BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM/KEYSTONE REVIEW
Date:____________________________
Test Format:
Time:____________________________
-
Place:____________________________
65 multiple choice
8 constructed response scenarios
Helpful Hints:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Read over your notes/packets.
Read over the sections of the book that pertains to each topic.
Be able to define ALL vocabulary listed in the back of this packet.
Complete this packet in enough time to ask for help on any topics that might still confuse you.
Test day:
1. Get a good night sleep (or stay up all night studying, whichever)
2. Bring two sharpened #2 pencils.
3. Read each question thoroughly. Look for key words to help you answer the question. Eliminate
obvious wrong responses first.
4. When in doubt, make the best educated guess you can.
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Unit 1 Introduction (Basic Biological Principals)
1. Use the provided Venn diagrams to compare and contrast the two topics:
Prokaryote cells vs Eukaryote cells
Prokaryote
Smaller
Less Complex
No membrane bound
organelles
No nuclear membrane
Eukaryote
Cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA/RNA
Ribosomes
Bacteria (Archaea and
Eubacteria)
Larger
More Complex
Contain membrane bound
organelles
Contain Nucleus
Protists, Fungi, Plants,
Animals
Plants Cells vs Animal Cells
Plants
Cellulose Cell Wall
Large Central Vacuole
Plastids (Chloroplast,
chromoplast, leucoplasts)
Animals
Eukaryotes
(see above)
Centrioles
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Heterotrophs (consumers)
Autotrophs (producers)
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Characteristics of Life:
1. Give two examples of how structure fits function that you learned about this year.
a. Many examples accepted
b. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have folded membranes to increase surface area of electron
transport; nerve cells are long and thins to transmit signals, and so on
2. All living things must reproduce. List and describe the two main types of reproduction. Circle which
type increases genetic diversity.
a. Asexual (Budding, binary fission, regeneration) produces exact genetic copies (clones)
b. Sexual reproduction- involves mixing genes. More genetic diversity due to recombination
(crossing over, independent assortment, etc)
3. All living things have some sort of biological system.
a. What is the difference in systems between a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism?
Define generalization and specialization
Unicellular means one celled organism- Generalization means they must do all jobs
Multicellular means many cells- Specialization means these cells have specific jobs
(neuron=signals, muscle=movement, etc)
b. Give the levels of organization in a multicellular organism.
Atoms=> organic macromolecules=> cells => tissues => organs=> organ system=> organism
Nonliving
living
4. All living things maintain homeostasis. Give two examples of conditions that are maintained in
humans and describe how. Identify each as positive or negative feedback.
a. Sweating- negative feedback (you need to stop the change in temperature, hence negative)
Insulin- negative feedback (you need to stop the raise in blood sugar)
b. Blood clotting- positive feedback (you need to speed up the clotting to keep your blood, hence
positive)
Many other acceptable answers
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Unit II Biochemistry
1. Label all seven parts of following diagram of water. Show the relative charges.
a. Why are these molecules considered polar?
They are unevenly charged and form hydrogen bonds
With other polar molecules
Oxygen
Hydrob. What is unique about the dotted line?
Hydrogen
gen
Bond
It is a weak bind between two molecules
+
(ionic and covalent are strong bonds between atoms)
Hydrogen
+
c. List and describe 4 reasons this molecule is important to life.
a. Temperature Moderation- sweating cools the body; large bodies of water control nearby
climate.
b. Low Density of life: Allows for aquatic organisms to live through cold weather by insulating
water bodies from the top- life could not have evolved if ice sunk
c.
Universal Solvent- allows for all chemical reactions in the body (metabolism) to occur
d. Polarity allows for capillary action and surface tension, important for many functions
including transpiration
Macromolecules:
1. What element do all macromolecules share that make them “organic”? Why is this element so
important?
All life is based on CARBON, which is what makes macromolecules organic. Carbon can create four
bonds, which allows for many varied structures based on it.
-C-
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2. Identify each of the following macromolecules and describe important characteristics of each.
Lipid (Saturated triglyceride)
High carbon to hydrogen ratio
Protein
-
Nonpolar (even charges; see all the
hydrogens on the outside)
Functions:
Energy storage, insulation
Other lipids include
Phospholipids- membranes
-
-
Carbohydrate
Made of sugars
1C:2H:1O ratio
All monomer same (glucose,
etc.
Made of amino acids
Nitrogen group and
functional groups
All monomer different (AAs)
Polar
Polar
Functions:
Enzymes- catalyze reactions.
