STUDY GUIDE HONORS
EVOLUTION
1. Why does sexual reproduction have a greater impact on evolution than
asexual reproduction?
2. If a population evolves from short neck to long neck be able to explain based
on natural selection how this occurred.
3. Know the correct sequence of steps in natural selection (at least four steps)
4. Based on natural selection explain how an insect population may develop
pesticide resistance
5. What are vestigial structures and what are some examples in humans?
6. Can individuals evolve? Can populations evolve?
7. Two animal populations are considered to be of the same species if what can
occur?
8. What is best evidence for evolutionary relationships?
9. If DNA is similar will proteins, organs, and behavior be similar? Why?
10. Given DNA sequences be able to tell which are most closely related and least
closely related
11. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar. Why and
what type of evolution is occurring?
12. In Darwin’s finches that spread from mainland to islands, explain how
speciation occurred.
13. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution and the
time for them to occur?
14. What do homologous structures indicate?
15. Describe the five categories of evidence for evolution
16. Be able to determine the type of selection (disruptive, stabilizing, directional)
17. How does allele frequency due to genetic drift?
18. What type of information do fossils provide?
19. To be evolutionary important a mutation must occur where?
ECOLOGY
1. Describe the three main types of symbiotic relationships
2. What trophic level has largest and smallest amount of energy, largest and
smallest amount of biomass, and largest and smallest amount of individuals?
3. What are abiotic factors? Define and list
4. What happens to energy captured by producers?
5. In an ecosystem, explain how removing a predator or prey from a food chain
may alter the balance of organisms in an ecosystem
6. What category of organisms is responsible for returning inorganic material
back to soil?
7. What is a pioneer species and what is the best example of one?
8. What plants are found in the climax community of succession?
9. What is the difference between primary succession and secondary
succession?
10. Be able to create an energy pyramid from a food web
11. What pattern of population growth is the human population undergoing
12. In terms of plants and animals, which photosynthesize and which undergo
cell respiration or both?
13. What is the essential function of cell respiration?
14. What do plants release in to atmosphere from photosynthesis?
15. What would happen if you removed carbon dioxide from a plants
environment?
16. What is the driving force for nitrogen cycle?
17. What does increased levels of carbon dioxide cause?
18. Know how to calculate the amount of energy available at each trophic level?
19. What does photosynthesis and cell respiration do to levels of carbon dioxide
in the air?
MITOSIS
1. Know the changes in DNA content at different stages of cell cycle
2. Know the stages and order of cell cycle
3. Know the forms of genetic material (chromosome or chromatin) during
different stages of cell cycle.
4. How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with
the parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?
5. What must occur before mitosis or meiosis occurs?
6. Difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis
MEIOSIS
1. Be able to determine if a nondisjunction only occurs in males, females, or can
occur in both if given genotype of nondisjunction (example XXY)
2. What is the meaning of the diploid number?
3. Which step in meiosis corresponds to Mendel’s principle of segregation?
4. Given an individuals genotype, be able to indicate types of gametes they can
produce
5. What causes an extra chromosome to be present or a chromosome to be
missing?
6. After gametogenesis (gamete formation -meiosis) takes place, which process
restores the diploid chromosome number of the species for the next
generation?
7. Know what happens in each stage of meiosis and the number of
chromosomes
8. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
9. What does meiosis result in?
10. Know how to determine from a karyotype male or female and type of
nondisjunction (Turners, Klinefelters, Downs)
11. What would normal gametes, gametes with a nondisjunction, fusion of two
normal gametes, a zygote formed from gametes not made by meiosis (but by
mitosis) look like.
GENETICS
1. Be able to solve problems involving sex linked traits
2. . Understand who can’t and who can get sex-linked genetic disorders. For
example can a man give an X-linked trait to his son?
3. Know what a test cross is and what the results mean?
4. Understand the 9:3:3:1 ratio. What type of cross results in this ratio, what did
Mendel determine from getting this ratio?
5. Given results of a cross be able to predict genotypes of parents
6. Be able to solve problems involving incomplete dominance
7. What is meant by heterozygous?
8. Be able to solve blood type genetic problems
9. People who have red hair usually have freckles. Why?
10. What are the universal donor and universal recipient?
11. Be able to determine genotypes of individuals from a pedigree
12. Be able to solve problems involving complete dominance
13. Understand how polygenic inheritance presents
14. Using a pedigree to determine genotype and then determine the probability
of offspring inheriting trait.
15. Be able to determine the number of different allele combinations found in a
normal gamete.
16. Given multiple trait genotypes of two parents can you determine the
probability of offspring having a certain genotype?
17. Identify incomplete and co-dominance
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
1. How can you prevent a cell with a certain concentration of solute placed in a
certain concentration of solute from swelling if it began to swell when placed
in certain concentration of solution?
2. What types of transports require energy and don’t require energy. How do
they move in relation to concentration gradient?
3. Why do plant cells and animal cells behave different when placed in a
hypotonic solution?
4. Understand how water moves into and out of a cell by osmosis
5. Know hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
6. Be able to solve U-tube osmosis problems