COMPENDIUM OF FOOD SECURITY ISSUES
DISCUSSED WITHIN G20 FORUM
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................................................................3
POLICY DECISIONS .........................................................................................................................................4
POLICY DECISIONS .........................................................................................................................................4
London, 2009.............................................................................................................................................4
Pittsburg, 2009 ..........................................................................................................................................5
Toronto, 2010............................................................................................................................................6
Seoul, 2010 ................................................................................................................................................7
Cannes, 2011 .............................................................................................................................................8
Los Cabos, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................10
COMMITMENTS by G20 MEMBERS ............................................................................................................12
Toronto, 2010..........................................................................................................................................12
Seoul, 2010 ..............................................................................................................................................12
Cannes, 2011 ...........................................................................................................................................13
Los Cabos, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................13
INITIATIVES ..................................................................................................................................................14
London, 2009...........................................................................................................................................14
Pittsburg, 2009 ........................................................................................................................................15
Seoul, 2010 ..............................................................................................................................................20
Cannes, 2011 ...........................................................................................................................................21
Los Cabos, 2012 .......................................................................................................................................26
1
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFSI – L’Aquila Food Security Initiative
AMC - Advanced Market Commitment
AMIS - Agricultural Market Information System
CAADP - Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program
CARD - Coalition for African Rice Development
CGIAR - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
DMC - Developing Member Country
ECOWAS - Economic Community of Western African States
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FY – Fiscal Year
GAFSP - Global Agriculture and Food Security Program
GCARD - Global Conference on Agricultural Research for Development
GEOGLAM - Global Agricultural Geo-Monitoring Initiative
GFRP - Global Food Crisis Response Program
GRiSP - Global Rice Science Partnership
IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA - International Development Association
IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC – International Finance Corporation
IOSCO - International Organization of Securities Commissions
IRIWI - International Research Initiative for Wheat Improvement
IRRI - International Rice Research Institute
LDCs - Least Developed Countries
LICs – Low-income countries
MACS - Meeting of Agriculture Chief Scientists
MDB - Multilateral Development Banks
MICs – Middle-income countries
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
PRAI - Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment
RSR - Rapid Social Response Program
SUN - Scaling Up Nutrition movement
TAP - Tropical Agriculture Platform
UN – United Nations
VFF - Vulnerability Financial Facility
WFP - World Food Program
2
BACKGROUND
In June 2008, in response to the food crisis, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the idea of a
"Global Partnership for Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition". This Partnership is based on
three objectives:

Governance, to ensure the coherence of policies impacting food security;

Knowledge, to mobilize expertise and research on behalf of food security;

Finance, to reverse the downward trend in financing for food security.
President Sarkozy's initiative placed food security at the top of the international agenda. Other
countries have joined this initiative at the G8 Summit held in L'Aquila (July 2009), the G20
Summit held in Pittsburgh (September 2009), and the Rome World Summit on Food security
(November 2009). The G8 and the other countries of the L'Aquila Food Security Initiative
committed to raise over $20 billion for food security.
The current material was prepared based on the official documents presented at the G20 Leaders
Summits starting from London, 2009 to Los Cabos, 2012. It summarizes forum member’s policy
decisions, commitments and initiatives on food security issues. It also includes description of the
most G20 initiatives related to food security.
Compendium may be of interest to experts working on development and food security issues.
3
POLICY DECISIONS
London, 2009
Ensuring a fair and sustainable recovery for all

In the London Declaration G20 Leaders agreed to make available resources for social
protection for the poorest countries, including through investing in long-term food
security and through voluntary bilateral contributions to the World Bank’s
Vulnerability Framework, including the Infrastructure Crisis Facility, and the Rapid
Social Response Fund.

Leaders called on the UN, working with other global institutions, to establish an effective
mechanism to monitor the impact of the crisis on the poorest and most vulnerable.
The World Bank Group’s Response to Global Crises
Vulnerability Financial Facility (VFF)
The VFF is a mechanism to support the poor and vulnerable in LICs and MICs (IDA and IBRD
eligible). The VFF channels funds through the Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP)
and the new Rapid Social Response Program (RSR). The VFF programs are targeted towards
two key areas of vulnerability to crisis: i) agriculture, which is the main livelihood for over 75%
of the world’s poor; ii) employment, safety nets and protection of basic social services. VFF
operations are designed to be delivered faster than standard IDA and IBRD programs, with rapid
project preparation, processing and disbursement characteristics. For example, in FY 08/09,
GFRP loans were processed on average in under two months, and to-date disbursement rates
have been very high. Furthermore, both the GFRP and RSR emphasize co-financing, adding
donor funds to IDA or IBRD resources.
Global Food Crisis Response Program (GFRP)
The GFRP was launched in May 2008 to provide immediate relief to countries hard hit by high
food prices. In April 2009, the GFRP was increased from $1.2 US billion (of which $200 US
million was grants) to $2 US billion. In addition to this, $200 US million has been provided
through Trust Funds.
The objectives of the fund are to i) decrease the negative impact of the high and volatile food
prices on the poor; ii) support governments in the design of sustainable policies that mitigate the
adverse impacts of the food prices; iii) support broad-based growth in productivity and market
participation in agriculture.
