Q1.Villi are found in some parts of the digestive system.
Diagram 1 shows two villi.
Diagram 1
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
muscle.
(i)
Structure A is a
nerve.
capillary.
(1)
dialysis.
(ii)
The villi absorb the products of digestion by
diffusion.
osmosis.
(1)
(b)
Diagram 2 shows the digestive system.
Diagram 2
(i)
In which part of the digestive system, X, Y or Z, are most villi found?
(1)
Page 1
(ii)
There are about 2000 villi in each cm2 of this part of the digestive system.
Why is it helpful to have lots of villi?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q2.
Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same
scale.
(a)
Which cell, A, B or C, appears to have adaptations to increase diffusion into or out of
the cell?
Give one reason for your choice.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Cell C is found in the pancreas.
Name one useful substance produced by the pancreas.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing
this substance.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2) (Total 4 marks)
Page 2
Q3.
Red squirrels live in trees. They eat seeds from the cones of conifer trees. Squirrels
store cones in ‘larders’ on the ground. These larders provide food through the winter. Each
red squirrel makes and defends one larder.
Scientists monitor squirrel numbers to find the best habitats for the squirrel’s survival. In one
investigation, scientists estimated the numbers of squirrels in different types of woodland.
Each woodland contains a different species of conifer tree.
Here is their method.
•
Ten woods of each type of woodland were surveyed.
•
In each wood scientists measured out two transects (strips), each 600 m long and 10
m wide.
•
A scientist walked slowly down the centre of each transect, recording the number of
squirrel larders he could see.
(a)
Name one variable that was controlled in this investigation.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
The scientists recorded the number of larders instead of the number of
squirrels they saw.
How could this have increased the accuracy of the investigation?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
This method of counting the number of larders could have led to an inaccurate
estimate of the number of squirrels.
Explain how.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Page 3
(2)
(c)
The results of the investigation are shown on the graph.
Each bar represents the range of the number of larders in each type of woodland.
The horizontal mark on each bar represents the mean number of larders per hectare
of woodland.
(c)
A student concluded ‘You will always find more squirrels in spruce woodland than in
fir woodland.’
Is the student’s conclusion justified by the data in the graph?
Explain the reasons for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 4
Q4.
(a)
(i)
Photosynthesis is a process that takes place in green plants.
What type of energy is needed for this process?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
What substance in the plant absorbs this energy?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
In which part of the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Write a balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.
......................................................... → ..........................................................
(3)
(b)
Describe two ways you could speed up photosynthesis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. (2)
(c)
The diagram shows the outline of a cross-section of a leaf. Name cells 1 and 2 and describe how
they are involved in photosynthesis.
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
...................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 5
Q5.
Leaves are made from layers of cells.
The diagram shows a section through part of a leaf.
(a)
(i)
Which word in the table describes layer A? Tick ( ) one box.
Layer A
Tick
( )
Tissue
Organ
Cell
(1)
(ii)
Which word describes a whole leaf? Draw a ring around one answer.
organ
tissue
organism
(1)
Page 6
(b)
(i)
Which two layers of cells, A, B, C and D, can photosynthesise?
Use information from the diagram to help you. Tick ( ) two boxes.
Layer A
Layer B
Layer C
Layer D
(2)
(ii)
Give one reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
List X gives the names of two parts of a cell.List Y gives information about parts of a
cell.Draw one line between each part of the cell in list X and information about it in list
Y.
List X
Part of a cell
List Y
Information
Controls the passage of
substances into the cell
Vacuole
Contains the cell sap
Nucleus
Controls the activities of the
whole cell
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 7
Q6.
The graph shows the mean light intensity at different times of the year in an oak wood.
(a)
(i)
In which month would you expect the rate of photosynthesis in the oak trees to
be greatest?
.........................................................................
(1)
(ii)
There are plants living on the ground in the wood. In which month would you
expect their rate of growth to be fastest?
...........................................................................................................................
Explain your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Name two factors, other than light intensity, that would affect the rate of
photosynthesis in the oak trees.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 8
Q7.
Read the following information about how the small intestine absorbs sugars.
