Geography paper 1 ms
MBOONI WEST SUB - COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST, 2014
312/1
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A
(a) What is a line of longitude?
(2 marks)
 A longitude is an imaginary line which is drawn on a map joining the North and the South Pole. 
 It is the angular distance of a place East or West of the prime meridian(00)
Any 1×2=2 marks
(b) What is the local time at Alexandria 300 E if the local time at Malindi is 12noon?
(2marks)
Time and longitude: calculation:
(i) Longitude difference:
(400-300)=100
(ii) Time difference:
But 10=4 min 
Hence; 100 × 4 min=40minutes
Alexandria is west of Malindi; therefore it is behind in time by 40 minutes.
(iii) Thus the local time at Alexandria will be:
(12.00-40 minutes)=11:20 am.
(2 max)
2. (a) Describe how humidity is measured.
 Set up the wet bulb and dry the bulb thermometers (hygrometer).
 After 24 hrs read and record the temperature of the wet bulb thermometer
 Also; read and record the temperature of the dry bulb thermometer. 
 Get the difference in temperature readings of the wet and dry bulb thermometers
 Then; use the conversion scale to determine the humidity and interpretation of the temperature difference.
(Sequence in measurement important for award of points)
(Any 4×1=4 marks)
(b) Factors influencing relative humidity.
(2marks)
 Distance from large water bodies
 Temperature
 Latitude
 Altitude
 Natural vegetation /forests
Any (2×1) =(2 max)
3. (a) Reasons why geographers study the plate tectonics theory.
(3marks)
 To understand the origin of continents 
 To understand the formation of physical features
 To understand the significance associated with the movements of plates
(3×1=3 marks)
(b) Name two types of tectonic plate boundaries.
(2marks)
 Extension /Tensional/constructive boundaries
 Compressional/destructive boundaries
 Transform faults/conservative boundaries
Any (2×1=2 marks)
4. (a) (i)Diurnal range of temperature for Thursday.
(max - 260 C - min.160c) =100c
1×1=1 mark
(ii) The mean temperature for Monday.
(1mark)
Max.
+ Min.
280c
180c
460c
460c
= 230c
2
b. (i) Apart from water vapor name two other substances that are suspended in the atmosphere. (2marks)
 Gases such as – carbon dioxide and oxygen. 
 Air(wind) 
 Clouds
 Pollen grains
 Mist
 Smoke/dust particles
Any 2x1=(2marks)
(ii) Two factors that are considered when classifying clouds.
(2marks)
 The latitude
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Geography paper 1 ms
 Appearance
 Structure
 Formation
Any2x1=(2marks)
(iii) Two types of clouds that give rise to rainfall in the tropical regions.
(2marks)
 Cumulus
 Nimbus
 Cumulus-Nimbus
Any2x1=(2marks)
5. Two conditions that lead to deposition of silt at the mouth of a river.
(2marks)
 Overloading
 Loss of velocity
 Freezing of the stream
 Slow moving bodies of water
 Decrease of stream volume
 Reduction of stream gradient
 Presence of barriers/obstacles
Any2x1=(2marks)
SECTION B: ( Map Work And Map Reading)
KARATINA (1:50000), SHEET MAP
6 a. (i) Latitudinal and longitudinal extent of Karatina.
0015’s - 0030’S. ; 37000’ E – 37015’E
(2×1=2 marks)
(ii) Calculate the area (in square kilometers) enclosed by the property boundary and the district boundary
to the south Eastern part of the area shown.
(2marks)
(i) No. of full squares:
52×1km2=52 km2 (½)
No of incomplete squares
=40× ½ ×1 km2 =20 km2
Total area= (52+20)=72 km2
(Consider: 71.5_72.5 km2)
Total (2×1)
(2 marks)
b. (i) Vegetation type in grid square 0045.
(1mark)
- Papyrus; marsh or bog vegetation
(any 1×1=1 mark)
(ii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map. Extract.
(4marks)
 The dominant drainage features in the area are rivers. 
 There are several permanent rivers in the area such as river sagana to the South west and river Ragah Easting
94 and 95
 Most of the rivers in the area form a dendritic drainage pattern with their tributaries
 There are several dams along the courses of most rivers in the area .For example ;in grid square 8349;8348;9348
 River Sagana has a meandering course indicating that it is in its mature stage of development.
 There is a swamp in grid square 0045;0145;0146;0046
Any (3×1) =(3 max)
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Geography paper 1 ms
c.(i)
(iii) Vertical exaggeration:
Vertical scale = (1: 100m x 100) cm
Horizontal scale
(1: 50,000) cm
= 1: 10,000cm
1: 50,000cm 
=
1
x 50,000cm
10000
1
=
(d). (i)


