch that supplies the right arm and
the surrounding area
b. Left subclavian artery
b. The main artery from the aortic arch that supplies the left arm and
the surrounding area
c. Right carotid artery (right
common carotid artery)
c. The main artery from the aortic arch that supplies the right side of
the head, neck and brain
d. Left carotid artery (left
common carotid artery)
d. The main artery from the aortic arch that supplies the left side of the
head, neck, and brain
e. Axillary artery
e. One of a pair of the continuations of the subclavian arteries that
supplies various chest muscles and arm muscles
f. Brachial artery
f. The principal artery of the upper arm that is the continuation of the
axillary artery
g. Radial artery
g. An artery of the forearm starting at the bifurcation of the brachial
artery and passing in 12 branches supplying the forearm, wrist, and
hand
h. Ulnar artery
h. A large artery branching from the brachial artery and supplying
muscles in the forearm, wrist, and hand; it has nine branches: four
in the forearm, two in the wrist, and three in the hand
2. Arteries from the thoracic aorta
a.Bronchial arteries
a. The arteries from the thoracic aorta that supply the bronchi of the
lungs
Bronchial
of or relating to the bronchi of the lungs_
b. Esophageal arteries
b. The arteries from the thoracic aorta that supply the esophagus
c. Pericardial arteries
c. The arteries from the thoracic aorta that supply the pericardium
d. Intercostal arteries
d. The nine or ten pairs of arteries from the thoracic aorta that supply
the intercostals areas
e. Mediastinal branches
e. The artery branches that supply the lymph glands and the posterior
mediastinum
f. Superior/phrenic arteries
f. The arteries from the thoracic aorta that supply the diaphragm
Of or relating to the mediastinum, the space in the chest between the
pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all of the viscera of the chest
except the lungs
3. Arteries from the abdominal aorta
Mediastinal
a. Celiac artery
a. The artery from the abdominal aorta that supplies the stomach,
liver, and spleen
b. The branch of the celiac artery that supplies the liver
b. Hepatic artery
c. Splenic artery
Celiac
Hepatic
Splenic
d. Left gastric artery
e. Superior mesenteric artery
f. • Inferior mesenteric artery
g. Middle suprarenal branches
h. Renal artery
i. Testicular arteries
j. Ovarian arteries
k. Inferior phrenic arteries
l. Lumbar arteries
Gastric
Messenteric
Renal
Testicular
Ovarian
Lumbar
c. The branch of the celiac artery that supplies the spleen
Of or relating to the abdominal cavity
Of or relating to the liver
Relating to the spleen
d. The branch of the celiac artery that supplies the stomach
e. The artery from the abdominal artery that supplies all of the small
intestine except the superior portion of the duodenum
f. The artery from the abdominal artery that supplies all of the colon
and rectum except the right half of the transverse colon
g. The branches of the abdominal artery that supply the adrenal
(suprarenal) glands
h. One of a pair of large branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies
the kidneys, suprarenal glands, and the ureter
i. The pair of long, slender branches of the abdominal aorta that
supplies the testes and ureter in a male
j. The pair of slender branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies the
ovaries, part of the ureters, and uterine tubes in a female
k. The arteries from the abdominal aorta that supply the diaphragm
and esophagus
l.The arteries from the abdominal aorta that supply the psoas muscles
and part of the muscles of the abdominal wall
Of or pertaining to the stomach
Pertaining to the mesentery, the double layer of peritoneum
connecting the intestine to the abdominal wall
Relating to the kidney
Pertaining to the testes, the male gonads
Of or relating to the ovaries, the female reproductive organs that
produce eggs
Of or pertaining to the part of the body between the thorax and the
pelvis
Psoas Muscle
The psoas major and psoas minor muscles in the area of the lumbar
vertebrae and pelvis (helps with rotation of hip)
Middle Sacral artery
The artery from the abdominal aorta that supplies the sacrum and the
coccyx
Sacral
Of or pertaining to the sacrum, the large triangular bone at the dorsal
part of the pelvis
Coccyx
The beaklike bone joined to the sacrum
4. Arteries from the descending aorta
a. Right and left common iliac
a. The major arteries that branch from the bifurcation of the
descending aorta and supply the areas of the body near the ilium
b. Internal iliac Artery
b. The arteries that branch from the common iliac arteries to supply
the pelvic organs
c. External iliac artery
c. The arteries that branch from the common iliac arteries to supply
the lower extremities
d. Femoral artery
d. The extension of the external iliac artery into the lower limb that
supplies various parts of the lower limb and trunk
e. Popliteal artery
e. A continuation of the femoral artery that passes through the knee
and divides into eight branches that supply various muscles of the
thigh, leg, and foot
f. Tibial artery
f. The anterior and posterior arteries that branch below the popliteal
artery and supply the muscles of the lower leg
Femoral
Of or pertaining to the femur or the thigh
Popliteal
Of or relating to the back part of the leg behind the knee joint
Tibial
Pertaining to the largest long bone of the lower leg, the tibia
Characteristics of Capillaries
1. Capillaries connect arterioles and venules
2. Capillaries are minute vessels with walls that are only one cell layer thick
3. Nutrients and oxygen move from the capillaries through the capillary walls and into the cells of the
body by osmosis.
