(R) Biology Final Study Guide
Vocabulary
Chemistry
Atom
Nucleus
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
pH Scale
Theory
Hypothesis
Water (H2O)
Pigments
Chlorophyll a and b
Xanthophylls
Genes
Double Helix
Nitrogen Bases
Transcription
Translation
Mitosis
Meiosis
Polymer
Monomer
Biology
Macromolecules
Cells
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Polymers
Nucleus
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lysosome
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosome
ROYGBIV
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Central Dogma
mRNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Mitochondria
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Vacuole
Centriole
Chloroplast
Enzymes
Active Site
Osmosis
ADP
ATP
DNA Replication
Chromosomes
Chromatin
Mutation
Central Dogma
mRNA
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
Diffusion
Phagocytosis
Endocytosis
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Electron Transport Chain
Krebs Cycle
Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Codon
Anti-Codon
tRNA
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Dominant
Recessive
Crossing Over
Sex Chromosomes
Karyotype
Diploid
Haploid
Alleles
Gametes
Phenotype
Genotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive
Incomplete Dominance
Complete Dominance
Co-Dominance
Blood Typing
A, B, O, AB
Antigen
Antibody
Red Blood Cell
Sex-Linked Traits
XX, XY
Color-Blindness
Hemophelia
Expression
Natural Selection
Evolution
Species
Fitness
Mutation
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
Directional Selection
Speciation
Appendix
Wisdom Teeth
Tail Bone
Humerus, Ulna, Radius
Geographic Isolation
Lamark Theory
Darwin Theory
Reproductive Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Molecular Evidence
Adaptation
Cladograms
Common Ancestor
Trait
Species
Clade
Vestigial Organ
Homologous Structures
Individual
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Biomes (all of them)
Producers
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Quaternary Consumer
Decomposer
Trophic Levels
Chemical Energy
Carbohydrates
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Elements of Life
Energy
Ecological Cycles
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Runoff
Condensation
Respiration
Physiology
Neuron
Axon
Impulse
Dendrite
Axon Terminal
Synapse
Synaptic Cleft
Spinal Cord
Brain
Motor Neuron
Sensory Neuron
Interneuron
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Lungs
Heart
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Gas Exchange
Aorta
Left Ventricle
Left Atrium
Artery
Vein
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(R) Biology Final Study Guide
Wild-Type
Mutant
Crossing
Comparative Protein
Sequencing
Comparative Embryology
Comparative DNA
Sequencing
Cytochrome-C
Homologous Structures
Population
Generations
Environment
Photosynthesis
Decomposition
Deposition
Nitrogen Fixation
Ammonia
Nitrogen
Nitrate
Nitrites
Molecules
Carrying Capacity
Limiting Factors
Logistical Growth
Exponential Growth
Immigration
Emigration
Blood Flow
Adrenaline
Muscles
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Cardiovascular System
Immune System
Cytokines
Macrophages
B-Cells
T-Cells
Antibodies
Antigen
HIV
Killer T-Cells
Study Guide Questions
1. Create flashcards with definitions for all words above.
2. List 3 basic lab safety rules that all students should follow in a science laboratory setting.
3. Define science in your own words. How is a hypothesis different from a theory?
4. The cell functions like a factory. List all of the organelles we studied and their functions in a neat table.
5. Write the correct chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
6. Explain why plants are green. Use: ROYGBIV, Pigments, Chloroplasts, sunlight, photosynthesis.
7. Explain how cells make energy to perform daily tasks. Which type of cell would need the most energy and
why? Heart cell, brain cell, muscle cell, or adrenal cell?
8. List all 4 macromolecules. List both their polymers and monomers correctly in a table.
9. Find and list 5 ways carbohydrates were studied in biology this year. Find them from separate units.
10. Find and list 5 ways proteins were studied in biology this year. Find them from separate units.
11. Define DNA. What is the structure of DNA? What is the function of DNA? Explain how DNA has its own
language.
