EOC Review Answer Sheet
1. Independent variable – is not affected by any other part of the experiment.
Dependent variable – affected by the independent variable.
If the dependent is affected by the independent, then the dependent will…
2. Laboratory apparatus – see sheet
3. Safety guidelines – Safety Acknowledgement
4. Controlled experiment – Observations, Questions, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results,
Conclusion
5. Observations – making note of what is going on around you
Questions – asked based on observations
Hypothesis – If then statement, includes dependent and independent variables
Experiment – Materials, procedures, Testing of the hypothesis
Results – graph – DRY MIX – Dependent on Y axis, Independent on X axis
Conclusion – how did the results affect the hypothesis
6. DRY MIX – Dependent on Y axis, Independent on X axis
7. Cell Theory – 1. All living things are made of cells, 2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function, 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells
8. Cell organelles – see sheet
9. Function of organelles – see sheets
10. Plant vs. Animal Cells – 1. Plants have chloroplasts, 2. Plants have cell walls, 3.Plants
have central vacuoles, 4. Animals have centrioles.
11. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic – Prok. – no nucleus membrane therefore no true nucleus,
Euk. – true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
12. Mitosis – 2 diploid identical cells
Meiosis – 4 haploid cells
13. Types of cell transport and homeostasis
Passive – 1. Diffusion – moves molecules from high to low concentration, 2. Osmosis
– moves water from high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane, 3.
Facilitated Diffusion – requires carrier proteins to move molecules from high to low
concentration – glucose and amino acids use this
Active – 4. Sodium-Potassium transport – 3 sodiums go out, 2 potassiums go in –
helps to regulate nerve impulses, 5. Endocytosis – movement of large food molecules
into the cell, 6. Exocytosis – movement of waste molecules out of the cell.
14. See 13
15. Cell Cycle – G1 growth, S synthesis, G2 growth, M mitosis, C cytokinesis
G1, S, and G2 make up interphase – M and C make up cell division
16. G1 – recuperating from division, resting, S – DNA replication, G2 – recuperating
from synthesis & prep for division (ensuring there is enough cytoplasm and
organelles), M – division of the nucleus, C – complete division of cytoplasm
17. Temperature and pH
18. Catalyst – speeds up reaction by reducing activation energy
19. 6CO2 + 6H2O in presence of sunlight yields C6H12O6 + 6O2
20. Role of ATP is to provide the organism with energy. NADPH is an electron
acceptor, stores energy. Glucose releases energy when the cell undergoes cell
respiration.
21. Light-dependent rxn: transforms solar energy to chemical energy
Light-independent rxn/Dark rxn: transforms chemical energy to a different form
of chemical energy
22. C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
23. Cell Respiration is the process that provides energy for the cell
24. Aerobic respiration (Krebs and electron transport are more efficient turns of
making energy as opposed to Anaerobic respiration (fermentation
25. ATP – adenine + ribose make adenosine, 3 phosphates
26. Carbohydrates – made of monosaccharides
Protein – made of amino acids
Lipids - contain fatty acid
27. Structures of organic compounds
Carbohydrates – hexagon glucose shaped
Protein – 4 part structures – primary – amino acid sequence, secondary – alphas
helix or beta pleated sheet
Lipids – Made of fatty acids and carboxyl group
28.
Tree is eaten by slug. The tree is a producer, slug – herbivore, weasel – carnivore
Owl will be top predator. Arrows point to what is doing the eating
29. Different trophic levels in energy pyramid demonstrate the 90% of energy is lost,
numbers pyramid are the total number of organisms, biomass pyramid – total mass
of organisms (includes parts of organisms – beaks, bones)
30. Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base
31. DNA bases – A, T, G, C – Sugar: Deoxyribose/RNA bases – A, U, G, C – Sugar:
Ribose
32. DNA is the code of life. It creates the code that specifies the order of proteins
which is the order of traits (think Bug Lab).
33. DNA replication takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle. DNA helicase
unzips and unwinds the helix and DNA polymerase assembles the new nucleotides.
There is an old strand and a new strand for both of DNA.