By June 2009, the GFRP had disbursed $757.6 US million out of $1,151 US million in 33
countries, with an additional $49.4 US million earmarked for programs in 9 countries. The
following LICs have received funds from the GFRP: Afghanistan ($8 US million), Bangladesh
($130 US million), Benin ($9 US million), Burundi ($10 US million), Central African Republic
($7 US million), Ethiopia ($275 US million), Guinea ($10 US million), Guinea-Bissau ($5 US
million), Haiti ($10 US million), Kenya ($50 US million; $5 US million), Kyrgyz Republic ($10
US million), Laos ($3 US million), Liberia ($10 US million), Madagascar ($10 US million; $12
US million), Mali ($5 US million), Mozambique ($20 US million), Nepal ($36 US million),
Niger ($7 US million), Rwanda ($10 US million), Senegal ($10 US million), Sierra Leone ($7
US million), Somalia ($7 US million), Tanzania ($220 US million), Tajikistan ($9 US million),
Togo ($7 US million), Yemen ($10 US million).
4
Pittsburg, 2009
In the Pittsburg Statement Leaders agreed:
 To reform the global architecture to meet the needs of the 21st century.
 World Bank was determined to play a leading role in global respond to climate change
and food security problems and agreed that the World Bank and the regional development banks
should have sufficient resources to address these challenges.
 To take new steps to increase access to food, fuel and finance among the world’s
poorest while clamping down on illicit outflows. Steps to reduce the development gap can be a
potent driver of global growth.
 World Bank was called to develop a new Trust Fund to support the new Food Security
Initiative for low-income countries announced last summer.
Reforming the Mission, Mandate and Governance of Development banks
 The World Bank, working with the regional development banks and other international
organizations, should strengthen its focus on food security through enhancements in
agricultural productivity and access to technology, and improving access to food, in close
cooperation with relevant specialized agencies.
Strengthening Support for the Most Vulnerable
 In the Pittsburg Leader’s Statement noted the adverse impact of the global crisis on LICs
capacity to protect critical core spending in areas such as health, education, safety nets,
and infrastructure. The UN's new Global Impact Vulnerability Alert System should
help the G20 efforts to monitor the impact of the crisis on the most vulnerable.
 G20 Leaders pledged cooperation to improve access to food, fuel and finance for the
poor.
 Sustained funding and targeted investments are urgently needed to improve long-term
food security. G20 Leaders welcomed and supported the food security initiative
announced in L’Aquila and efforts to further implement the Global Partnership for
Agriculture and Food Security and to address excessive price volatility.
 Leaders called on the World Bank to work with interested donors and organizations to
develop a multilateral Trust Fund to scale-up agricultural assistance to low-income
countries. This will help support innovative bilateral and multilateral efforts to improve
global nutrition and build sustainable agricultural systems, including programs like those
developed through the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Program
(CAADP). It should be designed to ensure country ownership and rapid disbursement of
funds, fully respecting the aid effectiveness principles agreed in Accra, and facilitate the
participation of private foundations, businesses, and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) in this historic effort.
 Leaders called the World Bank, the African Development Bank, UN, Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD), World Food Program (WFP) and other stakeholders to coordinate their efforts,
including through country-led mechanisms, in order to complement and reinforce other
existing multilateral and bilateral efforts to tackle food insecurity.
5
Toronto, 2010
International Financial Institutions and Development
MDB Financing
 Announced that the lending capacity of the multilateral development banks (MDBs)
had been doubled through $350 billion in general capital increases, which will bolster
capacity of the international financial institutions to help those most vulnerable. This new
capital is joined to ongoing and important reforms to make these institutions more
transparent, accountable and effective, and to strengthen their focus on lifting the lives of
the poor, underwriting growth, and addressing climate change and food security.
 Leaders welcomed the launch of the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program
(GAFSP) in fulfillment of Pittsburgh commitment on food security, an important step to
further implement the Global Partnership for Agriculture and Food Security, and invited
further contributions.
 They also called for the full implementation of the L’Aquila Initiative and the application
of its principles.
MDB Reforms
 They have also fulfilled commitment to ensure that these capital increases are joined to
ongoing and important institutional reforms to make the MDBs more effective, efficient
and accountable. Including:
 Recommitting to their core development mandates and taking up a greater role in
the provision of global solutions to transnational problems, such as climate
change and food security.
Further Supporting the Needs of the Most Vulnerable
 Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) will provide
predictable financing for low income countries to improve agricultural
productivity, raise rural incomes, and build sustainable agricultural systems.
 G20 Leaders were particularly pleased that the fund has approved inaugural
grants totaling $224 million for Bangladesh, Rwanda, Haiti, Togo, and Sierra
Leone.
 They also supported the development of the private sector window of the
GAFSP, which will increase private sector investments to support small and
medium sized agri-businesses and farmers in poor countries. They welcomed the
support already received, and encourage additional donor contributions to both
the public and private sector windows of the GAFSP.
 Leaders committed to exploring the potential of innovative, results-based
mechanisms such as advance market commitments to harness the creativity and
resources of the private sector in achieving breakthrough innovations in food
security and agriculture development in poor countries. It was agreed to report on
progress at the Seoul Summit.
