Chapter 1, Section 1:
What is a Mineral?
Pages 4 to 7
1. What is a mineral? ____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What four questions are asked to in order to determine if a substance is considered to be a mineral?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
3. ______ The smallest part of an element that has all the properties of that element
a. crystal
4. ______ A substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by chemical means
b. atom
5. ______ A substance made of two or more elements that have been chemically bonded
c. element
6. ______ A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
d. compound
7. ______ A mineral that is composed of only one element
e. native element
TWO GROUPS OF MINERALS
8. Minerals are divided into two groups based on their chemical composition. What are the two groups?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
9. Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen are called ______________________.
10. Thinking Time! Based on what you have read about silicon minerals, why do you think so many minerals contain
oxygen and silicon? ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Which silicate minerals are the main component of most of Earth’s rocks? _______________________________
12. Which silicate minerals separate easily into sheets when they break? ___________________________________
13. What silicate mineral is the basic building block of many rocks? ________________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
14. ______ minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen
a. native elements
15. ______ copper, gold, and silver
b. carbonates
16. ______ minerals that contain one or more elements like lead or iron combined with sulfur
c. halides
17. ______ minerals that contain carbon and oxygen
d. oxides
18. ______ minerals that form when an element such as aluminum or iron combine with oxygen
e. sulfates
19. ______ minerals that are compounds containing fluorine, chlorine, iodine, or bromine
f.
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sulfides
Chapter 1, Section 2:
Identifying Minerals
Pages 8 to 11
COLOR
1. What factors can change the color of a mineral? ____________________________________________________
LUSTER
2. Define luster: ________________________________________________________________________________
3. List and define the three main types of mineral luster.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
STREAK
4. Define streak: _______________________________________________________________________________
5. Why is using a mineral’s streak more reliable than using color to identify a mineral?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE
6. Define cleavage: _____________________________________________________________________________
7. List the two the minerals, from figure 3, that have cleavage. Describe the difference in cleavage pattern.
a.
b.
8. Define fracture: ______________________________________________________________________________
HARDNESS
9. Define hardness: ____________________________________________________________________________
10. How do scientists use the Mohs scale to determine hardness? EXPLAIN IN DETAIL!
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
DENSITY
11. Define density: _______________________________________________________________________________
12. What substance is the usual reference point for the density of other substances? _________________________
13. The ratio of an object’s density to the density of water is called the object’s ______________________________
SPECIAL PROPERTIES
14. Calcite and fluorite special property that causes them to glow under ultraviolet light is called _______________.
15. How does calcite react when put into contact with a weak acid? _______________________________________
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Chapter 1, Section 3:
Formation, Mining, and Use Minerals Pages 12 to 17
FORMATION OF MINERALS
1. Describe the three environments in which minerals generally form?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
MINING
2. What is mining? ____________________________________________________________________________
3. Define ore: ________________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of surface mining.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of subsurface mining.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
RESPONSIBLE MINING
6. Identify two environmental problems that frequently result from mining.
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of surface mining.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe two ways to reduce the effect(s) of mining.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
USE OF MINERALS
9. Identify or describe 3 uses of metallic minerals.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10. Identify or describe 3 uses of nonmetallic minerals.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11. Identify the 4 precious gems.
_________________, _________________, _________________, _________________
12. Identify 3 semiprecious gems.
_________________, _________________, _________________
13. The mass of gemstones is frequently expressed in a unit know as a carat. 1 carat = ______ mg = ______ g
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Chapter 2, Section 1:
The Rock Cycle
Pages 28 to 35
1. Define rock. _________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the continual process by which new rocks forms from old rock called? ____________________________
3. How have human used rocks throughout history? ___________________________________________________
PROCESSSES THAT SHAPE THE EARTH
4. Define weathering. ___________________________________________________________________________
5. One reason that weathering is so important is because it breaks rock down into fragments or,
______________________________, from which sedimentary rocks are made.
6. Define erosion. _______________________________________________________________________________
7. Define deposition. ____________________________________________________________________________
8. Sedimentary rock can be made when sediment is pressed and cemented together by ______________________
dissolved in water.
9. How can buried sediment turn into sedimentary rock? _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What two different scenarios can occur if the temperature and pressure surrounding sediment are high enough?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Define uplift. ________________________________________________________________________________
ILLUSTRATING THE ROCK CYCLE
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided.
12. Magma in the Earth’s crust that has risen to the surface and cools and solidifies
a. magma
13. Rock that is forced downward and is exposed to heat and pressure
b. sediment
14. Rocks that are partially or completely melted
c. igneous rock
15. Igneous rock at the Earth’s surface that is weathered and wears away
d. sedimentary rock
16. Sediment that washes down into rivers and oceans and is pressed and cemented together e. metamorphic rock
ROUND AND ROUND IT GOES
17. Use the space below to illustrate the rock cycle. (Use a separate piece of paper in necessary.)
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18. What forces affect rock deep beneath the earth’s surface? ___________________ and _____________________
19. A rock at the earth’s surface is primarily affected by forces of __________________ and ___________________
ROCK CLASSIFICATION
20. Beyond the three basic types of rock, rocks can be based into subcategories based on what two other
characteristics. _____________________________ and _______________________________.
