Jenna Washuleski
Physiological Complications (550-106)
Final Exam/Project Matrix
Drug
Classifications
Sub-Categories of
Drugs within the
Drug Classification
Specific Drugs
within the Drug
Classification
CNS and
Physiological
Effects
Characteristic
of the Class of
Drugs
Withdrawal
Effects
Characteristic
of the Class of
Drugs
Treatment
Issues Unique
to the Class of
Drugs
Therapeutic
Uses
Legal, Illegal,
Prescription,
OTC
Sedative/
hypnotics or
CNS
Depressants
Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Antihistamines
Other
Xanax, Valium,
Restoril,
Clonazepam, &
more
Mephobexital,
Thiamylal,
Pentobarbital,
& more
Nasal sprays,
Chloral
Hydrate,
Glutethimide
Methprylon
Methaqualone
, GHB & more
Anxiety,
Insomnia,
Depression,
Panic,
Paranoia,
Convulsions,
Life
threatening
seizures
Commonly
used with
other drugs.
Withdrawal
symptoms
mimic
conditions for
why the drug
is taken;
therefore,
dependence
can go
unnoticed.
Schedule I
Schedule II
Schedule III
Schedule IV
Schedule V
Unscheduled
Heroin
Morphine,
Methadone,
Fentanyl,
Hydromorpho
ne,
Meperidine, &
Codeine
Morphine,
Codeine, &
Buprenorphine
Pentazocine
Codeine
Tramadol
Exaggerated
pain
responses,
agitation,
anxiety,
stomach
cramps and
vomiting,
joint and
muscle
aches, runny
nose, and
flu-like
symptoms.
High
addiction
potential and
are often
abused or
sold for
money.
Not always
securely
stored.
Overdose.
Calms
anxiety,
Sedation,
Sleep
Induction,
Muscle
relaxation.
Low doses
sedative
effects;
whereas,
high doses:
hypnotic
effects.
Treats
allergies
Relieves
visceral and
somatic pain.
High doses
can relieve
pain
associated
with some
types of
cancer.
Codeine is in
some cough
medicines
such as
Tylenol 1 and
also relieves
diarrhea.
Prescription –
typically for
short term
uses
Prescription
and OTC
Narcotic
Analgesics
Increases
the
neurotrans
mitter
Gammaami
nobutyric
Acid (GABA)
Produces a
calming,
numbing
effect over
the brain
and body
Constrains
effects of
histamines
Enhances
the
endorphin
system by
stimulated
opioid
receptors.
This causes
the release
of dopamine
in the limbic
brain
regions.
Blocks the
transmissio
n of pain
through the
spinal cord
and alters
the
perception
of pain.
Slows down
neural
function in
the brain
and body.
Illegal
Prescribed
Drug
Classification
(cont.)
Sub-Categories of
Drug with-in cat.
(cont.)
Specific Drugs
within class…
(cont.)
CNS and
Physiological
Effects (cont.)
Withdrawal
Effects
(cont.)
Treatment
Issues Unique
(cont.)
Therapeutic
Uses
(Cont.)
Illegal, legal,
OTC, Pres.
(cont.)
CNS
Stimulants
Amphetamines
(Schedule II)
“Designer”
Amphetamines
(Schedule I)
Cocaine
(Schedule II)
Xanthines/Caffei
ne (Not a
scheduled drug)
Methampheta
mine,
Adderall,
Ritalin,
Vyvanse, &
More
MDMA
(Ecstasy),
MDA,
Methcathinon
e, & More
Cocaine, Crack
Cocaine
Chocolate,
coffee beans,
energy drinks,
Nicotine,
NoDoz,
Excedrin,
Vivarin, &
More
Headache,
decreased
alertness
and energy,
fatigue,
nervousness
, “Crash”
feeling,
cravings,
mood
swings,
anxiety,
depression.
Cause
dependence
due to their
euphoric
properties
and ability to
eliminate
fatigue.
Creates
cardiovascula
r toxicities
such as
headaches,
temporary
loss of
consciousnes
s, and
seizures. Can
be sold or
stolen from
those with
prescription.
Overdose.
Treats
narcolepsy,
ADHD, Shortterm weight
loss. Creates
euphoria and
eliminates
fatigue.