•
The blood absorbs glucose and some other sugars, like xylose, from the small
intestine.
•
Glucose molecules are the same size as xylose molecules, but glucose is absorbed
more quickly than xylose.
•
Experiments with pieces of intestine show that the uptake of oxygen by the intestine is
50 % higher in the presence of glucose than in the absence of glucose. Xylose does
not have this effect on the uptake of oxygen.
•
The cells lining the small intestine have many mitochondria.
Explain how this information provides evidence that glucose is absorbed by the small
intestine using active transport.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 4 marks)
Q8.
Some students set up the equipment below to investigate osmosis.
Page 9
(a)
What is osmosis?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
(i)
What will happen to the water level in the capillary tube during the investigation
because of osmosis?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use your knowledge of osmosis to explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q9.White blood cells protect the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.
(a)
(i)
Pathogens make us feel ill.
Give one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
White blood cells produce antibodies. This is one way white blood cells protect
us against pathogens.Give two other ways that white blood cells protect us
against pathogens.
1.............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2.............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Vaccination can protect us from the diseases pathogens cause.
(i)
One type of virus causes measles. A doctor vaccinates a child against
measles.What does the doctor inject into the child to make the child immune to
measles?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 10
(ii)
A few weeks after the vaccination, the child becomes infected with measles
viruses from another person.
The graph shows the number of measles antibodies in the child’s blood from
before the vaccination until after the infection.
More measles antibodies are produced after the infection than after the
vaccination.
Describe other differences in antibody production after infection compared with
after vaccination.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(iii)
Vaccination against the measles virus will not protect the child against the
rubella virus.
Why?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
What is the advantage of vaccinating a large proportion of the population against measles?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 11
Q10.
There is a large amount of evidence that evolution is taking place.
(a)
Scientists are uncertain about how life started on Earth.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Salamanders are terrestrial amphibians. The diagram shows the distribution of four
different species of salamander in a country.
Originally, there was only one species of salamander in the country.
Suggest an explanation for the development of the four different species.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 12
Q11.
The diagram shows the evolution of a group called the primates.
(a)
Which primate evolved first?
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Name two primates that developed most recently from the same common ancestor as humans.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
(i)
The theory of evolution by natural selection was suggested in the 1800s.
Which scientist suggested this theory?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Use words from the box to complete the passage about natural selection.
evolution
environment
generation
mutate
survive
variation
Individual organisms of a species may show a wide range of
............................................................. because of differences in their genes.
Individuals with characteristics most suited to the ...................................
are more likely to ............................................................. and breed
successfully.
The genes that have helped these individuals to survive are then passed on to
the
next ..............................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 13
Q12.The photograph shows a fossil of a prehistoric bird called Archaeopteryx.
(a)
Describe three ways fossils can be made.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
The drawing shows what an Archaeopteryx might have looked like when it was alive.
Scientists think that Archaeopteryx was a predator.
Page 14
(i)
Look at the drawing.
Write down three adaptations that might have helped Archaeopteryx to catch
prey.
How would each adaptation have helped Archaeopteryx to catch prey?
Adaptation 1 ..........................................................................................
How it helps ..........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Adaptation 2 ..........................................................................................
How it helps ..........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
Adaptation 3 ..........................................................................................
How it helps ..........................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Archaeopteryx is now extinct.
Give two reasons why animals may become extinct.
1 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
2 .............................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
MRSA strains of bacteria are causing problems in many hospitals.
(a)
The diagram shows a hand-gel dispenser.
Page 15
Hand-gel dispensers are now placed at the entrance of most hospital wards. Explain
why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Explain, as fully as you can, how MRSA strains of bacteria became difficult to treat.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
The dodo is an extinct bird. The drawing shows an artist’s impression of the bird.
Q14.
The dodo lived on a small island in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Its ancestors were
pigeon-like birds which flew to the island millions of years ago. There were no predators on
the island. There was a lot of fruit on the ground. This fruit became the main diet of the birds.
Gradually, the birds became much heavier, lost their ability to fly and evolved into the dodo.