6
Seoul, 2010

To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, Leaders agreed
to prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus1 on addressing critical bottlenecks,
including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and exclusion from financial
services.
Multi-Year Action Plan
The following sets out concrete actions and outcomes to be delivered and developed by G20 over
the medium term. Dates in parentheses denote deadlines to be met.
“Key pillars”: infrastructure, private investment and job creation, human resource development,
trade, financial inclusion, growth with resilience, food security, domestic resource mobilization
and knowledge sharing.
ACTION 1: ENHANCE POLICY COHERENCE AND COORDINATION
 To strengthen existing agriculture research systems (March 2011)
 To fulfill existing commitments on food security and sustainable agricultural
development (March 2011 for preliminary report; June 2011 for final report)
 To build capacity in tropical agriculture technologies and productive systems (Mediumterm)
 To identify bottlenecks and opportunities to increase policy coherence for food security
consistent with the Rome Principles (March 2011 for preliminary report; June 2011 for final
report)
ACTION 2: MITIGATE RISK IN PRICE VOLATILITY AND ENHANCE
PROTECTION FOR THE MOST VULNERABLE
 To develop options for G20 consideration on how to better mitigate and manage the
risks associated with the price volatility of food and other agriculture commodities. To improve
information on national and regional food stocks and food production projections, provide
nutrition intervention for the most vulnerable, and ensure access to humanitarian supplies.
(March 2011 for preliminary report; June 2011 for final report)
 Commitment to promoting increased procurement from smallholder producers and to
strengthen their access to markets, in line with domestic and regional strategies. (Medium term)
 Promoting the principles of Responsible Agricultural Investments (March 2011 for
preliminary report; June 2011 for final report)
1
Annex to the Leader’s Declaration “Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth”
7
Cannes, 2011
Addressing commodity price volatility and promoting agriculture

Leaders decided to act in the framework of the Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and
Agriculture agreed by G20 Ministers of Agriculture in June 2011 and to invest in and
support research and development of agriculture productivity.

It was decided that food purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes by the
World Food Program will not be subject to export restrictions or extraordinary taxes.

To improve food security, Leaders committed to develop appropriate risk-management
instruments and humanitarian emergency tools.

Welcomed the creation of a “Rapid Response Forum”, to improve the international
community’s capacity to coordinate policies and develop common responses in time of
market crises.
Addressing the challenges of development

Leaders supported the concrete initiatives mentioned in the Cannes final Declaration,
with a view to foster investments in agriculture and mitigate the impact of price volatility,
in particular in low income countries and to the benefit of smallholders.

Welcomed the initiative of the Economic Community of Western African States
(ECOWAS) to set up a targeted regional emergency humanitarian food reserve
system, as a pilot project, and the “ASEAN+3” emergency rice reserve initiative.
“ACTION PLAN ON FOOD PRICE VOLATILITY AND AGRICULTURE”
Main objectives of the Action Plan:
 improving agricultural production and productivity
 increasing market information and transparency
 reducing the effects of price volatility for the most vulnerable
 strengthening international policy coordination
 improving the functioning of agricultural commodity derivatives' markets
Agricultural production and productivity
 Launch of the International Research Initiative for Wheat Improvement (IRIWI)
 Strengthening rice research and development: CGIAR, International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI), Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) and the Coalition for African Rice
Development (CARD).
 Increase public and private investment in agriculture
 Action Plan on Food and Water Security by November 2011 to be developed by the
Multilateral and Regional Development Banks
Market information and transparency
 Launch of the Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS), housed at FAO and
developed in cooperation with International Grains Council. Private sector to contribute to
national information systems and to share data
8
 Support to the Global Strategy to Improve Agriculture and Rural Statistics and creation
of synergies between the Global Strategy and AMIS
 Links between AMIS and existing global, regional or national early warning systems for
food security and vulnerability (e.g. FAO-GIEWS, USAID-FEWS-NET and WFP-VAM)
 Launch of the Global Agricultural Geo-Monitoring Initiative via the Group on Earth
Observation to improve crop production projections and weather forecasting
International policy coordination
 Launch of the Rapid Response Forum for market policy coordination at the senior
agriculture policy officials level
 Remove food export restrictions or extraordinary taxes for food purchased for noncommercial humanitarian purposes by the WFP and not to impose them in the future
Reducing the effects of price volatility for the most vulnerable
 Importance of targeted safety nets and the focus on nutrition in safety nets
 WB decision to develop innovative risk management tools for governments and firms in
developing countries, including IFC’s new Agriculture Price Risk Management product
(APRM)
 Proposal for a targeted emergency humanitarian food reserves system to complement
existing regional and national food reserves, in response to the expressed needs of developing
countries
Financial regulation
 Appropriately regulated and transparent agricultural financial markets are a key for
well-functioning physical markets and risk management (IOSCO recommendations on
commodity derivatives endorsed by our Finance Ministers)
9
Los Cabos, 2012
G20 Leaders Declaration
Enhancing food security and addressing commodity price volatility







Leaders supported the Scaling Up Nutrition movement and encourage wider
involvement of G20 members.
