Name __________________________________________
Section ________________________________
Marine Biology (MSC 172) – Final Exam Study Guide
Lecture #8: Coral Reefs - Textbook: Chapter 14
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Hermatypic
Ahermatypic
Polyp
Exoskeleton
Tentacles
Nematocysts
Zooplankton
-
Zooxanthellae
Asexual budding
Planula
Photosynthesis
Cilia
Coralline Algae
Coral Bleaching
-
Mesenterial filaments
Grazer
Symbiosis
Fringing Reef
Barrier Reef
Atoll Reef
DOM
1. Why are coral reefs considered unique?
2. To what Order do reef-building corals belong?
3. To what Phylum do all corals belong?
4. The digestive system, the nervous system, and the exoskeleton are all shared by a coral colony. What parts of a
coral are not shared between individuals?
5. What is the exoskeleton of hard, stony reef-building corals made of? What about the exoskeleton of soft, nonreef building corals?
6. Only the _____________________________ of the coral is alive.
7. Zooxanthellae provide nourishment for the coral through ________________________; some coral do not need
to feed at all so long as the zooxanthellae have light.
8. Plankton only supports ______ to ______ % of corals nutritional needs the rest is made up by zooxanthellae.
9. Coralline algae produces a skeleton of ________________ ________________ that grows in hard sheets on the
surface of the reef.
10. Describe at least 6 different forms that are typical shapes for hard corals:
11. All reefs are bounded by the _____________ C isotherm.
12. Water temperature that is too _____________________ will cause coral bleaching.
13. Zooxanthellae dependent corals do not develop in water deeper than _____________ to ____________ meters.
14. Corals are intolerant of salinities ranging outside of ____________ to _____________ ppt.
15. List 3 benefits of wave action over corals:
16. Reefs are found in areas that are usually poor in nutrients, lack phytoplankton and lack other means of primary
production; yet coral reefs are easily the richest and most diverse of all the oceans ecosystems. How do these
habitats thrive in these nutrient poor waters?
17. What is the limiting resource on a coral reef?
Lecture #9: Nekton - Textbook: Chapter 15
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Nekton
Planktivorous
Piscivorous
General Carnivore
Oil Liver
Blubber
Lipids
Heterocercal Tail
-
Hydrofoil
Swim Bladder
Corselet
Keel
Red muscle
Myoglobin
Rete mirabile
Countershading
1. List 5 vertebrate examples of Nekton:
2. List 2 invertebrate examples of Nekton:
3. List 2 examples of Piscivorous Nektonic animals:
4. List at least 3 examples of adaptations that increase buoyancy:
5. List at least 5 examples of adaptations that decrease drag:
-
Schooling
Otoliths
Lateral Line
Echolocation
Melon
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Migration
6. Why do the best swimming fish contain a high amount of red muscle?
7. Explain how countershading works.
8. Why does schooling work? (Explain dilution, illusion, and confusion)
9. Name the 3 sets of otoliths:
10. What are otoliths?
11. How do fish use their lateral line in schooling behavior?
12. Explain how echolocation works.
13. How do sharks use their Ampullae of Lorenzini?
Lecture #10: Subtidal Communities - Textbook: Chapter 13
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Subtidal Zone
Continental Shelf
EEZ
Desiccation
Bottom Grab
Trawl
Dredge
Qualitative sampling
-
Quantitative sampling
Density
Diversity
Recruitment
Infauna
Epifauna
Seagrass
Detritus
-
Suspension feeders
Deposit feeders
“Live bottom”
Kelp
Holdfasts
Fronds
Pneumatocysts
1. What is another name for the subtidal zone?
2. Explain the differences between quantitative sampling and qualitative sampling.
3. What substrate dominates the world’s continental shelves?
4. Recruitment can be random, regular, or patchy. In the subtidal, organisms usually occur in patches. Why?
5. Give two examples of organisms that have patchy distributions due to their recruitment.
6. Notably absent in the soft bottom subtidal are large plants and algae. What do the primary consumers feed on?
7. Give 3 examples of infauna found in the soft bottom subtidal area.
8. Give 3 examples of epifauna found on the soft bottom subtidal area.
9. Soft bottoms along the coast are occasionally carpeted by seagrasses. Are seagrasses related to true grasses?
Do they have true root systems? Where do they develop best?
