Auxiliary material for
Decadal increase in Ningaloo Niño since the late 1990s
Ming Feng 1* , Harry H. Hendon 2 , Shang-Ping Xie 3 , Andrew G. Marshall 2 , Andreas Schiller 1 ,
Yu Kosaka
4
, Nick Caputi
5
, Alan Pearce
5, 6
1
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
2
CAWCR, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia
3 University of California, San Diego, USA
4
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
5
Western Australian Fisheries & Marine Research Laboratories, Australia
6 Curtin University, GPO box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
*
Corresponding author ( Ming.Feng@CSIRO.au
)
Geophysical Research Letters

Introduction
This dataset contains supplementary figures and tables for the main text. fs01.jpg (Figure S1) Spatial loadings of mode 1 empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of (a)
December, (b) January, (c) February, and (d) March sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies off the west coast of Australia derived from NOAA OISST during December 1981
– March 2013. fs02.eps (Figure S2) Time coefficients of mode 1 empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of
December, January, February, and March sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in Figure
S1. The average coefficient over the four monthly values is denoted as the heavy black line. fs03.jpg (Figure S3) (Upper panel) January-February Ningaloo
Niño
index derived from
OISST and the average of HadISST and ERSST. (Lower panel) Scaled January-February
Ningaloo Niño SST index (red line), in comparison with the average of HadISST and ERSST
(black line). The dashed lines are the 0.5 and 0.7°C temperature anomalies, which denote the moderate and extreme events of Ningaloo
Niño
as defined in Table S1. The scaling is applied to the index before 1981, by the standard deviations between the two time series. fs04.pdf (Figure S4) Monthly transports of the Indonesian Throughflow via different channels of the Indonesian Seas. The sum of the transports via the Lombok Strait, the Ombai
Strait, and the Timor Passage provides the total Indonesian Throughflow transport. The linear trends and low-pass filtered transports are also shown. fs05.pdf (Figure S5) Linear trends of January-February SST during 1993-2012 from
HadISST (upper panel) and OISST (lower panel). fs06.jpg (Figure S6) (a) Sea level pressure anomalies off the west coast of Australia (110-
115°E, 25-15°S), and (b) Ningaloo
Niño
SST index (110-116°E, 32-22°S) derived from

CMIP5 historical and RCP45 simulations, averaged over the 10 members of model runs. (c) and (d) show the histogram of the January-February Ningaloo Niño index of all 10 members of POGA model simulations during 1976-1997 and 1998-2012, respectively. In (a) and (b), the vertical bars denote January-February mean of individual years. A linear trend of the SST anomalies has been removed from the Ningaloo
Niño
index in (b). ts01.docx (Table S1) Years of Ningaloo
Niño
/
Niña
versus years of
La Niña
/
El Niño
. The bold numbers denote strong events as in Figure S3. ts02.docx (Table S2) linear trends of the Indonesian Throughflow volume and heat transports during 1993-2013 in the BRAN model output. ts03.docx (Table S3) Linear correlations of decadal variations among different indices from
POGA model outputs and the IPO index. The averages over the 10 members of POGA model runs are used. SST: Ningaloo Niño SST averaged in 32-22°S, 110-116°E; SLP: sea level pressure averaged in 32-20°S, 90-115°E; SSH1: sea surface height averaged in equator-15°N,
120-150°E; SSH2: sea surface height averaged in 20-15°S, 100-115°E.