Colorado Space Grant Consortium
GATEWAY TO SPACE
FALL 2012
DESIGN DOCUMENT
Team Super 8
Written by:
Jorge Cervantes, Jonothan Sobol, Evan Graser, Anthony Lima, Daniel DeWolf, Dan Nowicki,
Scott Worst, MattJoo Hong
October 22nd 2012
Revision
Mission Overview:
Mission Statement: Morpheus will measure the concentration of ozone and the intensity
of 285 nm ultraviolet-B radiation at different altitudes in the atmosphere to examine the effects
of the former on the latter. In addition, Morpheus will measure the relative humidity at different
elevations in the atmosphere to determine how this affects the concentration of ozone at the
mentioned elevations.
Abstract: The ozone layer is located in the stratosphere at an elevation of approximately
10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule consisting of 3
oxygen atoms. As the Chapman’s cycle states, ozone is formed when ultraviolet radiation strikes
molecular oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere, breaking them down into two oxygen atoms. The
individual oxygen atoms, which are highly reactive, then bond to more oxygen molecules to
form ozone. Similarly, ozone can be broken down into an oxygen molecule and an oxygen atom
by the same ultraviolet radiation. The lone oxygen atom then reacts with other oxygen atoms to
form more oxygen molecules. Since ultraviolet radiation is essential to both the creation and
destruction of ozone and oxygen, the net gain of ozone in the ozone layer is zero.1 Since
ultraviolet radiation does not target either oxygen or ozone, one could deduce that, even at
different altitudes, there will necessarily be a constant density distribution of ozone in the ozone
layer.
Although ozone is more prevalent in the ozone layer, from 10 to 50 kilometers in altitude,
it can also be created and exist in smaller concentrations at lower altitudes due to chemical
interaction between ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog. This lower altitude ozone
exists only for a small amount of time compared to ozone at higher altitudes-namely, in the
ozone layer- due to the instability of ozone molecules. Ozone molecules are highly reactive, so
they have a short life span. This means that most ozone will be located near the source that
created it. For low altitude ozone that source is air pollution, for ozone in the upper atmospherethe ozone layer- that source is oxygen.2
Ozone is a very essential part of human life. By absorbing the energy of harmful
ultraviolet radiation when ozone is created or destroyed, it protects life on Earth from the
damaging effects of the radiation. UV radiation exists in different wavelengths, but ozone only
absorbs ultraviolet-B radiation, which has a wavelength from 280 to 320 nanometers.3
From the information given prior, one can hypothesize that the concentration of ozone
will be relatively constant in the ozone layer, and it will exist in much smaller quantities at most
altitudes other than that of the ozone layer. Furthermore, the intensity of ultraviolet-B radiation
of any given wavelength will be inversely related to ozone concentration and elevation.
Morpheus plans to test these hypotheses by recording the intensity of 285 nm UV-B and
concentration of ozone as a function of altitude.
“Changing environmental conditions such as air temperature and humidity also affect
ozone chemistry.”4Morpheus will also test this hypothesis by measuring relative humidity in the
atmosphere as a function of altitude. The results can then be compared to the data collected about
the density of ozone based on altitude.
1
http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_5/index.htm
http://aspire.cosmic-ray.org/labs/atmosphere/ozone_main.html
3
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB/
4
http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_5/index.htm
2
Requirements Flow Down:
The following is a table of our mission requirements. The requirements are divided into
different levels, indicating the origin of that requirement. Level 0 requirements were derived
from our mission statement and from the request for proposal document. Level 1 requirements
were derived from the previous level requirements, and so on.
Level 0 Requirements
Requirement
0.0 Measure the concentration of atmospheric ozone
0.1 Measure the intensity of atmospheric UVB radiation
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Reach an altitude of 30km
Keep internal temperature above -10°C
Keep total weight and budget spent under or equal to 1.125 kg and $250 respectively
Record photographs during flight and measure internal and external temperature
Maintain safety of all team members at all times
BalloonSat must be able to fly again within 24 hour period of recovery
Origin
Mission
Statement
Mission
Statement
Mission
Statement
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
RFP
Level 1 Requirements
#
0.0.0
0.0.1
0.0.2
0.0.3
0.0.4
Requirement 0.0: Measure concentrations of Ozone
Requirement
Activate three (3) ozone sensors
Begin to collect readings and time of reading with Arduino UNO
Convert readings into digital output
Store digital output in micro SD card
Recover and analyze data and compare with altitude
Origin
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
#
0.1.0
0.1.1
0.1.2
Requirement 0.1: Measure UV radiation
Requirement
Measure UVB radiation using photodiode
Begin to collect readings and time of reading with Arduino UNO
Recover and analyze data and compare with altitude
Origin
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2.3
Requirement 0.2: Reach an altitude of 30km
Requirement
Attach to hydrogen weather balloon to flight string
Have flight string running through center of Morpheus
Attach to BalloonSat through a non-metal tube with washers and paperclips
Record and compare pressure over time to verify altitude and ensure requirement 0.2 is
met.