(ii)



5 (2 x 1) = 2 marks
Means of transport they are likely to have used to travel to Karatina township.
Road transport
Railway transport
(2×1) = 2
Social functions of Karatina that they identified.
Educational √ (½) - Evidenced by many schools in the neighborhood. 
Religion functions √ ( ½ ) - church; mosque in grid square 9147; grid square 9149
Health care functions√ ( ½ ) - Hospital in grid square 9248
The social functions MUST be supported with evidence to score (4)
(2×2) =4 max
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(2marks)
(4marks)
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Geography paper 1 ms
(iii) Adjoining sheet and number to the south east of Karatina.
Embu sheet No. 135/2
(2×1=2 marks)
7. a (i) Relief features that were formed as a result of faulting.
 Tilt blocks 
 Escarpments/scarp slopes
 Block mountains/Horsts
Any (2×1=2 max)
(ii) TENSIONAL FORCES AND THE RIFT VALLEY


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Impression 
Correct diagram; well labeled in sequence 4 x1 = 4 max
Text 5 x 1 = max 8
Crustal rock layers are subjected to tensional forces due to instability within the earth’s crust. 
Further tension leads to development of parallel normal faults /lines of weakness develop
The middle block gradually subsides or sinks. 
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
The depression so created by the sunken middle part forms the Rift valley
e.g. ; The Great East African Rift valley and the Rhine Valley in Europe
Text 4 Total 8 max
(b). Explain four effects of faulting on human activities.
(8marks)
 Faulting (faults scarps) make it difficult to construct roads railways /disconnects.
 Faulting exposes minerals such as diatomite making extraction easy
 Step –faulting makes rivers to have waterfalls ;rapids and cataracts thus creating navigation difficulties
 The scarp slopes /steep slopes tend to discourage settlements. 
 Some rivers such as Katonga in Uganda have had their direction of flow changed. Any (4×2) =8 max
(c). (i) Important of reconnaissance
(4marks)
 To familiarize themselves with the area of study 
 To enable them to draw a route map
 To enable them draw a working schedule /activity plan.
 To enable them identify/sort out relevant tools/equipment for the study.
 To identify suitable methods of data collection.
 To seek permission from the occupants /inhabitants of the site /area of study.
 To estimate the cost of the field study/prepare finances.
Any (4×1) = (4 max)
(ii) Disadvantages of using direct observation
(3marks)
 It is expensive
 It is time consuming
 It is tiresome
 It is limited only to direct sources/primary sources.
 It is only suitable to the assigned people.
Any (3×1) = (3 max)
8. (a) THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE. 

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TITLE / FRAME = 1 mk other correct details (5x 1) = 5 marks Total = 5 max
(b) (i) Corrosion process-As the river flows ,flowing water dissolves readily soluble minerals(especially limestone
and removes them in solution form from the rocks .It transports them in solution form (2×1=2 marks)
(ii) Abrasion process-Rocks transported by water are used to scratch, scour and grind the river bed and banks this
way: the river dislodges rocks and transports them downstream.
(2×1=2 marks)
(c) Methods of river transportation.
(2marks)
 Solution process
 Suspension process
 Traction process 
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 Saltation process
(d) Formation of a waterfall over a fault scarp.
 Faulting occurs along a river valley. 
 Downward displacement of rocks follows
 An escarpment is then formed. 
 The river descends the scarps through a waterfall
Geography paper 1 ms
Any (2×1) = (2 max))
(5marks)
Text any (2×1) =2 marks
A WATER FALL


