National Greenhouse
and Energy Reporting
Scheme
Energy production and consumption
Contents
Contents ............................................................................................................................... 2
Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ 3
Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4
What is energy production and consumption? ...................................................................... 4
Reporting energy production and consumption .................................................................... 5
Energy commodities that need not be reported ................................................................ 5
Energy commodities with special requirements ................................................................ 5
Reporting other energy commodities and fuels ................................................................. 6
Reporting electricity production and consumption ................................................................ 6
Estimating electricity production ........................................................................................ 7
Estimating electricity consumption .................................................................................... 8
Cogeneration ........................................................................................................................ 9
Reporting fuel production and consumption ......................................................................... 9
Estimating fuel production ................................................................................................. 9
Estimating fuel consumption ........................................................................................... 10
Estimating energy consumption from venting and flaring activities ..................................... 11
How should energy consumption by venting and flaring activities be measured? ........... 11
Publication of energy production and consumption information .......................................... 12
Net energy consumption ................................................................................................. 13
Primary and secondary energy commodities .................................................................. 13
Further information ............................................................................................................. 14
Attachment A: Schedule 1 to the NGER Regulations ......................................................... 15
Solid fossil fuels and coal based products ...................................................................... 15
Fuels derived from recycled materials............................................................................. 15
Primary solid biomass fuels ............................................................................................ 16
Gaseous fossil fuels ........................................................................................................ 16
Biogas captured for combustion ...................................................................................... 17
Petroleum based oils and petroleum based greases ...................................................... 17
Other Petroleum based products .................................................................................... 17
Biofuels ........................................................................................................................... 19
Petrochemical feedstock ................................................................................................. 19
Energy commodities........................................................................................................ 19
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Abbreviations
Term
Meaning
GJ
gigajoules
NGER
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting
NGER Act
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Clth)
NGER Determination
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (Measurement)
Determination 2008 (Clth)
NGER Regulations
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Regulations 2008 (Clth)
Scope 1 emissions
Means the release of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere as a direct
result of an activity or series of activities (including ancillary activities)
that constitute the facility.
Scope 2 emissions
Means the release of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere as a direct
result of one or more activities that generate electricity, heating, cooling
or steam that is consumed by the facility but that do not form part of the
facility.
t CO2-e
Tonnes carbon dioxide equivalence
Disclaimer
This guideline should be read in conjunction with the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting
Act 2007, the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Regulations 2008 and the National
Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (Measurement) Determination 2008 (current versions can be
found on the Comlaw website). Changes to the legislation may affect the information in this
guideline. This guideline is not intended to comprehensively deal with its subject area or to provide
legal advice. Entities are responsible for determining their obligations under the law and for
applying the law to their individual circumstances. Entities should seek independent professional
advice if they have any concerns.
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Introduction
Reporting of energy production and consumption data is required under the National Greenhouse
and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (NGER Act). This guideline provides information to assist registered
entities to define and report their energy production and consumption data.
A corporation registered under section 17 of the NGER Act must submit annual reports to the Clean
Energy Regulator. Such corporations must report scope 1 and scope 2 emissions, energy production
and energy consumption data. Entities reporting under section 22E, section 22G and section 22X of
the NGER Act must also report scope 1 and scope 2 emissions, energy production and energy
consumption data.
This information must be provided so that data on energy flows and transformations occurring
throughout the economy can be captured. This includes the initial extraction and own-use of
energy, and the transformation of energy occurring within and between facilities.
When reporting energy production and consumption data, only those fuels and energy
commodities for which there are applicable methods in the National Greenhouse and Energy
Reporting (Measurement) Determination 2008 (NGER Determination) and that are listed in
Schedule 1 of the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Regulations 2008 (NGER Regulations)
should be reported.
Under section 24 of the NGER Act, the Clean Energy Regulator is required to publish the annual
total scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions and the net energy consumption of a registered
corporation’s group, provided the group’s facilities emitted at least 50,000 tonnes carbon dioxide
equivalence (t CO2-e) in the relevant year.
What is energy production and consumption?
A number of relevant definitions from the NGER legislation are summarised below:

Fuel means a substance mentioned at items 1–57 mentioned in Schedule 1 to the NGER
Regulations (duplicated in Attachment A to this guideline).

