Experimental Method
Remember that different text books will add, subtract or combine steps.
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State the problem or question
Observe and Research
Hypothesis
Experiment (test the hypothesis)
Results
Conclusion
Share the information (results and conclusion)
Experimental Design:
IV: Independent Variable
DV: Dependent Variable
Title: The effects of IV on DV
Hypothesis: If IV, then DV
Independent Variable. This is what the Scientist or you changes (I change this)
Dependent Variable. Changes as result of the independent variable.
Y=mX +B ( line equation)
X is the independent variable (it goes in the x-axis).
Y is the dependent variable. (it goes in the y-axis).
Remember, as you change the X the Y will change.
Independent and Dependent variables.
The independent variable affects the dependent variable
Ex. Smoking affects lung cancer (if you say it the other way it doesn’t work, this is a good check)
Control group: The control group is the one that does not change, other groups are compared to the
control group.
Experimental group: The experimental group is the one that changes.
Living Things
Basic needs of living things
Shelter
water
food
air
Characteristics of living things
Use energy, Respond to environment (stimulus), Cells,
DNA,
Grow and develop, Reproduce
The Cell
Discovery of the Cell
The zoologist who concluded that animal tissues are made of cells
Theodor Schwann .
The scientist who described “animalcules”, and is sometimes credited with creating the first microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhoeck.
The botanist who concluded that plant tissues are made of cells Mathias Schleiden.
The scientist who described and first named the “cell” Robert Hooke .
The pathologist who concluded that all cells come from other cells Rudolph Virchow.
Cell Theory
1. Cells come from pre-existing cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of life
3. All organism are made of one or more cells
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
pro=before karyo=nucleus
Eukaryotes
Has nucleus
eu=true
karyo=nucleus
Circular DNA
Linear DNA
No membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles
Older
Newer
simple
Complex
Bacteria, cyanobacteria (green algae)
Animal, plant, fungi (yeast), protist
Plant
Animal
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Big central vacuole
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Golgi complex
ER
Chloroplast
Nuclear membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Golgi complex
ER
Ribosomes
Centrosomes
Chloroplast
Centriole
Flagella
pilli
Small vacuoles
Centriole
Cell Function
Control center of the cell. Contains DNA
Makes ribosomes
Controls what enters and exits the cell
Protects and supports the cell (plants and bacteria)
Storage tank for water, nutrients and waste
Power house. Produces energy in the form of ATP
Destroys damaged organelles, proteins
Packages and transport material (in vesicles)
within and out of the cell. (Fedex of the cell).
Transportation system of the cell (transports
vesicles to Golgi)
Uses sun light energy to make food (glucose)
Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
Makes proteins
Plant
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Animal
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Bacteria
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Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
DNA
Ribosomes
Pili
Flagella
Cell Transport, diffusion, osmosis
Diffusion The movement of particles from high to low concentration.
Osmosis The movement of water from high to low concentration across the cell membrane. “water
follows the solute”
Rememberthe solutes usually do not move
Passive transport The movement of molecules across the cell membrane from areas of high
concentration to areas of low concentration (diffusion). It does not require energy these molecules
are small: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen potassium, sodium etc.
Active transport The movement of large molecules across the cell membrane from areas of low
concentration to areas of high concentration (against diffusion). It requires energy (ATP), these
molecules are big: amino acids, carbohydrates, proteins.
Endocytosis Endo “within” cyto “cell”. The process by which cells engulf materials inside the cell.
Exocytosis Exo “outer” cyto “cell”. The process by which cells release (secrete) materials outside the
cell.
Endocytosis
Exocytosis