Also supported the G20 Agriculture Vice-Ministers’ Report on the progress made on
previous commitments and key recommendations on sustainably increasing agricultural
productivity, containing inputs from several international organizations coordinated by
the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD, in addition to other
recommendations from B20 and civil society.
G20 Leaders committed to continue the efforts on the initiatives, including the Tropical
Agriculture Platform, the Platform for Agricultural Risk Management, the GEO
Global Agriculture Monitoring, research initiatives for wheat, rice and corn, the
Rapid Response Forum, regional emergency food reserves, the Global Agriculture
and Food Security Program and support for the Principles of Responsible
Agriculture Investment.
Welcome the progress made in the implementation of the Agricultural Market
Information System (AMIS).
Reaffirm G20 commitment to remove export restrictions and extraordinary taxes on food
purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes by the World Food Program
(WFP).
Encouraged the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible
Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food
Security.
Welcomed the launch of the “AgResults” Initiative, aimed at improving food security
for the poor and vulnerable by encouraging private sector innovation of new agricultural
products and systems constrained by market failures in agriculture.
G20 Agriculture Vice Ministers / Deputies Report
1) Implementation of the 2011 commitments established in the “Action Plan”
 AMIS – launched in September 2011, website was released in December 2011. Stronger
engagement is needed to improve data collection systems and ensure high quality data.
 RRF – 2 meetings linked to AMIS: September 2011 in Rome, April 2012 in Mexico
City
 IRIWI – launched in September 2011, governance structure and working group
established, Global Action Plan on wheat has been developed by CGIAR
 GEO-GLAM – initiative started in September 2011 with development of working plan
 Tropical Agriculture Platform (TAP) – consultation process among all the participants
and stakeholders to gather feedback on the scope and nature of the initiative.
 WFP – reaffirm G20 commitments to remove food export restrictions or extraordinary
taxes from food purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes
 Support to the Pilot Project for Regional Emergency Food Reserves under the
leadership of the ECOWAS. ASEAN Plus Three Emergency Rice Reserve to contribute to the
initiative.
 Encourage country-level implementation of Voluntary Guidelines approved in May
2012 by UN Committee on WFS.
10
 Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investments (PRAI) – Pilot Projects launched
in Feb. 2012, summary report issued in September 2012, by the involved IOs (FAO, IFAD,
IFPRI, UNCTAD, OECD, and the World Bank)
 Development of the risk management tools: Agriculture Price Risk Management
(APRM) by World Bank, and Platform on Agricultural Risk Management (PARM) by IFAD,
World Bank, AFD, IDB.
 Progress report in November 2012 done by International Organization of Securities
Commission (IOSCO) on implementation of Principles for the Regulation and Supervision of
Commodities Derivatives Markets
2) Key findings and recommendations on sustainable agricultural production and
productivity growth
 Report “Sustainable Agriculture Productivity Growth and Bridging the Gap for Small
Family Farms” – input for the discussions of the G20 Agriculture Group
 B20 Task Force on Food Security delivered own set of recommendations, showing the
willingness of the private sector to engage in the strengthening of agricultural production.
 International cooperation for the effective management and R&D activities
1)
GCARD meeting in Uruguay in October 2012
2)
Meetings of G20 Agricultural Chief Scientists (MACS): first meeting in Mexico
in Sept. 2012
3)
Invite existing mechanisms and platforms to consider ways to facilitation
international collaboration and information exchange
4)
Focusing agricultural R&D cooperation on helping developing countries (least
developed)
5)
Support the development and promotion of a global information sharing system
on plant and animal genetic resources
 Promoting the entry of new participants into the field of agricultural science (creating
new university departments in developing countries and strengthening capabilities of current
research centers)
 Launch of the Pilot Projects of the Agriculture Pull Mechanism (AGPM): nutrient
fortified crops, post-harvest storage solutions and crop quality technologies in Sub-Saharan
Africa. AGPM is designed to bridge the gap between public and private investment in the
agriculture sector in support of improved agricultural productivity and global food security. The
initiative is expected to address key market failures in agriculture through the use of resultsbased payments.
 Rice research support through Global Rice Science Partnership (GRISP) and the
Coalition for Africa Rice Development (CARD)
 Implementation of the International MAIZE Program (IMP)
 Short-Term imperatives of ensuring food security while increasing the resilience and
sustainability of food systems for the longer-term
 International cooperation to foster linkages between climate change and food security in
accordance with UNFCCC principles and ongoing work of the Global Research Alliance on
Agricultural Greenhouse Gases and of the Second Global Conference on Agriculture, Food
Security and Climate Change
 Call upon relevant IOs to provide report on science based and policy based options to
improve the efficiency of water use in agriculture
 Roles of women and men farmers in promoting sustainable agricultural productivity
growth (Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index to assess the impact of policies and
investment on women)
 Well-designed and gender-sensitive social safety-net programs
11
COMMITMENTS by G20 MEMBERS
Toronto, 2010
Leaders fulfilled Pittsburgh Summit commitment on $350 billion in capital increases for the
MDBs.