Prescription
Illegal
Illegal
OTC/Legal
Hallucinogens
Traditional
Hallucinogens:
LSD Types
(Psychedelics)
Phenylethylamin
e Hallucinogens
Anticholinergic
Hallucinogens
Other
Hallucinogens
LSD,
Mescaline/
Peyote,
Psilocybin,
DMT
(Dimethyltryta
mine), &
Nutmeg
(Myristicin)
DOM, MDA, &
MDMA
The Deadly
Nightshade
Plant, The
Mandrake,
Henbane, &
Jimsonweed
PCP,
Ketamine,
Dextromethor
phan (DXM),
Marijuana
(High Doses),
& Salvia
Divinorum
Releases
epinephrine
from the
adrenal
glands and
norepinephr
ine from the
nerves
associated
with the
sympathetic
nervous
system.
Similar to
neurotrans
mitters like
dopamine,
epinephrine,
norepinephr
ine, and
serotonin.
Increase the
function of
the CNS.
Simulate the
CNS. More
research
needs to be
done to
know for
sure, but
experts
believe that
effects of
hallucinoge
ns are cased
from the
involvement
of serotonin
activity,
norepinephr
ine, and
dopamine.
Hallucinoge
ns block the
receptors
for the
neurotrans
mitter
acetylcholin
e.
Psychologic
al
withdrawal
symptoms
are more
common
that physical
and
withdrawal
symptoms
are more
common in
particular
hallucinoge
ns than
others.
Fatigue,
cravings,
irritability,
reduced
ability to
feel
pleasure,
depression.
Abuse
potential.
Ketamine has
been abused
as a “date
rape” drug.
DMX is
abused in
cough
medicines.
One being,
Robotussin,
which is
known as
Robotripping.
Therapeutic
use for
religion
purposes is
debated.
Religion.
Ketamine is
used as a
general
anesthetic for
humans and
animals.
DMX is used
in OTC cough
medicines
(suppresses
cough)
Traditional,
Phenylethyla
mine, and
anticholinergi
c
hallucinogens
are not used
for
therapeutic
uses, but
abused
because it
produces
hallucination
s,
heightened,
exaggerate
senses, etc.
Illegal
Salvia is legal
in select
states.
Ketamine is
legally used
by health
professionals.
DXM is OTC.
Drug
Classification
(cont.)
Sub-Categories of
Drug with-in cat.
(cont.)
Specific Drugs
within class…
(cont.)
CNS and
Physiological
Effects (cont.)
Withdrawal
Effects
(cont.)
Treatment
Issues Unique
(cont.)
Therapeutic
Uses
(Cont.)
Illegal, legal, OTC, Pres.
(cont.)
Antidepressa
nts
SSRIs (Selective
Serotonin
Reuptake
Inhibitors)
SNRIs (Serotonin
&
Norepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibitors)
Atypical
Antidepressants
Tricyclic &
Tetracyclic
Antidepressants
MAOIs
(Monoamine
Oxidase
Inhibitors)
Prozac, Zoloft,
Paxil, Lelexa,
Lexapro, &
more
Venlafaxine,
Desvenlafaxin
e, Duloxetine,
& more
Bupropion,
Trazadone,
Remeron, &
more
Doxepin,
Vivactil,
Amoxapine, &
more
Marplan,
Nardil,
Parnate,
Eldepryl &
more
Users
should
decrease
medicine
overtime to
prevent
withdrawal
symptoms.
“Antidepres
sant
discontinuat
ion
Syndrome”
Flu-like
symptoms,
hard to
think,
disturbing
thoughts.
Abuse
potential.
High
dependence
potential.
Raise in
blood
pressure,
nausea, dry
mouth,
suppressed
appetite, and
sexual
complications
. Increased
suicidal
thoughts and
behavior
within first
few weeks of
taking.
Treats
depression by
boosting
mood and
relieving
anxiety. Cooccurs with
bi-polar,
schizophrenia
, and anxiety
disorders.
Prescription
Inhalants
Volatile
Substances
Anesthetics
Nitrites
Adhesive,
Aerosols,
Solvents and
Gases,
Cleaning
Agents, &
Dessert
Topping
Sprays
Ether,
Chloroform,
Halothane, &
Nitrous Oxide
Amyl Nitrite
Depression
is thought to
be a
chemical
imbalance in
the brain.