(a)
Suggest an explanation for the evolution of the pigeon-like ancestor into the flightless
dodo.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
Page 16
(b)
The dodo became extinct about 80 years after Dutch sailors first discovered the island in the
eighteenth century.
Scientists are uncertain about the reasons for the dodo’s extinction.
Suggest an explanation for this uncertainty.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q15.
(a)
List A gives four structures in the human body.
List B gives the functions of some structures in the body.
Draw a straight line from each structure in List A to the correct function in List B.
List A – Structure
List B – Function
Surround and protect the lungs
Alveoli
Filter the blood
Veins
Carry blood towards the heart
Villi
Absorb digested food
Ribs
Allow oxygen to enter the blood
(4)
(b)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
diffusion.
In the lungs, oxygen enters the blood from the air by
filtration.
respiration.
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 17
Q16.
The diagram shows an enlargement of structure D.
The arrows show the direction of the gases exchanged in this structure. Name gas X and
gas Y.
X ...........................................................................................................................................
Y ...........................................................................................................................................
(Total 2 marks)
Q17.Gas exchange takes place in the lungs.
The diagram shows an alveolus next to a blood capillary in a lung.
The arrows show the movement of two gases, A and B.
(a)
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
diffusion.
Gases A and B move by osmosis.
respiration.
(1)
(ii)
Gas A moves from the blood to the air in the lungs. Gas A is then breathed out.
Name Gas A.
...............................................................................................................
Page 18
(1)
(iii)
Which cells in the blood carry Gas B?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
platelets
red blood cells
white blood cells
(1)
(b)
The average number of alveoli in each human lung is 280 million.
The average surface area of 1 million alveoli is 0.25 m2.
Calculate the total surface area of a human lung.
........................................................................................................................
Answer ...................................................................... m2
(2)
(c)
An athlete trains to run a marathon. The surface area of each of the athlete’s lungs
has increased to 80 m2.
Give one way in which this increase will help the athlete.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
(a)
The table shows the effect of exercise on the action of one person’s heart.
At rest
During
exercise
Heart rate in beats per minute
72
165
Volume of blood leaving the heart in each beat
in cm3
75
120
Heart output in cm3 per minute
(i)
5400
Calculate the heart output for this person during exercise.
you work out your answer.
Show clearly how
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer = .............................. cm3 per minute
(2)
Page 19
(ii)
During exercise, more oxygen is carried to the working muscles.
Explain why this is helpful during exercise.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Give two other changes in the body that help to increase the amount of oxygen
delivered to the working muscles during exercise.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q19.Diagram 1 shows a section through the heart.
Diagram 1
(a)
Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B on Diagram 1.
arota
atrium
pulmonary artery
ventricle
A ......................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 20
(b)
The tissue in the wall of the heart contracts. (i)
What type of tissue is this?
Tick ( ) one box.
muscular
glandular
epithelial
(1)
(ii)
What does the heart do when this tissue contracts?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Draw arrows on Diagram 2 to complete the route taken by deoxygenated blood
through the heart.
Diagram 2
(2)
Page 21
(d)
The graph shows the percentage (%) of adults in the UK who have coronary heart
disease.
Age group
(i)
Look at the graph.
Which group of people is most at risk of having coronary heart disease in the
UK?
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain what happens to the heart in coronary heart disease.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 22
Q20.
The diagram represents the human blood circulation system.
(a)
A, B, C and D are blood vessels.
(i)
Give the letter of one blood vessel that is an artery.
....................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the letter of one blood vessel that is a vein.
....................................
(1)
(b)
A student pedalled an exercise cycle at constant speed for 5 minutes. The student’s heart rate
was recorded at one-minute intervals during the exercise. The results are shown in the graph.
Page 23
(i)
What was the student’s heart rate before the exercise began?
................................................ per minute
(1)
(ii)
How long was it before the student’s heart rate reached 124 beats per minute?
...................................................... .minutes
(1)
(c)
Which of the following parts of the blood carries most oxygen?
Draw a circle around one answer.
plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q21.
(a)
Respiration is a process which takes place in living cells. What is the purpose
of respiration?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
Balance the equation for the process of respiration when oxygen is available.