#
0.3.0
Requirement 0.3: Keep internal temperature above -10°C
Requirement
Run electric active heater system powered by 3 9V batteries
#
0.2.0
0.2.1
0.2.2
Origin
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Origin
0.3
0.3.1
0.3.2
0.3.3
Insulate Morpheus using foam insulation and aluminum tape
Test Morpheus prior to launch and make necessary alterations
Record temperature with Arduino (codename HOBO) to ensure requirement 0.3 is met
0.3
0.3
0.3
Requirement 0.4: Keep total weight and budget spent under or equal to 1.125 kg and $250 respectively
#
Requirement
Origin
0.4.0 Maintain weight and spending budget
0.4
0.4.1 Team member in charge of spending budget: Evan Graser
0.4
0.4.2 Schedule and plan ahead to maintain budget
0.4
Requirement 0.5: Record photographs (external) and measure temperature (internal and external)
#
Requirement
Origin
0.5.0 Include a Canon SD 780 IS in Morpheus’ design
0.5
0.5.1 Program the camera to photograph external environment once every ten (10) seconds.
0.5
0.5.2 Store pictures on SD card included in camera
0.5
0.5.3 Include HOBO
0.5
Measure temperature, relative humidity, acceleration on 3 axes and pressure with sensors
0.5.4 attached to HOBO
0.5
0.5.5 Record data on SD card on HOBO
0.5
0.5.6 Recover and analyze data and photos
0.5
0.6.7
0.6.8
0.6.9
Requirement 0.6: Safety
Requirement
Always maintain safe habits and working conditions when working with Morpheus
Test Morpheus in a cooler with dry ice
Test and calibrate ozone sensors
Test and calibrate UVB photodiode
Test HOBO with sensing and recording data
Test Morpheus with drop and whip tests
Test camera and automation
Practice retrieving and analyzing data from HOBO and Arduino Uno, both alone and
after previously mentioned tests
Place LEDs on exterior of Morpheus to indicate power to systems
Place contact information and U.S. flag visibly on exterior
#
0.7.0
0.7.1
Requirement 0.7: Morpheus must fly again
Requirement
Design and test Morpheus to withstand forces encountered at balloon burst and landing
Make necessary adjustments to Morpheus after termination of mission.
#
0.6.0
0.6.1
0.6.2
0.6.3
0.6.4
0.6.5
0.6.6
Origin
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Origin
0.7
0.7
Design:
Structure: Morpheus will be a cube constructed of foam core, measuring 20cm in length,
width, and girth. Aluminum tape will provide structural integrity and hot glue and epoxy will be
used to seal the foam core walls and hold the cube together. Internal components will be placed
along the walls of the cube with organized and minimal wiring to facilitate airflow and
temperature control. Through the center of the cube will be a vertical PVC pipe which the flight
string will run through. At either end of the pipe, washers, pins and knots in the rope will be
added to minimize whipping and to maintain Morpheus’ position on the flight string. Two
external switches and two LEDs will be incorporated to facilitate power up, and to indicate
function of the internal components when needed. All structural elements are in place with the
intent of proper function and mission success.
Internal Design: Morpheus will 8000 cubic centimeter cube, holding all components
within. In the topmost four corners will
be three ozone sensors and a UVsensing diode. Their position was
chosen as to ensure accuracy and
precision in measurement, as well as to
prevent interference from other
satellites or the balloon itself. The
ozone sensors will measure the
concentration of ozone as the balloon
rises, giving us concentration as a
function of altitude. The photodiode
will measure intensity of UV-B
radiation as it rises, also giving us a
function of altitude. We will run one
ozone sensor at ground-level as a
control. Data retrieval from the SD
Cards will occur post-flight after
retrieval of Morpheus. The data will
then be interpreted and compared. All
primary mission sensors will be
controlled by a single Arduino UNO microcontroller, in which we will write code redundancies
to ensure mission success. All other required sensors and equipment will be controlled by the
other Arduino UNO-codenamed “HOBO”.