Importnant in most
metabolic reactions of the
body
Structures (keratin, actin and
myosin in muscles)
Hormones (insulin, glucagon)
Functions:
Primary energy molecule
Structures (cellulose)
Steroids/hormones
(cholesterol, testosterone,
estrogen)
Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA
Contains nucleotides with a
pentose sugar, phosphate
group, and nitogen base
4 types of monomers per
molecule
Polar
Functions:
Store genetic material
Assist in protein synthesis
(RNA)
Enzymes
1. The above diagram shows an enzyme at work. What is an enzyme?
Organic catalyst- speeds up a reaction at the active site by reducing activation energy needed for the
reaction
2. What would happen if the pH or temperature of the environment above were to change? Be specific
using key words.
3. The enzyme would begin to denature. The shape would change as hydrogen bonds between amino
acids break. The shape change would change the active site, not allowing the lock and key function
of the enzyme to work properly. This would slow down or halt the desired reaction.
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Unit III Cells
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
1. Identify each type of cell. Then, label and give the function of each of the organelles.
f.
a. Ribosomes- protein synthesis
Nucleolus- Ribosome production
g.
Mitochondria- convert chemical energy from
sugars into ATP
h. Endoplasmic Reticulum- intracellular transport
b.
Cell (plasma) membrane- maintains homeostasis,
controls what goes in and out of cells
c. Nucleoid region (DNA)
i.
d. Nucleus (DNA)- controls cellular activities
e. Cell wall (plants, bacteria, and fungi only)- provides
support/structure
j.
Golgi- Packaging, modifying, and shipping out
materials (Proteins, lipids)
Lysosome- breaking down molecules
k.
Flagellum- cellular movement
2. What process uses organelles D, A, H, and I in order? Which organelle is missing from this label that is
important for the process?
Protein Synthesis (Gene expression)- missing the vesicles that transport proteins from ER to Golgi and
Golgi to cell membrane
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Bioenergetics
Use the following diagram to complete this section
1.
Identify the 4 types of energy as it
flows through the system.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Light
Chemical (sugar)
Chemical (ATP)
Heat
2.
Identify the matter as it flows
through the system.
A.
B.
C.
D.
H2O or CO2
H2O or CO2
O2
C6H12O6 (Sugar)
3. Identify the organelles, label their parts and describe which energy conversions happen in each.
A. Chloroplast- Thylakoid membrane has the proteins for the light reactions, allowing sunlight to
split water and convert the energy to ATP and electrons in NADPH
Stroma is the fluid in which the Calvin cycle converts the ATP, NADPH, and CO 2 into Sugars
B. Mitochondria- Matrix is the fluid in which the Krebs cycle harvests electrons and ATP and releases
CO2 from sugars
Cristae is the folded inner membrane that contains the ETC, allowing the electrons to move leading
to the formation of ATP
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Unit IV Cell Membrane
1. The main structure of the cell (plasma) membrane is made of part A.
1. What is part A called? Phospholipid
2. Part A1 and A2 are essential to the structure. What properties allow them to make the
membrane semipermeable (selectively permeable) and how?
A1 – Phosphate head; polar and therefore hydrophilic, attracted to the water of the cytoplasm in the cell
and the extracellular fluid(ECF) outside the cell.
A2 – Lipid Tail; non-polar and therefore hydrophobic; turns in away from cytoplasm and ECF; does not
allow certain polar materials through the membrane
2. Name, then compare and contrast processes 1 and 2.
1. Simple diffusion
- does not need a protein, straight through membrane
2. Facilitated diffusion - needs a protein to get through
a. BOTH- move from high concentration to low concentration
3. Name, then compare and contrast processes 2 and 3.
1. Active transport - Uses energy to go from low concentration to high (protein pumps)
2. Facilitated diffusion
- Does not need energy to go from High to Low (Protein channels)
a. BOTH- use membrane proteins for transport
4. Choose one of these processes and describe how it helps maintain homeostasis in a cell.
Simple diffusion- how oxygen
and carbon dioxide get in and
out of cells. Keeps gasses
constant in cells and blood.
Facilitated diffusion- how ions
such as sodium and calcium
move into and out of cells
during a nerve impulse; how
sugars get into cells
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Active transport- pumping ions
out of the cell against the
gradient
Osmosis
1. Label the type of solution that each beaker has compared to the cell (dialysis tubing).
a. Beaker 1- hypotonic- water will go into the cell swelling it up
b. Beaker 2- isotonic- water will move in and out equally
c. Beaker 3- Hypertonic- water will leave the cell, shrinking it
d. Beaker 4- hypotonic
2. List and describe two situations where tonicity (osmosis) applies to help living things.
a. Turgor pressure in plants- plants are in a slightly hypotonic solution (fresh water) causing water
to move into the central vacuole. This presses against the rigid cell wall helping support the
plant.
b. Osmosis in kidneys- allows for animals to conserve water by filtering out solutes, then using
osmosis to have water diffuse back into the blood stream.