C6H12O6 +
O2 →
CO2 +
H2O
(1)
(ii)
What is the name of the substance in the equation with the formula C6H12O6?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Oxygen is absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.
(i)
How are the alveoli adapted for this function?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Name the gas which is excreted through the alveoli.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
(i)
What is the name of the process of respiration when oxygen is not available?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 24
(ii)
Describe the process of respiration which takes place in human beings when oxygen is not
available and give an effect.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
Q22.The diagram shows part of the human digestive system.
(a)
Name the parts of the digestive system labelled A, B, C and D.
A ................................................................................
B ................................................................................
C ................................................................................
D ................................................................................
(4)
(b)
A student has eaten a steak for dinner. The steak contains protein and fat.
Page 25
(i)
Describe how the protein is digested.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
Explain two ways in which bile helps the body to digest fat.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
Page 26
(c)
A group of students investigated the action of salivary amylase.
The students:
•
collected a sample of salivary amylase
•
put a different pH solution and 5 cm3 of a food substance in each of 6 test tubes
•
added 1 cm3 of salivary amylase to each of the 6 test tubes
•
recorded the amylase activity after 10 minutes.
The results are shown in the table.
pH
7
6
5
4
3
2
Amylase activity in
arbitrary units
12
10
3
0
0
0
(i)
Name the food substance that amylase breaks down.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest what happens to the breakdown of this substance when food reaches
the stomach.
Use information from the table to help you to answer this question.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Page 27
M1.(a)
(i)
capillary
1
(ii)
diffusion
1
(b)
(i)
Z
ignore any names
1
(ii)
large / increased surface / area
allow all food absorbed
or to absorb more food
or improved diffusion
1
[4]
M2.
(a)
B
no mark for ÉBÉ, alone
large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane
accept reference to microvilli
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
1
(b)
(i)
any one from:
•
insulin / hormone
if named hormone / enzyme must be correct for pancreas
•
enzyme / named enzyme
1
(ii)
many ribosomes
1
(ribosomes) produce protein
accept insulin / hormone / enzyme named is (made of) protein
or
allow many mitochondria (1)
provide energy to build protein or to make protein (1)
accept ATP for energy
1
[4]
Page 28
M1.
(a)
area of strips / length of transects / number of transects
1
(b)
(i)
since squirrels are mobile and could be missed / counted twice
1
(ii)
numbers of larders observed likely to be lower than actual
do not accept squirrels share larders or squirrels have
more than one larder
1
since unlikely that all could be spotted if 5 m away or
old larders or
squirrels moved on / died
1
(c)
(no)
the bars show the range of the number of squirrel larders in
the different types of woodland
1
although spruce woodlands have the larger ranges, some
spruce woodlands will have very low numbers of larders
1
[6]
M4.
(a)
(i)
light or solar
do not credit sun’s energy
do not credit radiant
1
(ii)
chlorophyll
1
(iii)
chloroplast
1
(iv)
CO2 + H2O
reactants identified (accept words)
1
C6H12O6 + O2
products identified (accept words)
1
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
balanced equation
1
Page 29
(b)
any two from:
increased CO2 concentration
increased water supply
increased temperature (up to a point)
increased light intensity
do not accept heat or warmth
altered light quality by less green or
increasing other colours
2
(c)
any four points
•
palisade (mesophyll)
•
lots of chloroplasts or chlorophyll
or main site for photosynthesis
or absorb maximum amount of light
•
guard cells
•
CO2 in or O2 out or water vapour
out
•
controls size of stoma or pores in
leaf
allow stomata
4
[12]
M5.
(a)
(i)
tissue
extra box ticked cancels the mark
1
(ii)
organ
extra ring drawn cancels the mark
1
(b)
(i)
Layer B
each extra box ticked cancels 1 mark
1
Layer C
1
(ii)
(contain) chloroplasts / chlorophyll
other parts disqualify
1
Page 30
(c)
two correct = 2 marks
one correct = 1 mark
extra line from a part of a cell cancels the mark
2
[7]
M6.