All individual components will undergo individual testing and evaluation. Once
satisfactorily tested and approved to fulfill mission requirements, sensors, structure, and items
will be assembled as one effective unit. Should through trial any aspect of the satellite require
redesign or re-implementation of any kind, this failure will be promptly corrected with the aim of
improving overall mission implementation. During flight, data will be collected and recorded on
a 2gb flash drive. Upon termination of flight, the recovered data will be examined to determine
correlations between ozone, UV radiation, three-dimensional position, temperature, and
humidity. Morpheus will be insulated by its structure and aluminum tape provided to us. Also, a
heater has been provided which will assist in maintaining an internal temperature of -10 C. The
heater will be powered by two 9-volt alkaline batteries. All other components will be powered by
two 9-volt alkaline batteries. Various design options will be tested to ensure maximum
performance and acquiescence to the mission requirements. Our design will be power intensive,
given that it must run all systems from of at least an altitude of 8km—9km until at least apoapsis
(~30km).
The current design
meets mission requirements to
the extent of measurement. For
example, weight and budget
constraints have been met thus
far. Also, all required sensors,
including at least two extra
engineering sensors, as well as
the camera, have been
incorporated into the design.
The limitations of mission
requirement compliance occur
when referring to currently
non-measurable design
specifications. For example, we
have not tested if the heaters
will maintain the required
internal temperature. Also, we
have not tested the
functionality of most sensors or
the camera. In sum, we are
currently limited to meeting
requirements that refer only to
pre-built design specs. In theory, all requirements are being met, although testing will begin next
week to ensure, in practice, that all requirements are met.
Parts: All required sensors and the camera were provided by the Colorado Space Grant
Consortium. The heater, Arduino UNO microcontrollers, and all structural equipment was also
provided by the same. The primary mission of Morpheus requires five extra sensors. Four of
these are
ozone
sensors,
which were
provided by
Component
Distributors,
Inc. We will
also attained a
UV-B sensing
diode, which
was provided
by Boston
Electronics,
Corp.
Management:
Jonathan Sobol is the continued leader of the project. Each of the team members have an
assigned duty or subsystem, for which they are the lead of. To ensure that every member has a
support system and that all requirements are completed in a timely and correct manner, every
member has been assigned to a second subsystem. The following chart demonstrates the
allocation of duties. Each team member’s support is located across from him on the chart.
The following is an updated schedule of the previous dates, and the accomplishments up to those
dates, as well as future dates, and the deadlines for those dates. We are currently on schedule,
and we will continue to put forth our best effort to stay that way.
Budget: Mass and Monetary
Test Plan:
Structural Tests: Morpheus will undergo a series of tests to ensure its structural survival
during the near space trip stages. It must be able to withstand extreme temperatures, as well as
radical amounts of force both after burst of the balloon, during free fall, and also while landing.
The tests we will conduct on the satellite are as follows:
Drop test: Morpheus will be dropped vertically from a height of at least 15 meters, and,
in addition, it will be rolled down a flight of stairs. These tests will be performed to ensure that
the structure of the satellite holds in the case of a landing where 1) it is dragged by weather
conditions, or 2) hits the ground with a full force vertical impact. This test will be performed
with the actual satellite structure, but not with the actual satellite hardware and subsystems
because we do not want to damage the equipment before launch; rather, the satellite will be
loaded with dead-weight of approximately the same magnitude as the actual equipment.
Whip test: The satellite will be tied to a string in the same way that it will be tied to the
BalloonSat and it will be swung around with different velocities. This test will help us determine
if the structure of our satellite is sound enough to stay attached to the BalloonSat throughout the
flight, however, we are mostly interest in the post-burst environment of the flight. As with the
drop test, this test will be performed with mass models of the actual hardware.
Functional Tests All hardware and software will be tested extensively both individually
and as an integrated part of the payload during a mission simulation. We will integrate all
subsystems into the satellite, and we will activate the payload as if it was launch day. We will
run the satellite for a period of at least 150 minutes, simulating actual flight time. These tests will
help us ensure that all software and hardware will run effectively throughout our flight. The
mission simulation will also determine if we have provided enough power to complete the
mission. Based on the results of this test, the power system will be adjusted as necessary.