Diagram: well – labeled (3 x1) = (3marks)
(e) Identify two features on the flood-plain.
(2marks)
 Ox-bow lakes
 Bluffs
 Deltas
 Natural levees/embankments
 Deferred distributaries
 Braided channels
 Alluvial fans
Any (2×1)=2 marks
(f) Explain how a river capture may occur.
(3marks)
 A pirate/more powerful river eroded its valley rapidly headwardly towards a weaker river valley
 Eventually; the pirate river joins the valley of the weaker stream.
 All the head waters of the weaker river are diverted into the pirate river
Any (3×1)=3 max
(g) You have been asked to carry out a field study on a river near your school. Identify four four types of
evidence that may indicate that river capture has occurred along the river.
(4marks)
 Musfit stream or beheaded river 
 Elbow of capture
 Wind gap or a dry valley 
 Point of incision /rejuvenation gorge on the valley of the pirate river.
 Rejuvenated River valley
Any (4×1)=4 max
9. a) Identify the features marked; A, B, C and D
(4marks)
A - Tarn/cirque lake
B - Pyramid peak /Horn
C - Arête
D - cirque/corrie/com
4×1=4 max
b) Describe how each of the features identified in (a) above are formed
(16marks)
(i) Tarn or Cirque Lake:
 A pre-existing shallow depression is covered with snow. 
 Snow cuts the floor and sides of the depression by abrasion and sapping 
 Freeze and thaw action steeped the falls by plucking
 With time the depression enlarges to form a large hollow known as a cirque.
 Melt-waters from melting ice may fill the depression so created to form a tarn or a cirque lake. 
 For example; Nanyuki form the slopes of Mt.Kenya. 
Any (4×1)=4 max
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Geography paper 1 ms
Diagram 1mk
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(ii) Pyramidal peak:
Ice collects in several hallows on the mountain side
Erosion through pludging by ice enlarges the depression so that more ice accumulates in them
Abrasion /Nivation cuts into the back wall of the depression which forms knife-edged ridges known as arêtes
Eventually the depressions are separated by arêtes which converge at the mountain top forming a pyramid peak
(4×1=4 max)
Diagram 1mk
(ii)
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Arête:
Ice accumulates in adjacent shallow depressions on a mountain side.
The depression enlarges due to plucking to form cirques.
More ice accumulates in the depressions leading to further glacial erosions
The back –walls of the cirques recede until a knife –edge feature called an arête separates them.
(4×1)=4 max (Diagram; see; Roman (ii) above)
(iv) Cirque /cwm.
 A pre –existing shallow depression is filled with snow.
 The snow cuts the floor and the sides of the depression through abrasion and sapping processes.
 The walls are steepened through glacial plucking
 The depression enlarges with time to form a large hollow known as a cirque.
 This creates a steep –back walled depression, shaped like an arm chair called a cwm/cirque.
(Diagram see: Roman (I) Above (4×1) =4 max *TOTAL for (b) =16 max
c) (i) Types of moraine studied.
(2marks)
 Lateral moraine 
 Medial moraine
 Englacial moraine
 Terminal moraine
 Ground moraine
Any (2 ×1=2 max)
(ii) Methods of collecting data.
(3marks)
 Taking notes 
 Taking photographs /filming/video taping
 Drawing sketch diagrams/charts/maps
(3×1=3 marks)
10. (a).(i) sources of underground water.
(3marks)
 Rain water
 Lake/sea water
 Melt waters
 Magmatic water
(3×1)=3 max
(ii) Ways through which water infiltrates into the ground.
(2marks)
 Through permeable rocks –porous rocks have texture; coarse grains through which water infiltrates into the ground. 
 Through joints / faults –such lines of weakness in rocks allow water to pass into the ground. (2×1=2 max)
(iii) Formation of an artesian basin
 An artesian basin is a saucer-shaped depression which consists of a layer of permeable rock sandwiched between two layers
of impermeable rocks. 
Dfn= 1 max
AN ARTESIAN BASIN
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Geography paper 1 ms
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Diagram
Max 3
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(b) Formation of Clints.
All rain water sinks into the ground leaving the surface dry in a karst landscape
Rainwater infiltrates through well-jointed limestone rocks. 
Through corrosion /solution process, deep grooves develop. 
This eventually leaves behind a low –flat –topped ridge land called Clints. 
In karst topography clints form rock blocks in between grikes/shallow is depressions. Text: Any (2×1) =2 max
A CLINT LANDSCAPE
Diagram
Max 3
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(c.) (i) Meaning of a working schedule.
( 1mark)
It is a time able /activity plan showing events /activities and the corresponding time that each event /activity will be
undertaken during the field study
(1×1=1 mark)
(ii)What is the importance of preparing a working schedule in field study?
(3marks)
It enables students to complete their field study in time
Enables the students to divide themselves in working groups
It makes the students’ field study more organized
By using a working schedule the students are able to evaluate their objectives and hypotheses
The students are able to collect adequate data since the working schedule aids in good time management 
The students are able to estimate the overall time required for the study
Any (3×1) =3 marks
(iii)Name three underground features you are likely to study.
(3marks)
Limestone pillars
Stalactites
Stalagmites
Carverns
Any (3×1)=3 marks
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