34. Transcription is the process by which mRNA is made from DNA. Translation occurs
when the tRNA picks up the correct amino acid and carries it to the ribosome.
35. Transcription still uses nitrogenous base language while translation uses the
language of amino acids.
36. Transcription – RNA polymerase binds to DNA molecule and assembles the new
mRNA nucleotides, mRNA goes out to the ribosome/Translation – the mRNA codon
is read, its complementary tRNA anticodon picks up the correct amino acid and
drops in the correct place at the ribosome, a peptide bond forms between amino
acids.
37. Meiosis – Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I: homologous
chromosomes are separating during these phases, crossing over occurs during Pro I
--------Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II: chromosomes are
not homologous, DNA has not been replicated
38. Meiosis I – Starts out one cell, ends with two cells, homologous
chromosomes///Meiosis II – Starts out two cells, ends with four haploid cells,
homologous chromosomes have separated, DNA was not replicated
39. Diploid cells – full number of chromosomes – 2N, Haploid cells – half number of
chromosomes, N
40. Crossing over occurs when a piece of dad’s chromosome breaks off and attaches to
mom’s vice versa. It is an avenue for genetic variability because it means all of the
DNA in the cells are not the same.
41. Heterozygous – allele from mom and dad are different (Bb), Homozygous – allele
from mom and dad are same (BB, bb), Dominant – allele stands out, Recessive – allele
that is masked
42. Law of segregation means the alleles for same trait separate during meiosis, Law of
independent assortment means alleles for different traits separate independent
during meiosis
43. Monohybrid crosses one trait (hair color), Dihybrid crosses two (hair and eye
color)---Review how to write down the genotypes for these
44. Incomplete dominance – mix of traits for the heterozygous form (red and white
make pink), Codominance – both alleles show up (red and white make red with white
spots)
45. Multiple alleles – ABO blood, more than two alleles for the trait, Polygenic traits –
several genes code for trait, eye color
46. Sex-linked traits reside on X-chromosome. Must consider the sex chromosomes –-Males have to have the X in their XY with it. Females would have to have both XX
with it to have, but they can be a carrier if one X has it and the other does not.
47. Many causes for mutations: chromosomal, genetic
48. Sex mutations – reside with the sex chromosomes, carried to offspring --- Somatic
mutations – on body chromosomes, individual has it, not passed to offspring --Chromosomal – piece or whole chromosome missing, nondisjunction in which
homologous chromosomes do not separate during anaphase I ---Genetic: point or
frameshift
49. Microevolution occurs within the species, Macroevolutions will effect several
populations
50. Environment selects the traits that survive so if there is a favorable trait that
organism will survive and pass the trait on. If there is a trait that is not favorable
the organism will not survive and pass the trait on.
51. Therefore, the organism with the favorable trait will survive and pass on the trait
to other offspring ensuring survival of the species
52. Hardy-Weinberg states that genetic equilibrium is in place. No changes in the
alleles – review what must happen for this to occur (in notes).
53. Speciation occurs when species become so different they do not have the same
traits anymore (chicken squirrels)
54. Fossil record challenged because it is not complete. Some organisms will not leave
fossils.
55. Study cladogram and phylogenetic trees.
56. Mutualism:+,+///Commensalism: +, 0 ///Competition: +, - ////Parasitism: +, ///Predation: +, 57. Density dependent factors occur when population is large, caused by parasitism,
disease///Density independent factors occur with any size population – natural
disasters, human impact, and abiotic factors
58. DD: biotic///DI: abiotic
59. Primary succession – no life before, pioneer species mosses and lichens, climax
community – many advanced organisms present//Secondary succession – life before
– forest fire, abandoned farm land
60. Same
61. Carbon – photosynthesis, cell respiration, burning of fossil fuels,
decomposition//Water – transpiration//Nitrogen – bacteria with nitrogen fixation,
decomposition
62. Greenhouse effect – increase in carbon dioxide increases it in carbon cycle, acid
precipitation places sulfuric acid and nitric acid in water cycle, nitrogen cycle
affected by farming,etc