GUIDED NOTES – MACROMOLECULES
Name:_________________________ Class: __________
Objectives
 Identify macromolecule type from pictures or models
 Describe the functions of macromolecules
 Identify examples of the four macromolecules found in the human body
Macromolecules are large organic molecules that consist of chains of repeating subunits called
___________________________.
Macromolecule
Monomer
Saccharides
Fatty acids (sort of)
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
All have the formula: _______________________________
Classified as:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Function in humans: ___________________________________
glucose
Monosaccharide examples:

Glucose______________________________________________________________

Ribose _______________________________________________________________
Disaccharide example

Lactose __________________________________________________________
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Polysaccharide example

Glycogen ___________________________________________________________
Lipids
Diverse, but all are non-polar (thus hydrophobic)
What does this mean???
Type
Function
Triglycerides (fats & Oils)
Steroids (including
cholesterol)
Phospholipids
Vitamins (A, E, K)
What is the difference between oils and fats?
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What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Energy storage – lipids vs carbs
LIPIDS
 Usually long-term
 More energy dense
 Cannot be easily transported
 Doesn’t impact osmotic balance
 Less easily digested
Carbs
 Usually short-term
 Less energy dense
 Can be transported
 Impacts osmotic balance
 More easily digested
Proteins
Proteins are complexly folded chains of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids which can be arranged in any
order, leading to an incredible diversity of structure.
Function
Enzymes
Example
Details
Shape
Breaks down lactose
globular
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Movement
Slide past each other to
cause muscle contraction
Fibrous
Transport
Carries oxygen in blood
globular
Structural
Tough fiber that provides
strength
Fibrous
Hormones
Regulates blood sugar
globular
Defense
Antibodies
globular
Nucleic Acids
DNA: Genetic Information
RNA: Transcribes and translates DNA to make proteins
Each nucleotide has three parts:



A phosphate group
A sugar
A nitrogenous base (A, C, T, or G)
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ATP – the energy currency of the cell
CELL GUIDED NOTES
Cell Structure Review
External boundary of cell; regulates flow of materials into and out of cell
Contains digestive enzymes of many varieties
Site of ATP synthesis
Slender extensions of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area
Stored glycogen granules, crystals, pigments, and so on
Membranous system consisting of flattened sacs and vesicles; modifies and
packages proteins for export
Control center of the cell
Two rod-shaped bodies near the nucleus; during cell division they form the
mitotic spindle
Dark, densely staining nuclear body; assembles ribosomes
Contractile elements of the cytoskeleton
Membranous system that manufactures proteins for export
Membranous system that synthesizes and breaks down cholesterol, metabolizes
fact, and detoxifies drugs
Attached to membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm; synthesize
proteins
Threadlike structures in the nucleus; contain DNA
Site of detoxification of harmful chemicals
Determine shape of cell, supports organelles, and allows intracellular transport
and cell movement
Whiplike cellular extensions that move substances along the surface of the cell
A long cellular extension that functions to propel the cell
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Which ones do you need to focus your study on?
Label the numbers
6
5
4
1
3 (whole structure)
7
2 (threads)
11
8
10
9
Take notes on hints for how to recognize different structures here!
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Cell Structure Questions
Describe the shape of mitochondria. _________________________________________________.
Rough ER, Smooth ER, and the Golgi apparatus are all membranous structures. How can you tell them apart on a
diagram?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
How do the typical placements rough ER and Golgi apparatus reflect their function?
____________________________________________________________________________________
You notice a small, circular structure in the cytoplasm. It is has a membrane. Name 3 structures it might be.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Cell Diversity
Small intestine cell –
List 2 special features & functions
1)
2)
Blood cell –
List 2 special features
1)
2)
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Tracheal epithelial cell –
List 1 special feature and function
1)
What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?
________________________________________________________________________________
See textbook for more examples!
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the environment.
What does ‘selectively permeable’ mean?
_______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Selective permeability is necessary for the cell to maintain the correct internal
environment for physiological functions.
PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
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 Phospholipids
◦ Make up the majority of the membrane
◦ Arranged in a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads outside, and hydrophobic tails inside
Hydrophilic = ______________________
Hydrophilic molecules are __________________ like water.
Hydrophobic = _____________________
Hydrophobic molecules are _________________ like oil.
____________________________ can interact with watery external environment and watery
cytoplasm.
____________________________ reduce the diffusion of water and other charged or polar
substances across the membrane.
 Cholesterol
◦ Makes the cell membrane more ______________ and less
_________________________________________________
 Proteins
◦ Act as ________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
◦ Glyco = ___________________________
◦ Influence cell interactions (e.g. identifying cell as ‘self’) and molecule transport
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PLASMA MEMBRANE GUIDED NOTES
Name: ________________________________
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Selectively permeable barrier between the cell and the environment.
What does ‘selectively permeable’ mean?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Selective permeability is necessary for the cell to maintain the correct internal
environment for physiological functions.
PLASMA MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
 Phospholipids
◦ Make up the majority of the membrane
◦ Arranged in a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads outside, and hydrophobic tails inside
Hydrophilic = ______________________
Hydrophilic molecules are __________________ like water.
Hydrophobic = _____________________
Hydrophobic molecules are _________________ like oil.
____________________________ can interact with watery external environment and watery
cytoplasm.
____________________________ reduce the diffusion of water and other charged or polar
substances across the membrane.
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 Cholesterol
◦ Makes the cell membrane more ______________ and less
_________________________________________________
 Proteins
◦ Act as _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
◦ Glyco = ___________________________
◦ Influence cell interactions (e.g. identifying cell as ‘self’) and molecule transport
CELL MEMBRANE TRANSPORT VOCABULARY
 __________________ a dissolving agent (water, usually)
 __________________ substances dissolved in a solution
 __________________ watery environment outside cells
 __________________ lower solute concentration
 ________________ higher solute concentration
 ________________ equal solute concentration
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
Transport of materials across the cell membrane can be characterized as passive or active.
Passive mechanisms require __________________________ from the cell. ALL passive
mechanisms transport molecules ____________________________________________.
Active mechanisms require _________________ from the cell.
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PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Diffusion is the _________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Results from the random movement of molecules.
 Simple Diffusion ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
Only works for tiny OR non-polar molecules.
Examples: fats, fat-soluble vitamins, O2, CO2, Cl Osmosis is ________________________________________________________.
 Facilitated diffusion - __________________________________________________; used for large
polar molecules
◦ Example: glucose
 Filtration occurs when water and solutes are pushed __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
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Water and solutes move down pressure gradient.
Process by which blood is filtered in the kidney.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport requires _________________________________to transport material across the cell.
Active transport is used for
◦ Solutes moving ________________________the concentration gradient
- or ◦ Very_______________ substances
 Solute Pumping (aka active transport)
Membrane proteins (called solute pumps) ______________________to carry solutes
_______________________their concentration gradient.
Examples: amino acids and most ions
 Exocytosis - movement of materials _________________________ by vesicle
Examples: hormones, neurotransmitters, mucus, some wastes
 Endocytosis – movement of materials ______________________ by vesicle
o Phagocytosis (cell eating) – white blood cells engulf bacteria, dead cells, and
foreign debris
o Pinocytosis (cell drinking) - used to take up droplets of fats and dissolved proteins
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