St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
What is the rock
cycle?
What are ways rocks
are used by humans?
What are four
processes that shape
earth’s surface?
How does each rock
type change into
another rock?
What are two
characteristics that
are used to classify
rocks?
Key Terms
Rock Cycle
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Lithification
Rock
Erosion
Deposition
Composition
Texture
Evaluation
Rock Classification
How the rocks form
put the rocks into
major groups.
Composition and
Texture are used to
classify rocks even
more.
Composition is
determined by the
minerals that make
the rock.
Page1
I. Rock Cycle
Essential Question
ROCKS
A rock is any solid mixture of minerals and organic matter that occurs naturally as part of our
planet.
ROCKS
__________________________
______________________________________rocks.
The three major types of rocks are
I. Rock cycle
Interaction among Earth’s water, air, and land can cause rocks to continually change from one
type to another.
______________
The process by which sediment is removed from its source.
The processes that move sediments are water, wind, ice, gravity.
_________________
When sediment is dropped in bodies of water or low lying areas.
____________________ Sediment may be pressed and cemented together by
minerals dissolved in water to form sedimentary rocks.
• Heat and pressure causes Metamorphism
• Forms Metamorphic rock
Igneous rocks form. Extreme heat causes melting creates magma Magma that reaches the
surface is called lava
place
____________ or lava cools and hardens Crystallization takes
And the _______________ continues
Uplift The movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to move to the
surface.
The constant processes that cause rocks to change make up the _____________________
End of Lesson One
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Evaluation
What is the texture of
this rock?
What is the texture of
this rock?
What is the texture of
this rock?
Lesson Two Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks –form from magma or lava cooling
_________________________
A.
rocks Rocks formed on the surface
Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without gas Called extrusive rocks
_______________________
B.
rocks Form as magma cools and crystallizes
Rocks formed inside Earth are called intrusive rocks
Igneous rocks
 Classification is based on the rock's __________________________
______________________
Lesson two essential
question
What are igneous
rocks, and how are
they classified?
Key Terms
Magma
Intrusive
Extrusive
Texture
Granitic-Felsic
Andesitic
Basalt-Mafic
What are the igneous
intrusive features?
Lesson Two Part B
Terms
Sill
Laccoliths
Dike
Batholiths
Page2
Size and arrangement of crystals
1. Grain size
Glassy
Fine
Coarse
Types
Coarse-grained – slow rate of cooling
Fine-grained – fast rate of cooling
Glassy – very fast rate of cooling
Obsidian exhibits a glassy texture very fast cooling
______________________________ of Igneous Rocks
1. __________________________________ – low density, light colored,
rich in silicon, aluminum, potassium, sodium. Form land.
The most abundant intrusive rock on the Earth’s continents is Granite.
___________________________
2.
– dense, black, heavy, dark-colored
rich in iron, magnesium, and calcium form on bottom of oceans
3. ___________________________ – composition between granitic and
basaltic, volcanoes surrounding the pacific
Diorite is andesitic is coarse grained
Andesite (Andes Mountains) is fine grained
4. ___________________ Dark very dense rocks form interior of earth.
_________________________________ Igneous, from cooling magma
a. Gabbro – dark, large grained, basaltic
b. Diorite – light and dark, large grained, andesitic, (quartz, feldspar, mica)
c. Granite – light colored, large grained, (quartz, hornblende, feldspar)
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
__________________ – fine grained, from cooled lava
Name and describe
the four intrusive
igneous features to a
classmate.
A. General feature
____________________ – dark, fine grained
__________________ – dark red, holes, basalt, glassy texture
_________________________ – gray, fine grained (andesitic)
Rhyolite – light colored, fine grained, granitic
End of Lesson Two
Essential question
Key Terms
Lithification
Strata
Stratification
Clastic sedimentary
Chemical sedimentary
Organic sedimentary
Conglomerate
Compaction
Cementation
Lesson Two Part B Essential Question
Types of structures that form from magma cooling below the surface include:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. ________________________________
1. _____________________, The magma flows between layers of rock Resemble
buried lava flows
May exhibit columnar joints e.g., Palisades Sill, NY
2. ___________________________ Flows between rock layers Arches
overlying strata upward Creates dome mountains
3. Igneous Dike Magma flows in the cracks in rocks that cross layers of rocks.
4.