MDB
Capital Increase
Pre-Crisis
Annual
Lendinga
New Annual
Lendingb
AfDB
200% increase
$1.8 B
$6 B
AsDB
200% increase
$5.8 B
$10 B
EBRDc2
50% increase
$5.3 B
$11 B
dc
70% increase
$6.7 B
$12 B
IBRD
30% increase
$12.1 B
$15 B
IFC
$200M selective capital increase
$5.4 B
$17 B
Total
85% increase in MDB capital
$37 B
$71 B
IADB
*All dollar figures USD
a
2000-2008. b 2012-2020. c mostly callable, of a temporary nature, for CRR4; d Includes agreement to relieve Haiti’s debt to the
IADB
Asian Development Bank (AsDB), African Development Bank (AfDB), Inter-American Development Bank
(IADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC).
Seoul, 2010
USA: committed at least $3.5 billion to the AFSI and pledged $475 million to the GAFS
Program.
France: national cooperation strategy has been defined, outlining 5 priority sectors (health,
education, food security, sustainable development incl. climate change, support to growth incl.
private sector) and 4 geographical partnerships (Sub-Saharan Africa, Mediterranean, emerging
countries and crisis-stricken countries).
Canada: has met its G8 Gleneagles commitment to double aid to Africa and its G8 L’Aquila
commitment to double food security assistance.
Argentina: trade, business and technological assistance to the agricultural sector with the aim of
promoting high-value added activities and food security
Indonesia: targeting infrastructure development in 2011 to strengthen national food security.
12
Cannes, 2011
Argentina
Commitment
 Increase food and
agricultural output and
diversify production
and
exports,
as
established in the
Agricultural and Food
Strategic Plan.
 Increase
the
total
harvested land from 32
Million to 39 Million
hectares by 2015, and
to 43 Million by 2020.
 Increase the production
of grains and meat
60%
and
70%,
respectively, by 2020.
Objective
Timeframe
To increase the world’s food 2012-2020
supply, improve Argentina’s
external sustainability, and
allow for higher imports of
capital goods.
Los Cabos, 2012
Argentina
Commitment
Increase food and agricultural
output
and
diversify
production and exports, as
established in the Agricultural
and Food Strategic Plan.
Objective
To increase the world’s food
supply, improve Argentina’s
external sustainability, and
allow for higher imports of
capital goods.
Update on Progress
Grain production did not grow
in 2011 as a result of
unfavorable
climatic
conditions. In spite of that,
total land sown with cereals
grew by 770.000 has (2.2%).
There was an increase of
440.000 has. (10%) in the area
planted with corn and an
increase of 405.000 has
(54%) in the area sown with
barley.
13
INITIATIVES
London, 2009
Rapid Social Response (RSR) Program
The RSR an initiative to address urgent social needs resulting from the crisis in IDA and IBRD
countries. The RSR focuses its interventions on: i) improving access to basic social services,
particularly maternal/infant health and nutrition, and school feeding programmes; ii) scaling up
targeted safety net programmes; ii) expanding labour market initiatives including income support
for unemployed, training and work placements. The RSR is the second window under the VFF
alongside the GFRP.
Infrastructure Crisis Facility (IFC Initiative): A debt facility of up to $8 billion and an equity
facility of up to $2 billion to support about 100 viable privately funded infrastructure projects
facing temporary liquidity problems. The facility also includes Advisory Services to help
governments design or redesign public-private partnerships.
14
Pittsburg, 2009
Global Impact and Vulnerability Alert System (GIVAS)
OBJECTIVE
The Global Impact and Vulnerability Alert System (GIVAS) will fill the information gap that
currently exists between the point when a global crisis impacts vulnerable populations and when
solid quantitative information and analysis reaches decision makers. The added-value of the
System will be the compilation of real time data and analysis from a variety of reliable sources
covering multiple dimensions of vulnerability that will help the international community respond
in a more effective and timely fashion.
AUDIENCE AND PARTNERS
The GIVAS will provide periodic situation reports (or alerts) to world leaders. Its partners will
include national governments, UN agencies, academic institutions and civil society organizations
in developing and developed countries.
SPECIFIC GOALS
The GIVAS will:
 Provide the international community with early, real-time evidence of how a global
crisis is impacting the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable populations;
 Raise “red flags” on newly emerging and dramatically worsening vulnerabilities of
global concern;
 Provide decision makers with real time information and analysis to ensure that crisisrelated decisions take appropriate account of the needs of the most vulnerable countries and
populations;
 Bring the voices of the most vulnerable into high-level decision making forums.
Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP)
The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) launched in April 2010 is a
multilateral mechanism to assist in the implementation of pledges made by the G20 in Pittsburgh
in September 2009.
OBJECTIVE
To address the underfunding of country and regional agriculture and food security strategic
investment plans already being developed by countries in consultation with donors and other
stakeholders at the country-level. This will make aid contributions toward the achievement of the
Millennium Development Goal 1 to cut hunger and poverty by half by 2015 more predictable.
The GAFSP includes both a public and private sector financing window:
The public sector window assists strategic country-led or regional programs that result from
sector-wide country or regional consultations and planning exercises such as CAADP in Africa.