12. Define the difference between nitrogen bases, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and double helix.
13. Transcribe and Translate the following sequences:
a. DNA: 5’- T A C C G A C A T -3’
b. DNA: 5’- T A C T T T A C G – 3’
14. Replicate the DNA from the following strands below.
a. DNA: 5’- T A C C G A C A T -3’
b. DNA: 5’- T A C T T T A C G – 3’
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(R) Biology Final Study Guide
15. Describe the difference between transcription and translation. Explain how genes in DNA are made into
proteins for the body.
16. State the Central Dogma. Explain, in full detail, how the central dogma works.
17. Learn to read a codon chart.
18. Define a protein. Explain how proteins are made.
19. How many chromosomes are in each somatic cell? What about a sex cell? What is the difference?
20. List and find 5 ways DNA is referenced in Biology this year. Find them from separate units.
21. Explain how variability in the human race is made from meiosis. Then, explain how variability is needed for
natural selection to happen.
12. A cow that is homozygous for brown fur (B) is
crossed with a bull that is homozygous for white fur
(W). This cross is completely dominant. What is the
probability of a calf having white fur?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
6. Cross a human with blood type A and blood type B.
Assuming these two humans had a Blood type O baby,
what must the genotypes of the parents be?
a. IAIA and IBi
b. IAIB and IBIi
c. IAIi and IBi
d. IAi and IBi
1. Question 1
Cross a flower that is homozygous for Blue petals and a
flower that is homozygous for Yellow petals.
1.
Draw the Punnett Square and calculate the phenotype
ratios IF the inheritance was co-dominant. (5 Points)
2.
Draw a separate Punnett Square and calculate the
phenotype ratios IF the inheritance was incompletely
dominant. (5 Points)
8. Cross a cat with heterozygous long paws and a cat
with homozygous short paws. What is the probability of
these cats producing a cat with short paws? Use “L”
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
11. A hemophilic female is crossed with a healthy male.
What is the probability that this couple will have a
hemophilic girl?
a. 0%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Answer:
Incomplete Dominance
Co-Dominance
* Blue = B
* Yellow = Y
3. Question
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(R) Biology Final Study Guide
A hemophilic female is crossed with a hemophilic male. (4 Points)
1.
Calculate the phenotype and genotype ratios and write it below the Punnett Square. (2 Points)
2.
What is the probability that the baby will be female and have hemophilia? (2 Points)
22. Evolution is population change over time. Explain how this works using the definition of natural selection.
23. Explain Lamark’s and Darwin’s conflicting theories.
24. List and define all 5 pieces of molecular evidence for evolution studied in class.
25. How is natural selection represented in a cladogram?
26. Explain how environments select for fitter traits. Explain “survival of the fittest”.
27. Explain selective breeding. Use dogs as your example for explaining.
28. Draw all 3 nutrient cycles with all appropriate vocabulary for each cycle (carbon, nitrogen, and water).
29. List and explain 4 times we’ve studied the word, “respiration”.
30. List and explain 5 times we’ve studied the element carbon in biology this year.
31. Draw an energy pyramid up to the quaternary consumers. Label each trophic level correctly.
32. Define carrying capacity. Explain how populations achieve that capacity using limiting factors.
33. List and explain 5 ways energy was discussed in our studies. Must be from separate units.
34. List the levels of organization in ecology in the correct order from broadest to most specific.
35. Draw a sequencing chart of the fight or flight response, using all appropriate vocabulary for the nervous,
endocrine, and cardiovascular system.
36. Explain how the fight or flight response helped our ancestor populations evolve over time. Why would the
response be beneficial for survival?
37. Explain homeostasis. How does the endocrine and immune system work to maintain homeostasis?
38. Draw a neuron. Draw the heart. Draw the adrenaline pathway. Draw the specific immune response.
39. Explain how HIV destroys the immune system.
40. Explain how neurons pass along chemical messages to other neurons nearby.
41. Draw and explain a reflex arc to a friend.
42. Describe 2 places where gas exchange occurs in the body. Explain how gas exchange relates to cellular
respiration.
43. DNA plays a huge role in all of our studies. List and define 5 ways that DNA affects 5 different units we
studied.
44. Define mutations. Explain how a mutation can cause natural selection of populations.
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