Energy includes the fuels and other energy commodities’
listed in Schedule 1 to the NGER Regulations (duplicated in Attachment A to this guideline).

Production of energy means the:
» extraction or capture of energy from natural sources for final consumption by or from the
operation of the facility, or for use other than in the operation of the facility, or
» manufacture of energy by the conversion of energy from one form to another form for final
consumption by or from the operation of the facility, or for use other than in the operation
of the facility.
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
Consumption of energy, in relation to a facility, means the use or disposal of energy from the
operation of the facility, including:
» own-use, and
» losses in extraction, production and transmission.
Reporters should be aware that the NGER legislation definitions of 'energy', 'energy production'
and 'energy consumption' may differ from the common uses of these terms. Under the NGER
legislation, the production and consumption of energy are treated as the production and
consumption of economic commodities (i.e. the fuels and energy commodities listed in Attachment
A to this guideline). This differs from other concepts of energy. For example, the heat ‘produced’
from burning coal may be more commonly thought of as energy, rather than the coal itself.
Reporting energy production and consumption
The requirement to report energy production and consumption data is detailed in Chapter 6 of the
NGER Determination. However, the requirements applicable to different fuel types and energy
commodities listed in Attachment A to this guideline vary, and are broadly detailed as follows:
Energy commodities that need not be reported
It is not necessary to report the production or consumption of the energy commodities below
because the NGER legislation does not provide the necessary methodology:

sulphur

uranium

hydrogen, or

energy commodities in the form of steam, compressed air or waste gas.
Energy commodities with special requirements
For some energy commodities, it is not necessary to report energy production, and it is only
necessary to report energy consumption in special circumstances. This applies for the following
energy commodities:

solar energy for electricity generation

wind energy for electricity generation

water energy for electricity generation, or

geothermal energy for electricity generation.
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For these four energy commodities, consumption must only be reported where they are used to
produce electricity. In this circumstance, the energy content of the consumed energy is taken to be
equal to the energy content of the electricity produced. That is, it is assumed that there is a 100%
conversion from the energy consumed to make electricity to the electricity produced. This is
detailed in the following example.
Example 1
A wind farm generates 100,000 GJ of electricity. Since this electricity is generated from the energy
commodity ‘wind energy for electricity generation’, it is assumed that this production of energy
consumes a corresponding 100,000 GJ of wind energy for electricity generation. However, the
production of wind energy for electricity generation does not need to be reported.
Reporting other energy commodities and fuels
The final energy commodity that must be reported is electricity. Electricity use must be reported
whether it is consumed or produced, provided certain thresholds are met. This is detailed in the
following section.
It is also necessary to report the use of fuels, whether they are combusted, or consumed without
combustion. As with electricity, it is only necessary to report the use of these fuels where certain
relevant thresholds have been met. This is also detailed in this document.
Reporting electricity production and consumption
It is only necessary to report electricity produced and consumed where that use meets or exceeds
the thresholds outlined in Table 1. Electricity production and consumption that falls below these
thresholds does not need to be reported (see regulations 4.19 and 4.20 of the NGER Regulations
and section 2.68 of the NGER Determination).
Table 1: Thresholds for reporting electricity production and consumption
Electricity production thresholds
Electricity consumption thresholds
0.5 or more megawatts capacity per 0.5 megawatts or more capacity per generation unit; and
generation unit; and
Generates more than 100,000
kilowatt hours of electricity per
generating unit per reporting
period.
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Generates more than 100,000 kilowatt hours of
electricity per generating unit in the reporting period.
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-
For all other electricity consumption, electricity
consumption at a facility of at least 20,000 kilowatt hours
in the reporting period.
Estimating electricity production
Where electricity production is reported, it is necessary to also identify whether the electricity was
produced from one of the following sources (regulation 4.20, NGER Regulations):

