REVOLUTION & ENLIGHTENMENT
Impact of the Enlightenment: the U.S. Constitution
Name: _____________________________
Directions: Read each of the following quotes and decide which Enlightenment philosopher made each statement.
ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria, Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Charles de Montesquieu, On the Spirit of Laws (1748)
Jean Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762)
John Locke, Second Treatise of Government (1690)
Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), Dictionnaire Philosophique (1764)
QUOTE 1
_____________________________ “The laws are of no power to protect them, without a sword in the hands of a
man, or men, to cause those laws to be put in execution. . . The condition of man is a condition of war of everyone
against everyone; in which case everyone is governed by his own reason; and there is nothing he can make use of,
that may not be a help unto him, in preserving his life against his enemies.”
QUOTE 2
_____________________________ “Men being, as has been said, by Nature, all free, equal and independent, no
one can be put out of this Estate, and subjected to the Political Power of another, without his own Consent. . . The
only way whereby any one divests himself of his Natural Liberty, and puts on the bonds of Civil Society is by
agreeing with other Men to join and unite into a Community, for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one
amongst the other. . . Governments are dissolved from within. . . when the Legislative is altered. . . First, that when
such a single Person or Prince sets up his own Arbitrary Will in place of the Laws which are the Will of the Society. . .
Secondly when the Prince hinders the legislative from acting freely. . . Thirdly, When by the Arbitrary Power of the
Prince, the Electors, or ways of Election are altered, without the consent and contrary to the interest of the People.
. . the People are at Liberty to provide for themselves, by erecting a new Legislative.”
QUOTE 3
_____________________________ “Power should be a check to power.”
QUOTE 4
_____________________________ “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
QUOTE 5
_____________________________ “We have a natural right to make use of our pens as of our tongue, at our peril,
risk and hazard.”
QUOTE 6
_____________________________ “I conclude with this reflection, that the severity of punishments ought to be in
proportion to the state of the nation. Among a people hardly yet emerged from barbarity, they should be most
severe, as strong impressions are required; but, in proportion as the minds of men become softened by their
intercourse in society, the severity of punishments should be diminished, if it be intended that the necessary
relation between the object and the sensation should be maintained.”
QUOTE 7
_____________________________ “Let women share the rights (of men) and she will emulate (imitate) the
virtues of men; for she must grow more perfect when emancipated.”
EXCERPTS FROM THE U.S. CONSTITUTION
PREAMBLE _____________________________
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our
Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I _____________________________
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a
Senate and House of Representatives…
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the
several States…
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature
thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote…
ARTICLE II _____________________________
Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during
the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows…
ARTICLE III _____________________________
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their
Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be
diminished during their Continuance in Office…
ARTICLE V _____________________________
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing
Amendments…
AMENDMENT I _____________________________
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a
redress of grievances.
AMENDMENT II _____________________________
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not
be infringed.
AMENDMENT IV _____________________________
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
AMENDMENT V _____________________________
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.
AMENDMENT VI _____________________________
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
AMENDMENT VIII _____________________________
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.