A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
Composition of Matter

The “stuff” of the universe

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Made of _________________:
o

What 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?

What are atoms?
o Every element’s atoms differ from all other elements.
o Differences in atoms give each element different _______________ and
____________________ properties.
Label the parts of the atom below and include charges:

In an uncharged atom, the number of __________________ and
__________________ are ___________________.

Molecules versus Compounds:
o Molecule
o
The atoms can be the same (H2) or different (H2O).
Compound-
A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
All compounds are made of ___________________, but not all __________________ are
________________________.

Chemical Bonding:
o Electron shells, or energy levels, surround the nucleus of an atom.
o Bonds are formed using the electrons______________ in the outermost energy
level.
o Each energy level can hold a specific number of electrons.
o _____________________- Outermost energy level
o Octet Rule: Except for the first shell which is full with ____ electrons, atoms
interact in a manner to have _____ electrons in their valence shell.

Types of Bonds:
o Ionso ________________ bonds form between atoms by the transfer of one or more
electrons.
o _______________________ are formed by the sharing of two or more
electrons.
o Electron sharing produces molecules.
A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
 Hydrogen Bonds:
o More like attractions than bonds
o Formed when a hydrogen atom (which is already covalently bonded to an atom) is
attracted to another atom
o Causes surface tension in water
Organic Chemistry

Molecules containing ______________________

Exception- _____________________________- because they are smaller, less
complex molecules

Carbon is special because it is ________________________- never loses nor gains
electrons but always shares electrons

Building blocks of cells

What are the organic molecules?

Carbohydrates:
o Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ______________ ratio.
o Monosaccharides:
o Disaccharides:
o Polysaccharides:
A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
o Carbohydrate Function:




Lipids:
o Also contain C, H, and O but contains less O than carbs
o Lipid Function:




Proteins:
o Large molecules composed of combinations of 20 different amino acids.
o Protein Function:






o
Structural Levels of Proteins:

Primary –

Secondary –

Tertiary –

Quaternary –
A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
o Enzymes:

Proteins that act as biological catalysts (___________________) by
lowering the energy needed for a chemical reaction
(________________________)

Usually end in ___________

Act on a substance called a _______________________

Mechanism of enzyme action:

Substrate binds to the enzyme at its ______________. The enzyme
and substrate fit together like a lock and key.

The enzyme-substrate complex undergoes internal rearrangements
that form the ________________.

The enzyme releases the product(s).

Enzyme is _________________ so it can act over and over again.
A&P- BIO 1110
Biochemistry Notes
ENZYME MECHANISM

Nucleic Acids:
o Composed of
_____________________________________________________________
o Examples:



o DNA:

Genetic code: Tells the cells what _________________ to make and when
to make them.

Found inside the _______________.
o RNA:

Complementary copy of the ________ code.

Made in the nucleus and exits to the cytoplasm.

Used as instructions for building ____________.
o What is transcription?
o What is translation?