__________________________
a. Largest intrusive body
b. Often occur in groups Surface exposure 100+ square kilometers
(smaller bodies are termed stocks)
c. Frequently form the cores of mountains
A batholith exposed by erosion
1.
Evaluation
What can be learned
from sedimentary
rocks? Explain why
this is true.
___________________ a crack at the surface that forms as magma moves
toward the surface.
Lava will sometimes return to the subsurface by flowing into an open crack, fissure, or active
vent, a process called drainback
Lava Plateau-large amounts of lava flows out of fissures onto land.
Lava Plateau in Argentina
End of Lesson Two Part B
Page3
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Lesson Three
Sedimentary Rocks
Essential question
What are
metamorphic rocks
and how do they
form?
Key Terms
Regional
Metamorphism
Contact
metamorphism
Foliated
Nonfoliated
A.
_______________________ rocks formation
 Most form from the processes of erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation
 About 75% of all rock outcrops on the continents
_______________ involves weathering and the removal of rock.
When an agent of
erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy, it drops the sediments. This is called
deposition.
_________________
 Sedimentary rocks are produced through
• Loose sediments are transformed into solid rock
 Sedimentary rocks produce rock strata. Layers of rock.
______________________________
 This is
Lithification processes
Compaction is a process that squeezes sediments
___________________ takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in
the tiny spaces of the sediment
• Calcite
• Silica
• Iron Oxide
B. Classifying sedimentary rocks
Three groups based on the material that makes the rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
1. ____________________________ rocks
Made of bits of rocks and mineral particles
Classified by the size of the particles that make the rock.
2.
____________________ rocks Come from material that was once dissolved
in water and precipitates to form sediment when the water evaporates.
Limestone – the most abundant chemical rock
Halite (Rock salt)
Evaporites such as halite or gypsum
3.
______________________ Sedimentary Rocks Come from organic
material Plants, shells
Bituminous
Coal
Page4
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Fossiliferous limestone
Chalk is made of tiny shells
Cliffs of chalk in England
Chalk Cliffs
Stratification- the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
______________________________________
______________________________
Features of sedimentary rocks
Strata, or beds (most characteristic)
Bedding planes separate strata
Fossils Traces or remains of prehistoric life
A. Used to learn about much of Earth's history
__________________
•
•
•
Clues to
environments
Provide information about _____________________________________
Rocks often contain _____________________________________
________________ environments
Used as ________________ indicators
Used for matching rocks ____________________________
Help determine
End of lesson three
Lesson Four
Metamorphic Rocks
 "Changed form" rocks
 Produced from preexisting
• Igneous rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
• Other metamorphic rocks
 Metamorphism
____________________________________.
Takes place at
These conditions are found a few kilometers below Earth’s surface into the upper mantle.
Metamorphic settings
______________________, or thermal, metamorphism
Hot magma moves onto the rock
Changes are driven by a rise in temperature
____________________________ metamorphism
• Directed pressures and high temperatures during mountain building
• Produces large-scale and high grade metamorphic rock
Regional Metamorphism Animation
Metamorphic agents
Page5
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
1. Heat is caused by magma and depth inside the earth.
Provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions and causes minerals to recrystalize.
Origin of pressure in metamorphism
Evaluation
______________________________________________
________________________________
Minerals are in a parallel alignment
Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force
• Nonfoliated texture
Contain equidimensional crystals
Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
Development of foliation due
to directed pressure
_______________________ Metamorphic
Common metamorphic rocks
Foliated rocks
Slate
• Fine-grained, Splits easily
Foliated rocks cont’
Schist
• Strongly foliated
• "Platy"
• Types based on composition (e.g., mica schist)
Foliated Metamorphic
Gneiss
Strong segregation of silicate minerals
"Banded" texture
Gneiss typically displays
a banded appearance
____________________ metamorphic
Nonfoliated rocks
Marble
________________ limestone Large, interlocking calcite crystals Used as a
building stone Variety of colors
______________________ Parent rock – quartz sandstone Quartz
grains are fused Quartzite
End of Chapter 3
Page6
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
What is the rock
cycle?
What are ways rocks
are used by humans?
What are four
processes that shape
earth’s surface?
How does each rock
type change into
another rock?
What are two
characteristics that
are used to classify
rocks?
Key Terms
Rock Cycle
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Lithification
Rock
Erosion
Deposition
Composition
Texture
Evaluation
Rock Classification
How the rocks form
put the rocks into
major groups.
Composition and
Texture are used to
classify rocks even
more.