The public sector window is under the external governance of a Steering Committee composed
of an equal number of voting donor and recipient representatives, and non-voting representatives
from: the Trustee, UN agencies, potential Supervising Entities (MDBs, World Bank, IFAD), and
Civil Society Organizations.
The private sector window is designed to provide long and short term loans, credit guarantees
and equity to support private sector activities for improving agricultural development and food
15
security. The private sector window is managed separately by the International Finance
Corporation (IFC) with the annual investment plans submitted to and endorsed by the (public
sector window) Steering Committee.
The GAFSP is implemented as a Financial Intermediary Fund for which the World Bank serves
as Trustee. The World Bank also hosts a small coordination unit that provides support to the
GAFSP Steering Committee.
FUNDING
Financing pledged: US$1.3 billion (of which $940.8 million to the Public Sector Window,
$308.7 million to the Private Sector Window, and $68.5 million remains unassigned).
Current Donors: Eight donors to the Public Sector Window (Australia, the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation, Canada, Ireland, South Korea, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States)
and five donors to the Private Sector Window (Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom, and the United States).
Financing received to date (Jan.2013): $930.5 million (of which $757.6 million to the Public
Sector Window, and $152.9 million to the Private Sector Window).
PUBLIC SECTOR WINDOW ALLOCATIONS AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
 Eligibility: GAFSP funds technically sound proposals from IDA-only countries that
have a strong agriculture investment plan, have had a technical review, and have a high level of
need.
 Allocations: $658 million was allocated for recipient-executed grants in 18 countries.
 Recipients: Bangladesh, Burundi, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, the Gambia, Kyrgyz
Republic, Liberia, Malawi, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan,
Tanzania, and Togo.
 Expected results: 18 projects are expected to impact more than 8.2 million beneficiaries.
PRIVATE SECTOR WINDOW ALLOCATION AND PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
 Eligibility: GAFSP funds private firms and financial intermediaries that operate in IDAonly countries and support activities that are consistent with the national food security or
agriculture plan.
 Allocations: The Private Sector Window allocated $5 million to support the PRAN
Group (an agribusiness firm in Bangladesh) and $5 million to support Root Capital (a social
investment fund working with small- and medium enterprises and farmers’ cooperatives). The
loans will be concurrent with additional funds from IFC.
 Next Call for Proposals: The Second Call for Proposals was launched in October, 2012.
16
Amount Pledged Vs. Amount Received Per Contributor
(As of February 28, 2013)
Please Note: Ireland also pledged in the amount of EUR 0.5M, all of which has been received.
Public Sector Window - Contributions and Receipts
17
Private Sector Window - Contributions and Receipts
18
Toronto, 2010
Advanced Market Commitment (AMC)
An Advanced Market Commitment (AMC) is a donor commitment to subsidize the future
purchase of a vaccine that is not yet available. It is an innovative mechanism to incentivize
private manufacturers to invest in research and development (R&D) and/or building
manufacturing capacity to supply vaccines to developing countries. The aim is to accelerate the
availability of effective vaccines at cost-effective and sustainable prices.
A pilot AMC for pneumococcal vaccines was designed and launched on June 12, 2009 to
demonstrate the feasibility of the program in creating affordable vaccines to meet the growing
demands and also offer donor countries a mechanism to assess the effectiveness of the program
and expand it to include other diseases. The program is designed to meet the vaccination
demands of developing countries at a highly subsidized cost. The current price for the vaccine in
industrialized countries is in the region of $70 per dose but with the implementation of the
program the long-term price for developing countries will be $3.50. Initial estimates indicate that
the program will be effective in preventing seven million childhood deaths due to pneumococcal
disease by 2030.
The governments of Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, Russia and Norway and the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation have committed $1.5 billion for the pilot program that is estimated to
assist 60 of the poorest countries. The World Bank’s role in the AMC Pneumo Initiative is to
provide fiduciary support as well as legal, accounting, systems, and reporting functions as well
as balance sheet support. CFPMI is overseeing the services for the AMC across the Bank.
19
Seoul, 2010
Principles for Responsible Agriculture Investments (PRAI)
UNCTAD, FAO, IFAD and the World Bank have jointly developed a set of Principles for
Responsible Agricultural Investment that respects rights, livelihoods and resources.
G20 Leaders at the Cannes Summit in November 2011 and at the Los Cabos Summit in June
2012 reaffirmed their support for the PRAI.
The seven Principles cover all types of investment in agriculture, including between principal
investors and contract farmers. In many cases no purchase of land or concessions are involved.
Where this does occur the principles cover both large and small holdings. The Principles are
based on detailed research on the nature, extent and impacts of private sector investment and best
practices in law and policy. They are intended to distil the lessons learned and provide a
framework for national regulations, international investment agreements, global corporate social
responsibility initiatives, and individual investor contracts.
Consultations are still continuing and the Principles are currently being piloted with both
governments and companies.
The Principles comprise the following:
Principle 1: Existing rights to land and associated natural resources are recognized and respected.
Principle 2: Investments do not jeopardize food security but rather strengthen it.
Principle 3: Processes relating to investment in agriculture are transparent, monitored, and ensure
accountability by all stakeholders, within a proper business, legal, and regulatory environment.
