Name _______________________________________________ Period __________ Date _________________
Chapter 8 -- Cell Reproduction
Chromosomes
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Rod shaped structures made of __________________ and __________________________
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Chromosomes are __________________________ in cells undergoing division
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Chromosomes are made by DNA coiling into tight structures
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Consist of two ___________________________ halves
Chromosome Structure
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_________________________ are proteins that DNA wraps around to make the
chromosome __________________
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Chromosomes are made of two __________________ _______________________
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_____________________ to each other
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Each chromosome is made of two “sister” ________________________
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Near center of the chromosome is the ________________________
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Chromosomes are tightly coiled strings of DNA called ______________________
Chromosome Numbers
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There is a specific ________________________ of chromosomes in each organism
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Ex: Humans have 46, chimpanzees have 48
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Humans have __________________________ and _______________ _________________________
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We have ______ sex chromosomes
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Either ______ or ______
We also have _________ autosomes
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Which do not code for gender
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Every cell of an organism produced by sexual reproduction has _____________
copies of each ________________________
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One copy from __________________ and one copy from __________________
The two copies of each pair is called ___________________________ chromosomes
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Same __________________ and __________________
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Carry __________________ for the same traits
Karyotype
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A karyotype is a ________________________ of one set of chromosomes
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Shows you _______________ of organism
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Shows your any chromosomal _____________________
Chromosome Numbers
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A _______________________ cell contains _______ sets of each chromosome
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Prefix di = _______
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Abbreviated as _________
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n = ______________________ of chromosomes
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A _____________________ cell contains only ______ set of each chromosome
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__________________ of the total number
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Usually _______________ ________________
Cell Division in Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes
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No __________________
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No __________________
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Ex: Bacteria
Reproduction is very __________________
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__________________ DNA
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Split into _______________ _______________________ daughter cells
Cell division is called __________________ __________________
Cell Division in Eukaryotes
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Eukaryotes
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Have a __________________
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Have __________________
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Ex: Humans, plants
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Both __________________ and __________________ need to divide
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Process of making new cells is called __________________
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Makes ______________ _______________________ daughter cells
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Complex reproduction
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Everything needs to be __________________!
Much more __________________ process – about 18 hours!
Cell Division and Reproduction
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Asexual Reproduction
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Produces __________________ offspring from a __________________ parent
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Used by many ____________________________________ organisms
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Ex: bacteria
Occurs very __________________
Sexual Reproduction
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Produces genetically ________________________ offspring from ______________
parents
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__________________ of two parent cells
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Creates ____________________ ____________________ (sex cells)
The Cell Cycle
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A repeating set of __________________ in the life of a cell
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A cell splits to make 2 _________________________ __________________
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This occurs in _______ main stages
1. Interphase – __________________
2. Mitosis – ______________________ of the nucleus
3. Cytokinesis – Splitting of the _______________________
Interphase
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Cell __________________
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________________________ of cell’s life span is spent in this phase
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3 Part of Interphase:
• ___________, __________, ____________
• Draw a stage of interphase and label the nucleus, centrioles, and cell
membrane
G1 Phase
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Gap 1 Phase
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The cell is _______________________ to __________________ size
S Phase
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S = _______________________ of DNA
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DNA is __________________ so there is a set for each new cell
G2 Phase
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Gap 2 Phase
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Cell __________________ again
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Replication of ________________________
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Cell _____________________ for cell division
Cell Division -- Mitosis
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The part of a cell’s life cycle when the cell’s ______________________ divides into 2
_____________________ __________________
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4 steps:
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__________________
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__________________
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__________________
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__________________
Prophase
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Shortening and tight coiling of ______________________ into __________________________
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Nucleus breaks down and _______________________
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________________________ separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
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__________________________ in plant cells
Centrioles shoot off _____________________ __________________
• Draw a cell in prophase and label appropriate parts.
Metaphase
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Spindle fibers are connected to _________________________ of chromosomes
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Spindle fibers move ________________________
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Chromosomes line up at the __________________ of the cell
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Chromosomes are in the __________________
• Draw a cell in metaphase and label appropriate parts.
Anaphase
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Sister chromatids attach to the short _____________________ __________________
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Chromatids of each chromosome _______________________ at the centromere
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Chromosomes are pulled __________________
Spindle fibers shorten and bring the sister ________________________ to
________________________ poles
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After chromatids separate, they are called individual _____________________
• Draw a cell in anaphase and label appropriate parts.
Telophase
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Chromatids become _______________________
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Spindle fibers ______________________
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Nuclear ________________________ forms around each set of _______________________
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_______________________ reappears
• Draw a cell in telophase and label appropriate parts.
Cytokinesis
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Once __________________ has finished!
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Last stage of __________________ _______________________
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Process is when the ________________________ splits apart
Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
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A __________________ __________________ forms between the two nuclei
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The __________________________ divides
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A __________________ __________________ forms two daughter cells
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
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Cell membrane _____________________ in at _____________________
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Cleavage __________________
Control of Cell Division
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Checkpoints (_______________________ Proteins)
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Repair __________________ fix any _____________________
G1 Checkpoint
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Proteins check to see if cell will be able to divide
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Check for cell __________________
G2 Checkpoint
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DNA repair enzymes check results of DNA ________________________ during
S phase
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Mitosis checkpoint
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If all is correct, proteins will signal cell to __________________ mitosis
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Cell will renter _________________________ after cytokinesis and start
process over again
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If a cell does not meet requirements for checkpoints, the cell will be
programmed to __________________
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_______________________ is controlled cell death
When Control is Lost
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Enzyme proteins are not _________________________ properly causing cell to
reproduce ________________ ____________ ____________________
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Could cause __________________
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Cancer cells do not respond to body’s _________________________ that control
mechanisms
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A mass of cancer cells is called a __________________
Compare/Contrast
Draw the difference between normal and cancer cells and label the cells.
Normal Cells
Cancer Cells