Composition is
determined by the
minerals that make
the rock.
Page7
I. Rock Cycle
Essential Question
ROCKS
A rock is any solid mixture of minerals and organic matter that occurs naturally as part of our
planet.
ROCKS
The three major types of rocks are
igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks,
and metamorphic rocks.
I. Rock cycle
Interaction among Earth’s water, air, and land can cause rocks to continually change from one
type to another.
Erosion
The process by which sediment is removed from its source. The processes that
move sediments are water, wind, ice, gravity.
Deposition
When sediment is dropped in bodies of water or low lying areas.
Lithification Sediment may be pressed and cemented together by minerals dissolved in
water to form sedimentary rocks.
• Heat and pressure causes Metamorphism
• Forms Metamorphic rock
Igneous rocks form. Extreme heat causes melting creates magma Magma that reaches the
surface is called lava
Magma or lava cools and hardens Crystallization takes place
And the cycle continues
Uplift The movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to move to the
surface.
The constant processes that cause rocks to change make up the rock cycle.
End of Lesson One
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Lesson Two Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks –form from magma or lava cooling
Evaluation
What is the texture of
this rock?
What is the texture of
this rock?
What is the texture of
this rock?
Extrusive Igneous
A.
rocks Rocks formed on the surface
Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without gas Called extrusive rocks
Intrusive Igneous
B.
rocks Form as magma cools and crystallizes
Rocks formed inside Earth are called intrusive rocks
Igneous rocks
 Classification is based on the rock's texture
and mineral make-up
Texture
Lesson two essential
question
What are igneous
rocks, and how are
they classified?
Key Terms
Magma
Intrusive
Extrusive
Texture
Basalt-Mafic
What are the igneous
intrusive features?
Lesson Two Part B
Terms
Sill
Laccoliths
Dike
Batholiths
Page8
Size and arrangement of crystals
1. Grain size
Glassy
Fine
Coarse
Types
Coarse-grained – slow rate of cooling
Fine-grained – fast rate of cooling
Glassy – very fast rate of cooling
Obsidian exhibits a glassy texture very fast cooling
Composition of Igneous Rocks
1. Granitic-Felsic – low density, light colored, rich in silicon, aluminum, potassium,
sodium. Form land.
The most abundant intrusive rock on the Earth’s continents is Granite.
Basaltic- Mafic
2.
– dense, black, heavy, dark-colored rich in iron, magnesium, and
calcium form on bottom of oceans
3. Andesitic – composition between granitic and basaltic, volcanoes surrounding the
pacific
Diorite is andesitic is coarse grained
Andesite (Andes Mountains) is fine grained
4. Ultramafic Dark very dense rocks form interior of earth.
Coarse Grained Igneous, from cooling magma
a. Gabbro – dark, large grained, basaltic
b. Diorite – light and dark, large grained, andesitic, (quartz, feldspar, mica)
c. Granite – light colored, large grained, (quartz, hornblende, feldspar)
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Extrusive – fine grained, from cooled lava
Name and describe
the four intrusive
igneous features to a
classmate.
A. General feature
Basalt – dark, fine grained
Scoria – dark red, holes, basalt, glassy texture
Andesite – gray, fine grained (andesitic)
Rhyolite – light colored, fine grained, granitic
End of Lesson Two
Lesson Two Part B Essential Question
Types of structures that form from magma cooling below the surface include:
Essential question
Key Terms
Lithification
Strata
Stratification
Clastic sedimentary
Chemical sedimentary
Organic sedimentary
Conglomerate
Compaction
Cementation
4. Sills
5. Laccoliths
6. Dikes
1. Sill, The magma flows between layers of rock Resemble buried lava flows
May exhibit columnar joints e.g., Palisades Sill, NY
2. Laccolith Flows between rock layers Arches overlying strata upward Creates dome
mountains
3. Igneous Dike Magma flows in the cracks in rocks that cross layers of rocks.
4.
Batholith
d. Largest intrusive body
e. Often occur in groups Surface exposure 100+ square kilometers
(smaller bodies are termed stocks)
f. Frequently form the cores of mountains
A batholith exposed by erosion
4. Fissure a crack at the surface that forms as magma moves toward the surface.
Lava will sometimes return to the subsurface by flowing into an open crack, fissure, or active
vent, a process called drainback
Lava Plateau-large amounts of lava flows out of fissures onto land.