Principle 4: All those materially affected are consulted, and agreements from consultations are
recorded and enforced.
Principle 5: Investors ensure that projects respect the rule of law, reflect industry best practice,
are viable economically, and result in durable shared value.
Principle 6: Investments generate desirable social and distributional impacts and do not increase
vulnerability.
Principle 7: Environmental impacts of a project are quantified and measures taken to encourage
sustainable resource use, while minimizing the risk/magnitude of negative impacts and
mitigating them.
20
Cannes, 2011
“Agricultural Market Information System” (AMIS) launched to reinforce transparency on
agricultural products’ markets.
The Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) is a G20 initiative to enhance food market
transparency and encourage coordination of policy action in response to market uncertainty. The
initial focus of AMIS is on four grains that are particularly important in international food
markets, namely wheat, maize, rice and soybeans.
AMIS seeks to strengthen collaboration and dialogue among main producing, exporting and
importing countries. Apart from G20 members plus Spain, participants in AMIS include seven
major producing, consuming and exporting countries of commodities covered by AMIS.
Together, these countries represent a large share of global production, consumption and trade
volumes of the targeted crops, typically in the range of 80-90 percent. In addition, AMIS reaches
out to other key stakeholders in international food markets such as commodity associations and
institutional investors in commodity markets.
Global Strategy to Improve Agriculture and Rural Statistics
The Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics was prepared by the World
Bank in collaboration with the FAO and Friends of the Chair working groups of the UNSC, and
through extensive consultations with stakeholders.
The purpose of the Global Strategy is to provide a framework for national and international
statistical systems that enables them to produce and to apply the basic data and information
needed to guide decision making in the twenty-first century.
This Strategy is based on three pillars.
1. The first pillar is the establishment of a minimum set of core data that countries will
collect to meet current and emerging demands.
2. The second pillar is the integration of agriculture into national statistical systems in order
to satisfy the demands of policy makers and other users who rely on comparable data
across locations and over time. The integration will be achieved by implementing a set of
methodologies that includes the development of a master sample frame for agriculture,
the implementation of an integrated survey framework, and with results available in a
data management system.
3. The third pillar is the foundation that will provide the sustainability of the agricultural
statistics system through governance and statistical capacity building.
“Rapid Response Forum” launched to improve the international community’s capacity to
coordinate policies and develop common responses in time of market crises.
The Forum is composed by Senior Officials from countries participating in AMIS. It is designed
to promote early discussion among decision-level officials about critical market conditions to
encourage the coordination of policies and the development of common strategies.
21
International Research Initiative for Wheat Improvement (IRIWI)
The official launch of IRIWI (Wheat Initiative) adopted by the G20 agricultural ministers in June
2011, took place on the 15th of September 2011 at the French Ministry of Agriculture.
OBJECTIVES:
 coordinate wheat research and contribute to food security across the globe
 strengthening coordination of world wheat research
 sharing resources, methods and expertise to improve and stabilize yields
MEMBERS:
 Countries (represented by an institution designated by their Ministry of Agriculture or
equivalent)
 Transnational research organizations
 Private companies
 Stakeholders
Members must sign the Wheat Initiative Charter and pay annual fees.
Global Agricultural Geo-Monitoring Initiative (GEOGLAM)
The “Global Agricultural Geo-monitoring Initiative” was launched in Geneva on September 2223, 2011.
OBJECTIVES
To strengthen the international community’s capacity to produce and disseminate relevant,
timely and accurate forecasts of agricultural production at national, regional and global scales,
through reinforced use of Earth Observations.
Action 1. Strengthening national capacities for agriculture monitoring.
Action 2. Global and regional agricultural monitoring systems.
Action 3. At risk regions and countries agricultural monitoring.
Action 4. Global Earth observation system of systems for agriculture.
GEOGLAM will be implemented over a six year timeframe, with the first year dedicated to
planning (2011-2017)
Agriculture Price Risk Management product (APRM)
APRM is a risk-management tool to allow producers and buyers in Africa, the Middle East, and
Central and Eastern Europe to lock in prices for agricultural goods and gain better access to
finance.
This new instrument was announced in June 2011 by the IFC, a member of the World Bank
Group, and Societe Generale Corporate & Investment Banking.
The tool, which was introduced earlier in a separate transaction with JP Morgan, will now focus
for the first time on clients in Africa and the Middle East. The $100 million facility provides
credit-risk protection on specific types of price hedges, enabling producers and buyers to protect
against price swings.
22
Emergency Humanitarian Food Reserves
The creation of an emergency humanitarian food reserves system is aimed at allowing a quicker
and more effective response to food crises. The aim is to allow the least developed countries to
confront a food deficit, obtain the quantities of food necessary to cover the needs of the most
vulnerable in case of crisis linked to price volatility or other events.
The G20 Action Plan on food price volatility and agriculture, adopted on 23 June 2011,
mandated the World Food Programme (WFP) and other competent international organizations,
such as the United Nations and the World Bank, to perform a feasibility study on the
implementation of such a system in Africa, alongside existing national food reserves. A
feasibility study has been conducted with African regional organizations.