(a)
(i)
June
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
April
max. light
photosynthesis makes sugars/substances needed for growth
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
2 of:
temperature
carbon dioxide availability
water
chlorophyll
any 2 for 1 mark each
2
[6]
M7.
active transport needs energy or diffusion is not energy-dependent
1
any three from:
•
(energy from) aerobic respiration
•
more respiration with O2 or more energy release with O2
•
(aerobic) respiration / energy release occurs in mitochondria
do not allow anaerobic
•
xylose / other sugars absorbed by diffusion / not by active transport
allow active transport is selective / specific
or active transport can distinguish glucose and xylose
3
Page 31
[4]
M8.
(a)
movement of water [1]
from high concentration (of water) to low concentration (of water)
or
from (an area of) dilute solution to an area of concentrated solution [1]
through a differentially or partially or selectively or semi permeable
membrane [1]
3
(b)
(i)
it will rise
1
(ii)
water enters visking tubing [1]
because the concentration of water outside is greater than the
concentration inside
or
because the concentration of salt or solute is greater inside the tubing than
outside [1]
or
to equalise concentration water has to enter visking tubing [2]
2
[6]
M9.(a)
(i)
any one from:
•
(produce) toxins / poisons
•
(cause) damage to cells
kill / destroy cells
allow kills white blood cells
1
(ii)
produce antitoxins
1
engulf / ingest / digest pathogens / viruses / bacteria / microorganisms
accept phagocytosis or description
ignore eat / consume / absorb for engulf
ignore references to memory cells
1
(b)
(i)
dead / inactive / weakened
accept idea of antigen / protein
1
(measles) pathogen / virus
ignore bacteria
1
(ii)
(after infection)
accept converse if clearly referring to before vaccination
1
rise begins sooner / less lag time
steeper / faster rise (in number)
1
Page 32
longer lasting or doesn’t drop so quickly
idea of staying high for longer
ignore reference to higher starting point
1
(iii)
antibodies are specific or needs different antibodies
accept antigens are different or white blood cells do not recognise virus
1
(c)
reduces spread of infection / less likely to get an epidemic
accept idea of eradicating measles
1
[10]
M10.
(a)
there is a lack of valid / reliable evidence
1
because the early organisms were soft bodied or because remains were
destroyed by geological action
1
(b)
populations of salamanders became isolated / separated
1
by areas between mountains
1
there was genetic variation in these isolated communities
1
natural selection acted differently on these isolated communities
1
eventually resulting in interbreeding being no longer possible and so
new species have been formed
1
[7]
M11.
(a)
lemur(s)
1
(b)
gorilla(s)
in either order
1
chimpanzee(s)
accept chimps
1
(c)
(i)
(Charles) Darwin
accept (Alfred) Wallace
Page 33
if first name given it must be correct
1
(ii)
variation
in this order
1
environment
allow phonetic spellings
1
survive
1
generation
1
[8]
M12.(a)
any three from:
•
•
•
•
parts of organisms have not decayed
accept in amber / resin
allow bones are preserved
conditions needed for decay are absent
accept appropriate examples, eg acidic in bogs / lack of oxygen
parts of the organism are replaced by other materials as they decay
accept mineralised
or other preserved traces of organisms, eg footprints, burrows and rootlet traces
allow imprint or marking of organism
3
(b)
(i)
teeth for biting (prey)
must give structure + explanation
1
claws to grip (prey)
accept sensible uses
1
wing / tail for flight to find (prey)
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
•
•
•
•
•
new predators
new diseases
better competitors
catastrophe eg volcanic eruption, meteor
changes to environment over geological time
accept climate change
allow change in weather
prey dies out or lack of food
allow hunted to extinction
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2
[8]
M13.
(a)
kills / destroys bacteria / MRSA
do not allow germs
1
prevents / reduces transfer
allow stops MRSA entering ward
1
(b)
mutation
do not accept antibiotics causes mutation
1
(causes) resistance
allow not effective
ignore immunity
1
to antibiotics
1
[5]
M14.
(a)
any four from:
•
mutation / variation
•
produces smaller wings / fatter body
must be linked to mutation / variation
•
wings no longer an advantage since no predators
allow wings / flight not needed as no predators
•
wings no longer an advantage since food on ground
allow wings / flight not needed as food on ground
•
fatter body can store more energy when fruit scarce
•
successful birds breed / pass on genes
4
(b)
any one from:
•
evidence has all gone
•
no scientists on island at time to record evidence
•
no records (from sailors)
1
[5]
Page 35
M15.
