History 30: Canada & the Cold War PowerPoint
Canada & the Cold War Cloze Notes
The Cold War
During World War II the United States and Soviet Union were allied.
Following the defeat of Nazi Germany relations between the two
“_____________________” worsened.
The world was divided in to two major alliance systems. The Americans led
_____________________ (which Canada belonged to) and the Soviets led
the _____________________.
The Cold War was “cold” because it was fought using everything short of
actual direct warfare between the Soviet Union and America, e.g. spying,
arms race, proxy wars, propaganda, etc.
Berlin Airlift
Germany was divided in to four zones of
occupation following its defeat. Each of the
major members of the Allies was given a region
to administer.
_____________________, although in the
Soviet zone, was likewise divided in to four
separate zones of occupation.
The Soviets and Americans held different
opinions about what a post-World War II
Germany should look like. The Americans
wanted to establish a _____________________
which practiced capitalism; however, the
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History 30: Canada & the Cold War PowerPoint
Soviets wanted to establish a _____________________.
By _____________________, the USSR closed all rail and roadways in to
West Berlin in an effort to force Britain, American and France out of the
Soviet zone. The Allies responded by airlifting 4,000 tonnes of supplies in to
Berlin every day. Canadian pilots flew many of the sorties in to West Berlin.
The Soviets interfered with Canadian pilots, e.g. buzzing, close flying,
shooting near airplanes, releasing balloons in the
“_____________________”, blinding pilots with searchlights or shooting
anti-aircraft guns at Allied planes. The airlift ended on
_____________________ with the Soviets capitulating.
Korean War
Japan’s empire was dismantled following
World War II. Korea was divided in to
north and south. In the
_____________________, the Soviets
established a _____________________.
In the _____________________, the
Americans established a
_____________________
On June 25, 1950, the army of
_____________________ invaded the
south in an attempt to unite the country. The United Nations gave its
approval for a military intervention in Korea. Canada was one of the sixteen
member nations which fought during the Korean War. The UN army pushed
North Korea back in to its own territory. _____________________ sent
troops in to North Korea to help push Canada, etc. back.
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In April 1951, North Korean and Chinese troops threatened to over-run
American troops in the center of South Korea. Canadian and other
Commonwealth troops entered the battle in the _____________________
helping the Americans retreat to safety. The Canadians were awarded a
_____________________ for this gallant action.
The _____________________ (a ceasefire) was signed on July 27, 1953. The
war was never brought to an end with the signing of a peace treaty.
Approximately 26,000 Canadians served during the Korean War. Exactly 516
Canadians lost their lives as soldiers, pilots and members of the navy.
The Suez Crisis
The Suez Canal was constructed by
_____________________ and
_____________________in 1869. On July 26,
1956, Egyptian _____________________
decided to “nationalize” the canal.
Egypt’s action created an international crisis.
Britain and France no longer had free access to
the _____________________.
Britain, France and Israel threaten to invade
Egypt. The _____________________, Egypt’s
ally, threatened to “rain down” _____________________ on London and
Paris if they did not leave Egypt alone.
On November 5, 1956, a _____________________ army seized the Suez
Canal. The Soviets threatened nuclear war. Canada’s ambassador to the UN,
_____________________, suggested a “_____________________” force be
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created keeping Egyptians and Europeans separate while a
_____________________ was found; it was eventually decided the canal
would be overseen by an international council (including Egypt).
Pearson’s “peace keeping” solution was accepted. However, Egypt protested
the presence of Canadian troops because Canada’s flag was “too British”.
The Canadians removed the _____________________ from their uniform
and began to don a simple _____________________ (which eventually
became the basis of a new Canadian flag in _____________________).
Pearson was awarded a _____________________ and is regarded as the
father of the idea of a UN Peace Keeping Force.
Cuban Missile Crisis
In April 1961, the
United States helped
a group of Cubans
attempt to overthrow
the communist
government of
_________________.
This was called the
“________________”
invasion. The
invasion failed and
_________________,
premier of the USSR,
offered Castro nuclear
weapons to deter any
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future American attacks.
In October 1962, an American spy plane detected _________________ being
constructed in _________________. America demanded the silos be
removed immediately. The USSR threatened the United States saying it
would use nuclear weapons if the Americans invaded Cuba again. President
_____________________ decided to establish a _____________________ of
Cuba to prevent the completion of the silos.
For 13 days the world watched as the Americans and USSR appeared to be
getting closer to nuclear war.