21. What determines the composition of a rock? ______________________________________________________.
22. Explain the difference between a chemical analysis and a physical analysis of the composition of a rock.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
23. A rock that consists mostly of the mineral quartz will have a composition very similar to ___________________.
24. What characteristics is a rock’s texture based on?
___________________________________________________________________________________________.
25. What factors can affect the texture of a sedimentary rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
26. What factors can affect the texture of an igneous rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
27. What factors can affect the texture of a metamorphic rock?
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
Chapter 2, Section 2:
Igneous Rock
Pages 36 to 39
1. How does igneous rock form? __________________________________________________________________.
2. The word igneous is derived from a Latin word that means _____________.
3. What two factors affect the type of igneous rock that can be formed?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
and ______________________________________________________________________________________.
ORGINS OF IGNEOUS ROCK
4. The material that igneous rock forms from is called _____________.
5. What are the three ways magma can form?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Name and describe the three factors affect the formation of magma. Figure 1 (explain answers to #5)
a. _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. _____________________________________________________________________________________
c. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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7. How does the composition of the magma affect the temperature at which it solidifies? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
COMPOSITION AND TEXTURE OF IGNEOUS ROCK
8. Explain how density and color relate to one another. ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is a light colored rock called? ______________________________________
10. The light colored rocks are rich in the elements ___________, ___________, __________, and ___________.
11. _________________ rocks are silica rich which means they are made mostly of silicate minerals.
12. What is a dark colored rock called? ______________________________________
13. The light colored rocks are rich in the elements ___________, ___________, and ___________.
14. _________________ rocks are silica poor which means they lower proportion of silicate minerals.
15. The longer it takes for a rock to cool and solidify, the more time ______________________ have to grow, giving
the rock a(n) __________________________ grain texture.
16. The more quickly an igneous rock cools and solidifies the _____________________________ the grain.
17. Where will igneous rock that has cooled most quickly be found? ______________________________________
IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATIONS
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
18. _____ rock that forms below the earth’s surface
a. pluton
19. _____ a large, irregular-shaped intrusive body
b. dikes
20. _____ the largest intrusive bodies
c. batholiths
21. _____ sheet like intrusions that lie parallel to previous rock units
d. intrusive igneous rock
22. _____ sheet like intrusions that cut across previous rock units
e. sills
23. Magma ______________________________, or pushes, into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface to
create such formations as batholiths and sills.
24. Intrusive igneous rock usually has a(n) ______________________________ texture.
25. Igneous rock that forms from lava, or magma that erupts onto the Earth’s surface, is called _________________
26. Lava can either erupt or flow from long cracks in the Earth’s crust called ________________________
27. When lava flows from fissures on the ocean floor at places where tension is causing the ocean floor to be pulled
apart, new ______________________________ is formed.
28. When a large amount of lava forms out of fissures onto land, the lava can cover a large area and form a plain
called a(n) ______________________________________.
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Chapter 2, Section 3:
Sedimentary Rock
Pages 40 to 43
1. Explain how the rock sandstone is created.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
ORGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
2. Define sediment AND explain how it is formed. ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. When sediment is deposited in layers and compacted, dissolved minerals can separate from water and become
a natural _____________________ that binds the sediment together, forming _____________________ rock.
4. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth’s _________________________.
5. Define strata: _______________________________________________________________________________
COMPOSITION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
6. Rock or mineral fragments are called _________________________________
7. Sedimentary rock that forms when rock or mineral fragments are cemented together is called
_______________________ sedimentary rock.
8. Sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize out of solution, such as sea water, to become rock is
called _______________________ sedimentary rock.
9. Sedimentary rock that forms from the remains, or fossils, of plant and animals is called
_______________________________ sedimentary rock.
10. Some limestone is made from the skeletons of tiny _______________ called _________________.
11. Limestone made from the calcium carbonate from skeletons and shells of sea creatures is called
__________________________ limestone.
12. Explain how coal is formed. _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRUCTURES
13. What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? _________________________________
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Chapter 2, Section 4:
Metamorphic Rock
Pages 44 to 49
1. What is the Greek meaning of “metamorphism”? _____________________________________________
2. What characterizes a metamorphic rock? Meaning what is true of all metamorphic rocks?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What forces are involved in creating metamorphic rocks? ____________________________________________
ORGINS OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
4. The heat and pressure at which some metamorphic rocks originally form allow them to sometimes remain
_____________________________ at pressures and temperatures that would melt other rock.
5. Pressure caused by large movements within the crust sometimes cause the ______________________________
in metamorphic rocks to align themselves in parallel bands.
6. During __________________________________, rock is heated by nearby magma.
7. The effect of heat on rock decreases as the rock’s _________________________________ from the magma
increases and its ____________________________ decreases.
8. When pressure builds up in rock which is located under other rock formations, _________ ___________ occurs.
9. Regional metamorphism occurs deep in the Earth’s ______________________________.
COMPOSITION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
10. What happens to unstable minerals when exposed to new temperatures and pressure? ____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are index minerals and what can they be used for? _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Give an example of three index minerals. _________________________________________________________
TEXTURES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
13. What are the two different types of textures for metamorphic rocks? _______________ and ________________
14. What is the process called, in which a mineral changes composition during metamorphism? _________________
15. After sandstone has recrystallized, what new rock is formed? __________________________________
16. After limestone has recrystallized, what new rock is formed? __________________________________
Match the correct definition with the correct term. Write the letter in the space provided
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
A rock in which coarse-grained minerals separate into distinct bands ___
A foliated metamorphic rock made from shale ___
A metamorphic rock with minerals grains in planes or bands ___
A metamorphic rock made from phylite that has been exposed to heat and pressure ___
A sedimentary rock made of layers of clay ___
A metamorphic rock made from slate that has been subjected to heat and pressure ___
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
foliated
shale
slate
phyllite
schist
gneiss
METAMORPHIC ROCK STRCTURES
23. What is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it called? ____________________________
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