10. List 5 examples of common seagrasses.
11. Dead sea grasses break down to provide lots of ___________________ that benefit suspension, deposit and
filter feeders.
12. Hard bottoms make up a relatively small portion of the continental shelf. Competition for _________________ is
fierce as it is highly limited.
13. What two algae dominate the flora in hard bottom subtidal communities?
14. Most kelp are only found in areas of _____________________, __________________________ water.
15. The distribution of kelp is greatly affected by surface temperatures, which are influenced by the surface circulation
of the ocean. Currents along the ___________ sides of the continents transport cold water from polar regions
down toward the Equator; while currents on the __________ sides of continents transport warm water away from
the Equator.
16. Kelps extend further toward the Equator along the ______________ sides of the continents.
17. Why are kelp holdfasts NOT roots?
Lecture #11: Deep Sea - Textbook: Chapter 16
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Disphotic
Aphotic
Thermohaline Circulation
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Hadopelagic
Thermocline
Submersible (know an example)
ROV (know an example)
Oxygen Minimum Zone
Respiration
Decomposition
-
Photosynthesis
Zooplankton
Bristlemouths
Lanternfish
DSL
DVM
Swim bladder
Photophores
Tubular eyes
Bioluminescence
Counter-illumination
Marine Snow
DOM
-
Hermaphrodites
Pheromones
Male Parasitism
Visible light spectrum
Ooze
Deep sea Gigantism
Hydrothermal vents
“White smokers”
“Black smokers”
Chemosynthesis
Hydrogen Sulfide
1. The deep sea is by far the largest ecosystem in the world, and is one of the most stable habitats on the planet.
Water temperature, salinity, pH, and in most areas, oxygen are extremely stable. Yet we know less about the
deep sea than we do about the moon. This is because the depth of the habitat creates a logistical problem in
sampling and studying. Explain some of these difficulties.
2. The deep sea lacks of primary production of food by photosynthesis. Why?
3. Briefly explain how Thermohaline circulation replenishes the supply of oxygen to the deep sea.
4. The ocean depths are divided into 4 depth zones. Name these four zones and give their respective depths.
5. The Mesopelagic zone is called the disphotic zone. Why? Also, give another term used to describe the
Mesopelagic.
6. The oxygen minimum zone is an area at approximately 500m depth where oxygen is depleted. Why is oxygen
depleted at this depth? And why do oxygen levels slowly increase below this depth?
7. Typically, how large do the fish in the Mesopelagic grow? What are the two most abundant fish in the
Mesopelagic? Which one of those fish is the most abundant fish in the ocean?
8. Explain the differences in physical characteristics between vertically migrating fish in the mesopelagic versus nonvertically migrating fish in the mesopelagic. What characteristics do they share?
9. How are the eyes of fish found in the mesopelagic zone different from the eyes of fish found at deeper depths (in
the aphotic zone)?
10. Light producing organs are called photophores. Photophores can have cells specialized for light production or
have cups that contain bacteria to produce light. What are photophores used for?
11. At 1000 m, temperature is 4-6 C; with an increase in depth, temperature changes very little. As for pressure,
most of the deep sea is around 200-600 atm. Food is a limiting factor in the deep sea. What adaptations do deep
sea organisms have to ensure food capture?
12. In a sparsely populated world mates are difficult to find. Name at least 4 behaviors that fish use to locate and
select a mate.
13. Many invertebrates in the deep sea are red. Why is this so?
14. On the abyssal floor (the deep sea floor), the bottom has a very fine sediment or a soft ooze. What type of
feeding strategy do most animals that live here use? (Remember: Polychaete worms are the dominant
macrofauna on the deep-sea floor, followed by crustaceans and bivalves.)
15. What are some theories that have been postulated by deep-sea researchers for the phenomenon known as Deep
Sea Gigantism?