Temperature Test: Morpheus will be placed and sealed in a Styrofoam cooler containing
dry ice for a period of at least three hours, simulating flight time. The payload, including the
camera, our primary mission sensors, and all other hardware, will be activated and operational
during the entirety of this test. This test will allow us to determine whether the insulation
component of our satellite is sound. We will discover if our satellite is able to protect our
equipment from extreme temperatures for data collection, and, ultimately, success of the mission.
Ozone Sensor Test: The ozone sensors of our satellite will be tested for functionality in an
air quality room at the university. A set concentration of ozone will be fired into a chamber
containing our activated payload. The ozone sensors are to collect data from the chamber. The
data will be collected at the end of the test to ensure the sensors are operational. The data will be
compared to the actual value of ozone fired into the chamber. If there are any discrepancies in
the data, we will calibrate the ozone sensors as needed. This test will also include the control
sensor that will measure ozone levels at ground level.
Ultraviolet Photodiode Test: The UV photodiode will be tested to ensure the validity of
the data and the functionality of the sensor itself. The diode will be placed under a black light of
known UV concentration for an extended period of time. The data collected by the diode will
then be collected and compared to the actual value of the intensity of the black light. Any
discrepancies will be corrected though proper calibration of the diode. This test will occur
separate from the temperature test and is designed to test the general functionality of the diode.
During the temperature test, the diode will also be activated, but only to test its functionality
under extreme temperature conditions, since its general functionality would have already been
confirmed.
Camera Testing: The camera will be tested, not only to determine if it can withstand
drastic temperatures, but also to ensure the quality of photographs. The camera will be tested
individually with the microcontroller as well as an integrated part of the payload during the
cooler test and the mission simulation test. During all tests, the camera will be set to take one
picture every 20 seconds, which is the rate at which we currently plan to run the camera during
the actual flight.
Arduino Uno Test: The Arduino Uno microcontrollers will be tested with the activated
payload to determine their capability of retrieving data and controlling the mission components.
First, we will ensure that all components run individually under the control of the Arduinos.
Next, we will test to ensure that everything runs in conjunction with the Arduino Uno. Finally,
the mission simulation test will serve as a means to test whether the Arduino function properly
throughout the entire mission.
Test Results:
Testing of all sensors, not including the ozone sensors and photodiode, has been
completed. All tests have resulted satisfactorily. The pressure test resulted satisfactorily, but,
days after the test, the sensor stopped functioning. We have determined that an enormous amount
of human saliva has halted the sensor’s proper function. A replacement sensor will be requested,
and tests will be performed on the replacement sensors upon its attainment. Morpheus is at its
final stages of completion, as far as building it goes. Testing of the camera, primary mission
sensors, and structure will begin this week. Test results will be added into the design document
as they are acquired.
All sensor tests thus far have been performed by the following procedure:
1. The sensor in question has been connected to its corresponding Arduino Uno
Microcontroller.
2. The microcontroller has been programmed to run the sensor, and to receive the voltage
ouput readings from the sensor, which it converts to digital readings displayed on a
monitor.
3. Depending on the sensor, different environmental changes pertaining to that sensor have
been made to surround the sensor to determine its functionality.
As stated, all sensor test have resulted satisfactorily thus far.
Expected Mission Results:
The main objective of this mission is to prove our hypotheses, which are the following:
1.
The concentration of ozone in the ozone layer- from 10 to 50 kilometers in altitude- is
relatively constant. The concentration of ozone at all other altitudes will vary, but is sure
to be far less than the concentration in the ozone layer.
2.
The measured intensity of UV-B radiation will be proportional to the elevation at which it
was measured. The rate of change of intensity measured will be small below the ozone
layer, and will be large as we rise through the ozone layer. The intensity of UV-B
radiation will be the greatest at maximum altitude.
3.
If both previous hypotheses prove to be correct, we can deduce that ozone reduces the
amount of UV-B that reaches the Earth’s surface.
These hypotheses have been conjured through severe and extensive modification of
previous versions. Intense research has been done and has influenced the way the
hypotheses were modified. The hypotheses have been derived from facts, and only facts,
both mathematical and scientific, as to ensure that they are as accurate prediction as
possible. With that said, and with the amount of work put in to creating them, the only
thing left to do is to expect to prove these theories. Team 8 definitely expects to prove
these hypotheses.