Lava Plateau in Argentina
End of Lesson Two Part B
Page9
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Lesson Three
Sedimentary Rocks
Evaluation
What can be learned
from sedimentary
rocks? Explain why
this is true.
A.
Sedimentary rocks formation
 Most form from the processes of erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation
 About 75% of all rock outcrops on the continents
Erosion involves weathering and the removal of rock.
When an agent of erosion—water,
wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy, it drops the sediments. This is called deposition.
lithification
 Sedimentary rocks are produced through
• Loose sediments are transformed into solid rock
 Sedimentary rocks produce rock strata. Layers of rock.
stratification
 This is
Lithification processes
Compaction is a process that squeezes sediments
Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces of
the sediment
• Calcite
• Silica
• Iron Oxide
B. Classifying sedimentary rocks
Three groups based on the material that makes the rock.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Essential question
What are
metamorphic rocks
and how do they
form?
Key Terms
Regional
Metamorphism
Contact
metamorphism
Foliated
Nonfoliated
Page10
1. Clastic rocks
Made of bits of rocks and mineral particles
Classified by the size of the particles that make the rock.
5.
Chemical rocks Come from material that was once dissolved in water and
precipitates to form sediment when the water evaporates.
Limestone – the most abundant chemical rock
Halite (Rock salt)
Evaporites such as halite or gypsum
Organic
6.
Sedimentary Rocks Come from organic material Plants, shells
Bituminous
Coal
Fossiliferous limestone
Chalk is made of tiny shells
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Cliffs of chalk in England
Chalk Cliffs
Stratification- the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Features of sedimentary rocks
Strata, or beds (most characteristic)
Bedding planes separate strata
Fossils Traces or remains of prehistoric life
A. Used to learn about much of Earth's history
past
•
•
•
Clues to
environments
Provide information about sediment transport
Rocks often contain fossils
Help determine
past environments
time indicators
Used for matching rocks from different places
Used as
End of lesson three
Lesson Four
Metamorphic Rocks
 "Changed form" rocks
 Produced from preexisting
• Igneous rocks
• Sedimentary rocks
• Other metamorphic rocks
 Metamorphism
elevated temperature and pressure.
Takes place at
These conditions are found a few kilometers below Earth’s surface into the upper mantle.
Metamorphic settings
Contact, or thermal, metamorphism
Hot magma moves onto the rock
Changes are driven by a rise in temperature
Regional metamorphism
• Directed pressures and high temperatures during mountain building
• Produces large-scale and high grade metamorphic rock
Regional Metamorphism Animation
Page11
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Metamorphic agents
2. Heat is caused by magma and depth inside the earth.
Provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions and causes minerals to recrystalize.
Origin of pressure in metamorphism
Evaluation
Metamorphic textures
Foliated texture
Minerals are in a parallel alignment
Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force
• Nonfoliated texture
Contain equidimensional crystals
Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
Development of foliation due
to directed pressure
Foliated Metamorphic
Common metamorphic rocks
Foliated rocks
Slate
• Fine-grained, Splits easily
Foliated rocks cont’
Schist
• Strongly foliated
• "Platy"
• Types based on composition (e.g., mica schist)
Foliated Metamorphic
Gneiss
Strong segregation of silicate minerals
"Banded" texture
Gneiss typically displays
a banded appearance
Nonfoliated metamorphic
Nonfoliated rocks
Marble
Parent rock is limestone Large, interlocking calcite crystals Used as a building
stone Variety of colors
Quartzite Parent rock – quartz sandstone Quartz grains are fused Quartzite
End of Chapter 3
Page12
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Rock Cycle
Igneous
Sedimentary
Page13
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Metamorphic
Lithification
Rock
Page14
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Erosion
Deposition
Composition
Page15
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Texture
Magma
Intrusive
Page16
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Extrusive
Texture
Granitic-Felsic
Page17
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Basalt-Mafic
Andesitic
Sill
Page18
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Laccoliths
Dike
Batholiths
Page19
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Lithification
Strata
Stratification
Page20
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Clastic
sedimentary
Page21
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Chemical
sedimentary
Page22
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Organic
sedimentary
Conglomerate
Page23
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Compaction
Cementation
Regional Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
Page24
Mr. Swope
St. Leo the Great School
Grade Six Science
Earth Science
Rocks Chapter 4
Unit Essential Question What are similarities and differences among rocks?
Foliated
Non-foliated
Page25
Mr. Swope