4. Wastes move from the cells of the body through the capillary walls and into the capillaries by osmosis.
The Tissue Layers of Vein
1. Tunica Intima
1. The innermost tissue layer of a vein that is composed of
endothelium
2. Tunica media
2. The middle tissue layer of a vein that is composed of muscle tissue
3. Tunica adventitia
3. The outer most tissue layer of a vein composed of connective tissue
Characteristics of Veins
1. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood to the vena cava of the heart; the pulmonary veins are an
exception, as they carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
2. Veins branch into venules and venules branch into capillaries.
3. The middle layer of muscle tissue in a vein is not very well developed or very flexible.
4. The wall of a vein is relatively thin, causing a vein to collapse when cut.
5. Many veins contain valves that prevent the backflow of blood
6. Many veins share their names with the corresponding arteries.
Veins of Systemic Circulation
1. Superior Vena Cava
1. The large vein of the body that returns deoxygenated blood from
the upper half of the body to the right atrium
2. Inferior vena cava
2. The large vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from
parts of the body below the diaphragm
3. Innominate or
Brachiocehpalic
3. One of a pair of large veins on either side of the neck that is formed
by the union of the internal jugular and subclavian veins and drains
blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities and unites to form
the superior vena cava
Jugular
Of or relating to the throat or neck
4.Subclavian Vein
4. One of a pair of veins on either side of the body that is a
continuation of the axillary vein in the upper body, extending near the
clavicle, where it joins the internal jugular vein to form the innominate
vein; the subclavian veins drain the upper extremities
5. Axillary Vein
5. One of a pair of veins of the upper limb that is a continuation of the
subclavian vein and drains deoxygenated blood from the area of the
axilla
6. Internal Jugular Vein
6. One of a pair of veins in the neck that collects blood from the brain,
superficial parts of the face, and neck; both veins unite with the
subclavian vein to form the innominate vein
Veins of Systemic Circulation
7. External Jugular Vein
7. One of a pair of large vessels in the neck that receives most of the
blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep tissues of the face
8. Long Thoracic vein
8. One of a pair of long veins on each side of the body that collects
blood from the lateral thoracic wall
9. Hepatic Vein
9. The three main veins—the right, middle, and left—that drain the
blood of the liver into the inferior vena cava
10. Splenic Vein
10. A large vein of the lower body that returns blood from the spleen
and part of the stomach
11. Portal Vein
11. The vein that ramifies in the liver and ends in capillary-like
structures that convey the blood to the inferior vena cava through the
hepatic veins; the vein collects blood from the digestive tract
12. Superior Mesenteric Vein
12. A tributary of the portal vein that drains blood from the small
intestine, the cecum, and the ascending and the transverse colon
13. Inferior Messenteric
13. The vein in the lower body that returns blood from the rectum, the
sigmoid, and descending parts of the colon
Ramify
To branch into two or more parts, such as a branch of nerve or artery
Cecum
The pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
Rectum
The terminal part of the intestine
Sigmoid
Curved like the letter S; the portion of the colon that extends from the
end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum
14. Common Iliac vein
14. One of two veins on the left and right side of the body that are the
sources of the inferior vena cava and drains blood from the pelvis and
the legs
15. Femoral vein
15. A large vein in the thigh that drains blood from the area of the
thigh
16. Greater Saphenous Vein
16. One of a pair of the longest veins in the body that courses through
the leg and thigh before ending in the femoral vein; the vein drains
blood from the dorsum of the foot to the femoral vein just below the
inguinal ligament
Saphenous
Of or relating to the two chief veins of the legs
Dorsum
The upper surface of an appendage or part
Inguinal
Of or relating to or situated in the region of the groin or in either of the
lowest lateral regions of the abdomen
Portal circulation system
The portion of the systemic circulation system that provides the pathway of blood flow from the
gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver via the portal vein and its tributaries
Characteristics of the Portal Circulation System
1. Veins from the stomach, intestines, spleen, and pancreas empty into the portal vein.
2. The portal vein then carries the blood loaded with digested food products to the liver, where the food
Is altered, stored, and released as needed.
3. The liver removes toxins from the blood.
4. Blood leaves the liver through the hepatic veins, which empty into the inferior vena cava.
Pulse point
Any one of the sites on the surface of the body where arterial pulsations can be easily felt
Normal pulse rate
Between 60 to 80 beats per minute
Blood Pressure
The pressure exerted by the circulating volume of blood on the walls of the arteries, the veins, and the
chambers of the heart.
Blood Pressure Measurement
1. Blood pressure is created by the contraction of the ventricles in the heart
2. The conventional measurement of blood pressure is in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), a measure of
the force required to raise a column of liquid mercury in a tube.
3.Two points are taken in measuring blood pressure: the systole and the diastole
4. The systole is the contraction of the myocardium, which in ventricular contraction causes blood to be
pumped into the arteries.
5. The diastole is the dilation of the cavities of the heart during which they fill with blood.
6. The pressure in the aorta and the large arteries of a healthy young adult is approximately 120 mm Hg
during systole and 70 mm Hg in diastole.
7. Blood-pressure measurements are always given stating the systole first and the diastole second.
Factors that affect BP
1. _ 1. Heart forces
5. Blood pressure
2. __ 2. Heart rate
6. Blood viscosity
3. __ 3. Peripheral vascular resistance
7. Hormones
4. __ 4. Elasticity of arteries
8. Chemicals