In Canada, the army was placed on high alert. Prime Minister
_____________________ was reluctant to support Kennedy because most
Canadians did not support the aggressive anti-Cuban American policy.
As Soviet ships approached the quarantine zone Canadian forces mobilized
and announced a DefCon 3 alert. Diefenbaker’s lacklustre support reflected
the desire of preserving Canada’s _____________________ when it came to
_____________________. Consequently, Diefenbaker and Kennedy did not
like one another and Canadian-American relations suffered.
Kennedy offered to remove missiles from _____________________ if
Khruschev took the nukes from Cuba back to the USSR. Khruschev accepted
and the crisis ended.
The Vietnam War
Before World War II Vietnam was controlled by _____________________.
During the war, Japan removed the French presence entirely. In 1945, with
the defeat of Japan and the absence of France an independent country was
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declared by the leader of the _____________________ Party,
_____________________ with Hanoi as its capital.
France wanted to recapture Vietnam; but they were defeated by the
Vietnamese at the Battle of _____________________ on May 2, 1954. The
Americans were unwilling to allow Vietnam to go communist because of a
policy called the “_____________________”, e.g. if one country went
communist in East Asia then others would certainly follow. America decided
to intervene militarily in
1968.
From 1954 to 1975 Canada
served on two international
_____________________
and provided medical
supplies and technical
assistance. Canadian
diplomats were involved in
negotiations between
Washington and Hanoi.
Canada was officially an
“_______________________
___________________”. In
reality, Canada was a
supporter of the Americans.
Canada supported South
Vietnam. Canadian delegates
engaged in
_____________________ for
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the US Central Intelligence Agency and aided the covert introduction of
American arms and personnel into South Vietnam while they spotted for US
bombers over North Vietnam. Canadians also helped suppress news coming
out of Vietnam about the Americans dropping _____________________ and
other defoliants.
Canada sold the Americans 12.5 billion dollars in food and war materials.
_____________________ dropped significantly in Canada because of
America’s war spending. Also, the herbicide “Agent Orange” was tested for
in use in Vietnam in New Brunswick. The Americans practiced
_____________________ runs over _____________________, Alberta and
_____________________, SK. Ten thousand Canadians fought for America
during the war.
In 1973, it became clear America could not defeat North Vietnam (mainly
because of dropping support at home). By 1975 the capital city of South
Vietnam (Saigon) fell. The Americans withdrew in defeat.
End of the Cold War
In the mid-1970s, _____________________ was appointed as ambassador to
Canada for the Soviet Union. He and Canada’s Prime Minister,
_____________________ became close friends over the decade of the
1970s. Some historians think Trudeau and Yakovlev’s friendship influenced
Soviet policy in the late 1980s.
In the early 1980s, Yakovlev was an assistant to the future premier of the
USSR, _____________________. Yakovlev and Gorbachev eventually
introduced two very important reforms to the Soviet Union, e.g.
_____________________ and _____________________. Glasnost literally
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meant “openness” and “accountability” of the Soviet government to the
people it served.
Perestroika literally means “restructuring” and its use led to full blown
economic reforms where capitalism was introduced in to the USSR. Trudeau,
well known for his support of pluralism and the rule of law, is thought to
have helped Yakovlev develop the notions of glasnost and perestroika.
Gorbachev’s reforms contributed to the countries of Eastern Europe
becoming independent of Soviet control, the fall of the
_____________________, and the eventual _____________________ of the
Soviet Union itself in _____________________ and the end of the Cold War.
Questions
Chapter 15
1). How did NATO’s formation ensure that both Canada’s and the United
States’ foreign policy would be radically different from their policies before
World War II?
2). Describe the role Canadian peacekeepers play when they are sent to
areas of conflict?
3). Why were three lines of radar strung across Canada’s north? What were
the names of these three lines?
4). Albert Einstein once observed that one cannot simultaneously prepare for
and prevent war. What did he mean by this statement do you think? Explain
in detail.
Short Readings
The Quiet Revolution
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History 30: Canada & the Cold War PowerPoint
1). What was the Quiet Revolution?
2). We have learned about several different political philosophies so far this
semester. Which political philosophy would best describe the Union
Nationale’s efforts to maintain “outdated traditional values” despite the fact
Quebec had changed and become “outward looking”?
The October Crisis
1). What was the October Crisis?
2). Was the Canadian Government justified in declaring martial law and
suspending individual freedoms during the October Crisis? Explain.
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