Online Appendix B. Secondary Outcome Measures
Table B1. Secondary Outcome Measures
Measure
Scoring
Instrument (Source)
Alcohol Misusea
1 = score of 8 or more
Alcohol Use Disorders
0 = score < 8
Identification Test (AUDIT;
Babor, Higgins-Biddle,
Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001)
Nicotine Dependencea
1 = score of 3 or more
Fagerström Test (Heatherton,
0 = score < 3
Kozlowski, Frecker, &
Fagerstrom, 1991)
Marijuana Dependencea 1 = meets criteria for abuse or
Diagnostic Interview
dependence, 0 = does not meet criteria; Schedule (DIS; Robins,
symptoms assessed using Diagnostic
Cottler, Bucholz, &
and Statistical Manual of Mental
Compton, 1995)
Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV;
American Psychiatric Association,
2000)
Illicit Drug Dependencea 1 = meets criteria for abuse or
Diagnostic Interview
dependence; 0 = does not meet criteria Schedule (DIS; Robins et al.,
Symptoms assessed using DSM-IV
criteria(DSM-IV; American Psychiatric
Association, 2000)
1995)
Measure
Scoring
Major Depression
1 = meets criteria for major
Instrument (Source)
Patient Health Questionnaire
depression, 0 = does not meat criteria; (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, &
DSM-IV (DSM-IV; American
Williams, 2001)
Psychiatric Association, 2000)major
depression is indicated if at least 5 of 9
symptoms are experienced more than
half of the days in the past 2 weeks
and at least one of the symptoms is
depressed mood or anhedonia.
Suicide
Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Seriously considered
1 = yes, 0 = no
(YRBS; Centers for Disease
Made a plan
1 = yes, 0 = no
Control and Prevention, 2011)
Actual attempt
1 = yes, 0 = no
High School Graduation 1 = yes, 0 = dropped out or GED
2011 school records (for 82%
1 = Dropped out, 0 = GED or High
of the sample) supplemented
School diploma
with self-reports from the
Grade 12 and age 19 surveys
when school information was
not available. There was 94%
agreement between school
reports and self-reports for
Measure
Scoring
Instrument (Source)
those where both sources of
data were available.
Notes: All measures are assessed for the past 12 months.
a
Respondents who did not use a given substance in the past year or used it on less than six
occasions were classified as not meeting criteria for disorder.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). AUDIT: The
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary care (2nd ed.).
Geneva: World Health Organization Department of Mental Health and Substance
Dependence.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System
(YRBSS). Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/yrbs
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom
Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire.
British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119-1127.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9 - Validity of a brief
depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613.
Robins, L. N., Cottler, L. B., Bucholz, K. K., & Compton, W. M. (1995). Diagnostic Interview
Schedule for DSM-IV. St. Louis, MO: Washington University.