Therefore
antidepress
ants alter
the balance
of
serotonin,
norepinephr
ine and
dopamine
levels which
then affects
actions,
thoughts,
and
emotions of
the user.
Depress the
CNS.
Dissolves
the
protective
layer that
protects
neurons/bra
in cells
which
creates
brain
damage.
Prevents the
body of
oxygen,
forcing the
heart to
beat
irregular
and faster.
Can create
damage to
peripheral
nerves.
Cravings,
Excessive
sweating,
Muscle
cramps,
Headaches,
Chills, and
Convulsions.
Not used for
treatment,
but it is easily
abused.
Abuse
potential for
health
professionals
or staff.
Side effects
when used:
Loss of
sensation,
Altered
perception
and motor
coordination,
Blackouts
resulting
from blood
pressure
changes.
Abuse
potential.
Abuse linked
with
development
and
progression
of tumors
and
infectious
diseases.
Not used for
therapeutic
purposes.
Used in
minor
outpatient
procedures in
offices and
both
physicians
and dentists.
Outside of
clinical
purposes,
anesthetics
are not used
for
therapeutic
purposes.
Decreases
blood
pressure.
Legal
However, “38
states in the
US have made
laws
preventing
the use, sale,
and/or
distribution to
minors of
various
products” that
can be abused
as inhalants.
Some of those
“states have
fines,
incarceration,
or mandatory
treatment for
the
distribution,
sale, use,
and/or
possession of
inhalable
chemicals”.
Legal
Prescription
Drug
Classification
(cont.)
Sub-Categories of
Drug with-in cat.
(cont.)
Specific Drugs
within class…
(cont.)
CNS and
Physiological
Effects (cont.)
Withdrawal
Effects
(cont.)
Treatment
Issues Unique
(cont.)
Therapeutic
Uses
(Cont.)
Illegal, legal,
OTC, Pres.
(cont.)
Drugs of
Abuse not
Easily
Classified
Cannabis – not
easily classified
because it has
characteristics
like stimulants,
depressants, and
psychedelics. It
is also hard to
classify because
the same
product is illegal,
legal, and
prescribed.
Marijuana
THC Tetrahydrocan
nbinol
Stimulates
brain cells
to release
dopamine.
Effects on
CNS are
affected by
the
expectation
of the user,
the social
setting, rout
of
administrati
on, and
previous
experience
with
marijuana.
Usually it
creates
euphoria,
sense of
well-being,
and
relaxation.
Decreased
appetite,
hyperactivit
y.
Medical
marijuana
has potential
for abuse
above the
prescription
amount.
Individuals
may sell their
medicine to
those with no
prescription.
High doses
may cause
hallucination,
delusions,
and paranoia.
Lowers
glaucomaassociated
intraocular
pressure,
Improves
breathing in
asthma
patients,
Prevents
seizures,
Stimulates
appetite,
Relaxes
muscles,
Relieves
migraines,
nausea, and
depression,
Treats pain
relief, Treats
PMS,
reduces the
growth of
tumor, and
much more.
Illegal
Legal
Prescription
Criteria for completing the matrix:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Learner identifies correct sub-categories within a drug classification.
Learner correctly identifies drugs of the sub-category and classification.
Learner identifies the CNS effects and characteristics of the drug classification.
Learner identifies the withdrawal effects of the drugs within the drug classification.
Learner identifies treatment issues characteristics of the drug classification.
Learner identifies therapeutic uses of the drugs within the classification.
Learner identifies whether drugs are legal, illegal, prescription, OTC.
Total:
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(15 points)
(10 points)
(10 points)
95 Points
Resources:
1. All information on antidepressants was found from:
Smith, M. (2014, February 1). Antidepressants (Depression Medication). : What You
Need to Know. Retrieved May 10, 2014, from
http://www.helpguide.org/mental/medications_depression.htm
2. Drug Schedules were found from:
Drug Schedules Table. (n.d.). Drug Schedules Table. Retrieved May 10, 2014, from
http://facultypages.morris.umn.edu/~ratliffj/psy1081/drug_schedules_table.htm
3. All other information came from our book required for class, Drugs and Society.
Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 6, 9, 10, 12,
13, & 14" Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 162-180,
252-327, 350-426. Print.