thermal generation

geothermal energy for electricity generation

solar energy for electricity generation

wind energy for electricity generation

water energy for electricity generation, or

biogas generation.
The report must also detail the electricity that was produced for the following purposes:

for use for the purposes of the facility

for use outside the operation of the facility other than for supply to an electricity transmission
or distribution network, and

for use outside the operation of the facility for supply to an electricity transmission or
distribution network.
Estimates of electricity production for these purposes must be made in accordance with the
procedure outlined in the table below (see section 6.2, NGER Determination).
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Table 1: Estimating electricity production
Electricity
produced:
For use in the operation
of the facility
For use outside the facility
other than for supply to
an electricity transmission
network
For supply to an
electricity transmission
or distribution network
Is equal to:
The electricity produced
by the electricity
generating unit as
measured at the unit‘s
terminals.
The electricity supplied to
a transmission or
distribution network
measured at the network
connection point* plus
The electricity supplied
to a transmission or
distribution network
measured at the network
connection point*.
The amount of electricity
supplied for use outside
the operation of the
facility that is not supplied
to the network.
Minus:
The electricity supplied to
a transmission or
distribution network
measured at the network
connection point*.
-
Nil.
Minus:
The amount of electricity
supplied for use outside
the operation of the
facility that is not supplied
to the network.
-
Nil.
*Measured Chapter 7 of the National Electricity Rules set out in the National Electricity (South
according
Australia) Act 1996, or
to either:
Metering requirements applicable to the region in which the facility is located.
Estimating electricity consumption
Estimates of electricity consumption must be evidenced by (section 6.5, NGER Determination):

invoices, contractual arrangements or industry metering records
If such evidence is not available, electricity consumption estimates may be evidenced by:
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
records of estimates made in accordance with industry practice
Cogeneration
The NGER Regulations define cogeneration as: ‘a process that combines the generation of heat and
power to produce electricity and another product within one integrated production process’. There
are specific requirements outlined in the NGER Regulations and the NGER Determination pertaining
directly to cogeneration (Regulation 4.23, NGER Regulations and section 2.70, NGER
Determination).
Reporting fuel production and consumption
It is necessary to report the amount of fuel produced and consumed where the following
thresholds are met or exceeded. Please note that all fuel production must be reported. There is no
minimum threshold for reporting fuel production (regulation 4.19, NGER Regulations and sections
2.2, 2.18, 2.39 and 2.68, NGER Determination).
Table 2: Thresholds for fuel production and consumption
Fuel Type
Fuel produced
Fuel consumed by combustion
Fuel consumed
without combustion
Solid fuel
No threshold
1 tonne
20 tonnes
Liquid fuel
No threshold
1 kilolitre; or
15 kilolitres
5 kilolitres for petroleum based oils
(other than petroleum based oil use as
fuel) and petroleum based greases
Gaseous
fuel
No threshold
1 000 cubic metres
13 000 cubic metres
Estimating fuel production
In accordance with section 6.2 and section 6.3 of the NGER Determination, energy from fuel
produced should be estimated with reference to the equation below:
𝒁𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊 × 𝑬𝑪𝒊
where:𝒁𝒊 = is the energy content of fuel type (i) produced during the year and measured in GJ.
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𝑸𝒊 = is the quantity of fuel type (i) produced during the year, and must be measured for the three
different fuel types as follows:

if the energy is a solid1 or gaseous fuel—in accordance with industry practice, or