Various other examples available
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Unit V DNA
Structure
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Complimentary strand
Original Strand
1. What do both chromosomes and genes have in common?
Both made of DNA- Genes are located within chromosomes
2. Assume the above chromosome has 18 percent thymine.
a. How much adenine will it have and why?
18%, because adenine pairs with thymine
b. How much guanine? 32%
If A and T are both 18%, that’s 36%. That leaves 64% for G and C, or 32% each
3. Continue the above picture to show the DNA replicating. Include the important enzymes.
Mutations
1. Use the following strand of DNA as a template. Mutate it 3 separate times; once showing a silent point
mutation, once showing a missense (nonsense) mutation, and once showing a frameshift mutation.
Transcribe and translate each.
Orininal:
TACGGAGCATTGTCAAGC
mRNA
AUGCCUCGUAACAUUCG
Protein
Met-Pro-Arg -Asn-Ile
A. Silent mutation: (example: Your answers will vary)
TACGGCGCATTGTCAAGC
mRNA
AUGCCGCGUAACAUUCG
Protein
Met-Pro-Arg -Asn-Ile
B. Nonsense mutation(example: Your answers will vary)
TACGGAUCATTGTCAAGC
mRNA
AUGCCUAGUAACAUUCG
Protein
Met-Pro-Ser -Asn-Ile
C. Frameshift mutation(example: Your answers will vary)
TACGGAGCATTGTCAAGC
mRNA
AUGCCUC UAACAUUCG
Protein
Met-Pro-Leu -Thr-Phe
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Gene expression
1. Label the diagrams. A=mRNA, B=tRNA, C=Aminmo acids, D=protein (polypeptide), E= ribosome
Cytoplasm
Figure 1
Figure 2
2. What is the difference between the gene expression in figure 1 and figure 2? How do you know?
Figure 1 is a prokaryote because there is no nucleus and transcription and translation are happening at the same
time.
Figure 2 is a eukaryote because there is a nuclear membrane
3. Name and describe process 1 and process 2 above.
a. Process 1
Transcription- helicase splits the DNA; RNA Polymerase adds RNA bases together according to the DNA
sequence, replacing Thymine with Uracil, making mRNA
b. Process 2
Translation- Ribosomes bind to the mRNA looking for the start codon (AUG). Once found, tRNA brings in
amino acids, which are put together using dehydration synthesis to for polypeptide strands (proteins)
Genetic Engineering
1. Define each type and explain the positives and negatives:
a. Gene therapy- beneficial genes are spliced into viral DNA, then the virus is given to the person
who needs the beneficial gene. The virus inserts the gene into the person’s DNA, where is can
be expressed. Could be a cure for many genetic disorders- currently only works limitedly
b. GMOs/Gene splicing- Engineered genes are added to seeds or embryos, causing the new
organism to express the desired gene. Creates bigger plants and animals that can be resistant
to pests or herbicides. Disrupts the natural ecosystem. Ethically questionable.
c. DNA Fingerprinting- DNA strands are cut at various places, creating different lengths of DNA
that are specific to an individual. This allows for DNA identification. Helps solves crime.
Invasion of privacy concerns for innocent citizens.
d. Cloning-Identical copies of animals are creating by taking the DNA of an organisms placing it
into a fertilized egg that had had its DNA removed. Has medical and agricultural benefits. Not
perfected yet and many oppose it as “playing God”.
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Unit VI Cell Cycle
1. Explain the comic from the front page using the appropriate terminology.
a. What is lying on the couch? Single chromosome/sister chromatid
b. What was grabbed? The other sister chromatid (or homologous pair)
c. What grabbed it? Spindle fibers
d. When was it grabbed (two possible answers)? Metaphase/Anaphase of Mitosis ot Meiosis II
e. What is it called now? Single chromosome Before the “abduction”? double chromosome
2. Use the diagram on the next page to complete the following questions.
a. In the white boxes, identify what is occurring on the left and right of the diagram.
b. What is occurring in Process A? What in what part of the cell cycle does this occur?
DNA replication during Synthesis (S) of Interphase
c. What is letter b and what is occurring in Process B? Why is this important?
Letter B is a Tetrad (in synapsis). Crossing over is occurring between the homologous pairs,
therefore increasing genetic diversity.
d. What does the “2n=4” and “n=2” refer to on the diagram?
2n=4 means that the diploid number of the cell is 4. N=2 means the haploid number is 2.
Therefore, body cells would have 4 chromosomes total and sex cells would have 2
e. What is the function of meiosis? How is this different from the function of mitosis?
Meiosis makes 4 unique haploid cells from diploid cells. This is important because when the sex
cells come back together, they need to have a full set of chromosomes.
Mitosis makes 2 identical cells from one cell. This is important for growth and repair in
organisms
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