(a)
4 correct = 4 marks
3 correct = 3 marks
2 correct = 2 marks
1 correct = 1 mark
extra line from a structure cancels the mark
4
(b)
diffusion
1
[5]
X – oxygen
M16.
accept O2
Y – carbon dioxide
accept CO2
[2]
M17.(a)
(i)
diffusion
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
accept CO2 / CO2
do not accept CO2
1
(iii)
red blood cells
1
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(b)
70
if no / incorrect answer then
70 000 000
or
280 x 0.25 gains 1 mark
ignore doubling the answer
2
(c)
allows more gas / oxygen / CO2
(exchange)
do not accept air
1
[6]
M18.
(a)
(i)
19 800
for correct answer ignore working or lack of working
165 × 120 but no answer / wrong answer = 1 mark (ignore extras)
2
(ii)
any two from:
•
for respiration
ignore oxygen debt
•
energy released
allow energy produced
•
prevents anaerobic respiration
•
prevents build-up of lactic acid
2
(b)
any two from:
•
increased breathing rate(*)
•
increased depth of breathing or deep breathing(*)
(*)more breathing is max 1 mark
ignore increase in heart rate
allow heavier breathing
do not allow harder breathing
•
dilation of arteries / vasodilation
allow blood vessels dilate
do not allow veins / capillaries dilate
•
blood diverted from elsewhere
ignore name of organ
2
[6]
M19.(a)
A - atrium
Page 37
ignore references to right / left
1
B - ventricle
1
(b)
(i)
muscular
1
(ii)
push blood
accept pump / force
1
(c)
arrows approx as indicated
1
arrow(s) showing flow from A to B
from B out / up / to artery
1
(d)
(i)
male
1
65 and over
1
(ii)
fatty deposits / material in (coronary) arteries
allow correct points made about heart attacks
1
narrows / blocks / reduces flow
1
decreases oxygen supply (to heart muscle)
1
[11]
M20.
(a)
(i)
A or C
allow lower case
1
Page 38
(ii)
B or D
allow lower case
1
(b)
(i)
60
1
(ii)
4
1
(c)
red blood cells
1
[5]
M21.
(a)
to transfer / provide / give release energy
or production of ATP / adenosine triphosphate (molecules)
accept to give heat
1
(b)
(i)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
accept any other
n : 6n : 6n : 6n ratio
do not credit if any other changes have been made
1
(ii)
glucose
do not credit sugar / sucrose
1
(c)
(i)
any two from
large surface
thin (surface)
moist (surface)
(with a good) blood supply
2
(ii)
carbon dioxide
accept water vapour
do not credit just water
1
(d)
(i)
anaerobic (respiration)
1
(ii)
any three from
in mitochondria
glucose decomposes / breaks down / reacts
or glucose → lactic acid for (2) marks
to give lactic acid
or breathing hard
or lactic acid → CO2 + water
causing pain
Page 39
(leaving an) oxygen debt
(quick) source of energy
(but) less efficient than aerobic respiration
accept less efficient than with oxygen
A − saliva(ry) gland
M22.(a)
1
B − liver
1
C − duodenum
ignore small intestine
1
D − pancreas
accept phonetic spellings
1
(b)
(i)
any three from:
•
chewing / muscle contraction / mechanical digestion
allow churning
•
protease enzymes
allow pepsin / trypsin
•
in stomach / small intestine / duodenum / from pancreas
•
(break down protein) into amino acids
allow (poly)peptides
3
(ii)
neutralises acid pH / makes conditions alkaline
1
so lipase can work
1
emulsifies fat
1
to give large(r) surface area for lipase / enzyme action
1
(c)
(i)
starch
ignore carbohydrate
1
(ii)
breakdown stops
allow slows down
1
because stomach produces / contains acid / has low pH
1
and amylase cannot work in acid / low pH
accept amylase is denatured / changes shape
1
[15]
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