if the energy is a liquid fuel—by either of the following:
» using bulk filling meters corrected to 15° Celsius
» by the physical measurement of the fuel corrected to its notional volumetric equivalent at a
temperature of 15° Celsius.
𝑬𝑪𝒊 = is the energy content factor of fuel type (i) measured as energy content according to the fuel type.
Estimating fuel consumption
In accordance with section 6.5 of the NGER Determination, energy (i.e. energy content) from fuel
consumed should be estimated with reference to the equation below.
𝒁𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊 × 𝑬𝑪𝒊
∴
𝒁𝒊 = is the energy content of fuel type (i) consumed during the year and measured in GJ.
𝑸𝒊 = is the quantity of fuel type (i) consumed during the year, and must be measured for the three different
fuel types as follows:

for a solid fuel: Part 2.2 of the NGER Determination,

for a gaseous fuel: Part 2.3 of the NGER Determination, and

for a liquid fuel: Part 2.4 of the NGER Determination.
𝑬𝑪𝒊 = is the energy content factor of fuel type (i) and must be measured for the three different fuel types as
follows:

for a solid fuel, in GJ/tonne: as mentioned in Part 1 of Schedule 1 of the NGER Determination;
or as estimated by analysis of the fuel in accordance with the standard indicated for that energy
content factor in Schedule 2 of the NGER Determination or an equivalent standard

for a gaseous fuel, in GJ/m3: as mentioned in Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the NGER Determination or
estimated by analysis under Subdivision 2.3.3.2 of the NGER Determination

for gaseous fuels measured in GJ – equal to 1, or

for a liquid fuel, in GJ/kilolitre: as mentioned in Part 3 of Schedule 1 for stationary energy
purposes; or as mentioned in Division 4.1 or Part 3 of Schedule 1 of the NGER Determination for
transport energy purposes; or (iii) estimated by analysis under Subdivision 2.4.3.2.
1
If the fuel is coal, its quantity must be estimated in the form of saleable coal on a washed basis.
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Estimating energy consumption from venting and
flaring activities
It is necessary to report the energy content of those fuels that are disposed of through flaring and
through venting since disposal of energy is considered to be consumption of energy. However, the
energy associated with the venting or flaring of the following fuel types does not need not
reported. Consumption of the following fuel types is only required to be reported when the fuel
types are combusted to produce useable heat or electricity or are injected into a pipeline
(regulation 1.03 and Schedule 1, NGER Regulations):

coal seam methane

coal mine waste gas

landfill biogas

sludge biogas, and

other biogas.
How should energy consumption by venting and flaring activities be
measured?
The quantity and energy content of gases and liquids vented or flared should be measured in the
same way that other consumptions of fuel are estimated (i.e. refer to Estimating Fuel
Consumption).
The approach to measuring the quantity of fuel vented or flared must be consistent with the
requirements for measuring gaseous fuels in outlined in Division 2.3.6 of the NGER Determination
and the general principles of emissions reporting detailed in section 1.13 of the NGER
Determination. Where sampling equipment does not meet the requirements for direct
measurement of the quantity of gas, reporting corporations should use industry practice as
described in section 2.38 of the NGER Determination.
Estimates of gas density must always be taken at standard temperature and pressure conditions
which are specified in subsection 2.32 (7) of the NGER Determination and are as follows:

pressure of 101.325 kilopascals

temperature of 15.0 degrees celsius, and

density of 1.225 kilograms per cubic metre.
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Example 2—Flaring of unprocessed natural gas
In 2013-2014, a facility flared 1,000,000 m3 of unprocessed natural gas measured at standard
conditions in accordance with Part 2.3 of the NGER Determination. As this use of gas constitutes
consumption, it is necessary to report the associated energy consumption (Zi) in accordance with
the formula set out in section 6.5 of the NGER Determination.
𝒁𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊 × 𝑬𝑪𝒊
∴
𝒁𝒊 = is the energy content of fuel type (i) consumed and measured in gigajoules.
𝑸𝒊 = is the quantity of fuel type (i) consumed during the year which in this case is equal to
1,000,000 m3.
𝑬𝑪𝒊 = is the energy content factor of fuel type (i), which in this case is equal to 39.3 × 10-3 GJ/m3 as
listed in Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the NGER Determination.
Consequently, the energy consumption associated with flaring at the facility is calculated as
follows:
𝒁𝒊 = 𝑸𝒊 × 𝑬𝑪𝒊 = 1,000,000𝑚3 × 39.3 × 10−3 𝐺𝐽/𝑚3 = 39,300 𝐺𝐽.
Publication of energy production and consumption
information
Under section 24 of the NGER Act, the Clean Energy Regulator is required to publish the National
Greenhouse and Energy register which details information on the scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse
gas emissions and the net energy consumption of reporters that meet the publication threshold
(section 24(1) NGER Act).
In addition, from the 2012-13 reporting year, the Clean Energy Regulator is required to publish total
and disaggregated greenhouse gas emissions and energy production data from designated
generation facilities, where that data has been made available. This is a legislative requirement
under the NGER Act, and applies to all facilities where the principal activity is electricity generation.
The information is published on the Clean Energy Regulator’s website2 on 28 February following the
end of the previous reporting year.
In certain circumstances, the Clean Energy Regulator can accept a request under section 25 for
information not to be published.
The Clean Energy Regulator may also publish:
2
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
the totals of scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse gas emissions and the net energy consumption for
each member of a corporation's group or each business unit of a corporation's group, and

the methods used to measure greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and production
for a corporation's group.
Net energy consumption
From the 2012-13 reporting year, only the net energy consumption figure for reporters that have
met the publication threshold for that financial year will be published. Energy consumption, other
than net energy consumption, is not published. This figure is automatically calculated from other
information submitted by the reporter: it is a calculation based on the distinction between primary
and secondary energy commodities.
NGER Regulation 5.03 specifies that net energy consumption is determined at the facility level. Net
energy consumption at each facility is then summed to determine the net energy consumption.
The equation for net energy consumption at the facility level is:
Net energy consumption (GJ) = total energy consumption (GJ) – energy content of secondary fuels
and energy commodities produced (GJ).
In this formula:

net energy consumption is measured in gigajoules (GJ)

total energy consumption (GJ) is the total amount of energy consumed by a facility, and

secondary fuels production (GJ) is the total amount of secondary energy produced by a facility.
Primary and secondary energy commodities
For reporting purposes, fuels must be categorised as either primary or secondary. The definitions of
primary fuel and secondary fuel are as follows:

Primary fuel or energy commodity means a fuel or energy commodity extracted or captured
from natural sources with minimal processing, and includes the fuels and energy commodities
listed in Schedule 1 to the NGER Regulations as being primary fuels or energy commodities.