16. Who discovered the first hydrothermal vents? When did he discover them?
17. At hydrothermal vents, the entire community is located within several meters of the vent system and very little is
known about the biology and ecology of these communities. Most animals have symbiotic relationships with
“sulfur-eating” bacteria. What process do these bacteria undergo in order to produce energy (similar to
photosynthesis)? What chemical from the water do the bacteria use?
18. Give 3 examples of animals that have this symbiotic relationship with hydrothermal vent “sulfur-eating” bacteria.
Lecture #12: Resources from the Sea - Textbook: Chapter 17
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Demersal
Pelagic
FPC
Renewable Resource
Nonrenewable Resource
Fisheries Management
-
Fish Stock
Maximum Sustainable
Yield
Catch Effort Curve
By-catch
Ghost fishing
-
Surimi
Aquaculture
Open Mariculture
Open Mariculture
1. The animals that are harvested vary widely from culture to culture. However, shellfish (crustaceans & molluscs)
and finfish are the most important fisheries worldwide. Finfish constitute ______________% of the total catch.
2. Traditional fishing methods removed just enough fish for sustenance. However, we have become much more
efficient in harvesting fish from the ocean, putting a greater strain on the resources. List at least 5 ways that
fishing efforts have become more efficient.
3. The largest fish catches comes from the ___________________ and _____________________ families. What
fish make up these families?
4. The fish caught from the above families are used for what?
5. The largest food fish catches comes from the ___________________ and _____________________ families.
What fish make up these families?
6. Describe the differences between renewable resources and non-renewable resources.
7. The first step in effective management is to understand the stock size. Fish stocks grow fastest when there are
neither too few nor too many individuals in a population. Why?
8. Fishing efforts must be actively regulated to allow for the maximum harvest. List at least 5 examples of fishing
regulations.
9. Give 4 examples of fish that we discussed in lecture that have endured overexploitation.
10. With all this pressure on traditional fisheries many new fisheries are being discovered. Explain how this relates to
foods like Mahi mahi, Calamari, and Surimi. Describe what each of these items are.
11. Instead of overfishing the wild stocks, you could grow your own! Describe the difference between open
mariculture and closed mariculture.
Lecture #13: Intertidal – Rocky Shore Communities - Textbook: Chapter 11 – p. 244-260
Vocabulary: The following are terms that you should be able to define (possible short answer questions on exam).
-
Intertidal or Littoral zone
Centrifugal force
Semidiurnal Tide
Diurnal Tide
Mixed Semidiurnal Tide
Spring Tide
Neap Tide
New Moon
Full Moon
1st Quarter Moon
3rd Quarter Moon
-
Tidal Range
Coquina Rock
Epifauna
Sessile
Dessication
Heat Capacity
Salinity
Holdfasts
Byssal Threads
Deposit Feeders
Suspension Feeders
-
Filter Feeders
Supralittoral
Midlittoral
Infralittoral
Competition
Succession
Opportunistic species
Keystone species
Biodiversity
Closed Tide Pools
Open Tide Pools
1. Why is the intertidal zone considered a stressful environment?
2. What are the two main forces that are responsible for the tides?
3. Why are Spring Tides characterized my very high and very low tides, with a very large tidal range?
4. Why do Neap Tides have a small tidal range?
5. Where can you find an example of a naturally occurring rocky outcrop in NC?
6. List 2 examples of adaptations by organisms to withstand dessication.
7. What behavioral adaptation do some rocky intertidal organisms possess that helps protect them from extreme
temperatures?
8. How can severe rainfall in the rocky intertidal zone affect salinity?
9. Animals in the rocky intertidal zone must deal with heavy wave action. Describe some adaptations of organisms
(such as barnacles, mussels, seaweed, clinging fish, sea urchins, starfish, snails and crabs) that help them
withstand this wave action.
10. Are there any deposit feeders found in the rocky intertidal zone? Why or why not?
11. What are the two dominant feeding strategies in the rocky intertidal?
12. How does wave action effect feeding?
13. Describe the succession of species in a particular space in the rocky intertidal. If necessary, you can use the
diagram from slide 14 of the “Rocky Shore” lecture.
14. Explain the importance of a keystone predator (Don’t forget to discuss biodiversity). Give two examples of
keystone predators.
15. Describe the difference between open tide pools and closed tide pools.