Secondary fuel or energy commodity means a fuel or energy commodity produced by
converting energy from one form (usually a primary fuel or energy commodity) to another form
for consumption, and includes the fuels and energy commodities mentioned in Schedule 1 to
the NGER Regulations as being secondary fuels or energy commodities.
Schedule 1 to the NGER Regulations (repeated in Attachment A of this guideline) denotes whether
each fuel or energy commodity is primary or secondary. However, some fuels or commodities are
listed as 'nomination required'. These require the reporter to determine and nominate whether
they are primary or secondary fuels or commodities at the facility. Examples of commodities where
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reporter nomination is required are ethane (Item 22) and liquefied aromatic hydrocarbons (Item
42).
Further information
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Phone: 1300 553 542 within Australia
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Attachment A: Schedule 1 to the NGER Regulations
Solid fossil fuels and coal based products
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
1
Bituminous coal
Primary
1A
Sub-bituminous coal
Primary
1B
Anthracite
Primary
2
Brown coal
Primary
3
Coking coal
Primary
4
Coal briquettes
Secondary
5
Coal coke
Secondary
6
Coal tar
Secondary
7
Solid fossil fuels other than those mentioned in Items 1 to
5
Nomination required
Fuels derived from recycled materials
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
8
Industrial materials and tyres that are derived from fossil
fuels, if recycled and combusted to produce heat or
electricity
Primary
9
Non-biomass municipal materials, if recycled and
combusted to produce heat or electricity
Primary
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Primary solid biomass fuels
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
10
Dry wood
Primary
11
Green and air dried wood
Primary
12
Sulphite lyes
Primary
13
Bagasse
Primary
14
Biomass municipal and industrial materials, if recycled and Primary
combusted to produce heat or electricity
15
Charcoal
Secondary
16
Primary solid biomass fuels other than those mentioned
in Items 10 to 15
Primary
Gaseous fossil fuels
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
17
Natural gas distributed in a pipeline
Secondary
18
Coal seam methane that is captured for combustion
Primary
19
Coal mine waste gas that is captured for combustion
Primary
20
Compressed natural gas
Secondary
21
Unprocessed natural gas
Primary
22
Ethane
Nomination required
23
Coke oven gas
Secondary
24
Blast furnace gas
Secondary
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Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
25
Town gas
Secondary
26
Liquefied natural gas
Secondary
27
Gaseous fossil fuels other than those mentioned in Items
17 to 26
Nomination required
Biogas captured for combustion
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
28
Landfill biogas that is captured for combustion
Primary
29
Sludge biogas that is captured for combustion
Primary
30
A biogas that is captured for combustion, other than those Primary
mentioned in Items 28 to 29
Petroleum based oils and petroleum based greases
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
31
Petroleum based oils (other than petroleum based oils
used as fuel)
Secondary
32
Petroleum based greases
Secondary
Other Petroleum based products
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
33
Crude oil including crude oil condensates
Primary
34
Other natural gas liquids
Primary
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Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
35
Gasoline (other than for use as fuel in an aircraft)
Secondary
36
Gasoline for use as fuel in an aircraft
Secondary
37
Kerosene (other than for use as fuel in an aircraft)
Secondary
38
Kerosene for use as fuel in an aircraft
Secondary
39
Heating oil
Secondary
40
Diesel oil
Secondary
41
Fuel oil
Secondary
42
Liquefied aromatic hydrocarbons
Nomination required
43
Solvents if mineral turpentine or white spirits
Secondary
44
Liquefied petroleum gas
Nomination required
45
Naphtha
Secondary
46
Petroleum coke
Secondary
47
Refinery gases and liquids
Secondary
48
Refinery coke
Secondary
49
Bitumen (including bitumen production), other than
consumption for non-combustion purposes
Secondary
50
Waxes
Secondary
51
Petroleum based products other than:
Nomination required

petroleum based oils and petroleum based greases
mentioned in Items 31 to 32, and

petroleum based products mentioned in Items 33 to
50
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Biofuels
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
52
Biodiesel
Primary
53
Ethanol for use as a fuel in an internal combustion engine
Primary
54
Biofuels other than those mentioned in Items 52 to 53
Primary
Petrochemical feedstock
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel or
energy commodity
55
Carbon black if used as a petrochemical feedstock
Secondary
56
Ethylene if used as a petrochemical feedstock
Secondary
57
Petrochemical feedstock other than those mentioned in
Items 55 to 56
Secondary
Energy commodities
Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel
58
Sulphur
Nomination required
59
Solar energy for electricity generation
Primary
60
Wind energy for electricity generation
Primary
61
Water energy for electricity generation
Primary
62
Geothermal energy for electricity generation
Primary
63
Uranium
Primary
64
Hydrogen
Nomination required
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Item
Fuels and other energy commodities
Primary or secondary fuel
65
Electricity
Secondary
66
Energy commodities (other than those mentioned in
Items 58 to 65) in the form of steam, compressed air or
waste gas:
Nomination required

acquired by any means from outside the facility
boundary (regardless of whether any payment or
exchange has been made) either to produce heat or
for another purpose, or

produced at the facility and transferred to another
facility
GPO Box 621 Canberra ACT 2601
1300 553 542
enquiries@cleanenergyregulator.gov.au
www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au
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