The proposed system complies with International Trade Organization rules as it does not
intervene on the markets and is in no way similar to a “stabilization reserve”.
The G20 ministerial meeting on Development of 23 September 2011 decided to support the
development of a pilot project in West Africa, led by the Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS). On a small scale, based on a regional approach, the system will be made up
of a physical reserve (67,000 tonnes of rice, corn, sorghum and millet for 30 days’ consumption
by the most vulnerable populations of the 11 least developed countries with a food deficit in
ECOWAS) and a virtual reserve (equivalent of 60 days’ consumption, based on various financial
instruments). These reserves will allow the time necessary for international assistance to be
delivered. The system will therefore contribute to a quicker and more effective response to food
crises.
This pilot project meets the needs expressed by ECOWAS and fits in with its regional
agricultural policy. A steering committee will coordinate all the stakeholders: international and
regional organizations, States and donors. A board will also bring together representatives of
producers and of civil society.
“ASEAN+3” emergency rice reserve initiative (APTERR)
This organization established under the purview of the ASEAN plus People's Republic of China,
Japan and Republic of Korea Ministers of Agriculture and Forestry to secure food security in an
emergency caused by temporary and large scale calamity.
APTERR is mutual assistance system to provide necessary quantity of rice flexibility and
effectively to rice-needy people. APTERR primary function is food aid for assistance to build
confidence in encountering food shortage due to temporary natural disaster or man-made
calamity, through provision of food assistance and nutrition improvement program to the needy
people.
APTERR main activities cover these areas:
 Provision of rice to the needy people
 Bringing information on disaster relief
 Sharing knowledge and expertise
 Building confidence to improve food security
 Helping to increase nutritional status of the people
The APTERR consists of regional rice reserve in the form of physical stocks comprising the
earmarked emergency rice reserve and the stockpiled emergency rice reserve and also other
forms of reserve such as future contract or donations in case or in kind.
23
Earmarked emergency rice reserve - a certain quantity of rice, which is voluntarily designed for
the purpose of meeting emergency requirements of one or more APTERR countries.
Stockpiled emergency rice reserve – rice voluntarily donated to the APTERR in the form of cash
fund and/or in-kind (rice), if necessary, through appropriate international organizations such ad
UN World Food Program and/or NGOs. Such a stockpiled emergency rice reserve is used as an
emergency stock to provide preparedness for an emergency situation, and constitutes another
component of the APTERR. Can be stored in storage of a donor country, prospective recipient
countries, and/or host country which voluntarily stores the stockpiled emergency rice reserve.
Earmarked Rice Quantity
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
P.R. China
Japan
Republic of Korea
TOTAL
3,000 MT
3,000 MT
12,000 MT
3,000 MT
6,000 MT
14,000 MT
12,000 MT
5,000 MT
15,000 MT
14,000 MT
300,000 MT
250,000 MT
150,000 MT
787,000 MT
Initially, the 13 countries stockpiled 787,000 tons of rice for use in the event of sudden
instabilities in supply and production caused by natural disasters.
Joint MDB Action Plan for Improving Coordination on Food and Water Security
The action plan aims to leverage the collective strengths of the MDBs to work with the
governments in developing member countries and the private sector in framing robust responses
to emerging challenges related to food and water security.
The 3-year action plan focuses on four priority areas that build on the suite of food and water
security measures that the MDBs are implementing individually and may be suitable for joint
coordination:
(i)
supporting food access for poor and vulnerable people faced with increased food
price volatility through better sustainable social protection measures;
(ii)
addressing food market volatility to help poor countries cope with abnormally large
international food price spikes through trade facilitation measures and assistance in
improving value chains;
(iii)
financing investments and promoting policy frameworks to improve agricultural
productivity;
(iv)
helping countries allocate water efficiently across sectors, and supporting the
agricultural sector in using water productively throughout the value chain.
24
OBJECTIVE
The Action Plan aims to leverage the MDB’s collective strengths and resources to help the
governments and the private sector of DMCs address the continuing and worsening food and
water security challenges.
Individually, each MDB is implementing a suite of food and water security measures within its
geographic influence (see Supplementary Appendix). This Action Plan builds on these existing
measures by: (i) ensuring inter-regional knowledge sharing and market intelligence to facilitate
the scaling up of innovations for sustainable and inclusive food and water security; (ii)
developing building blocks for increased investments (both by the public and the private sector);
and (iii) fostering discussion of coordinated policy and institutional reforms at regional and
global levels that will effectively link the regions into vibrant global food system networks. This
Action Plan is subject to senior management (and in some cases Board) approval of each MDB.
25
Los Cabos, 2012
Scaling Up Nutrition movement (SUN)
SUN is a unique Movement founded on the principle that all people have a right to food and
good nutrition. It unites people—from governments, civil society, the United Nations, donors,
businesses and researchers—in a collective effort to improve nutrition.
Within the SUN Movement, national leaders are prioritizing efforts to address malnutrition.
Countries are putting the right policies in place, collaborating with partners to implement
programs with shared nutrition goals, and mobilizing resources to effectively scale up nutrition,
with a core focus on empowering women.
Since it was launched in 2010:
 35 countries have joined the SUN Movement
 29 countries have established platforms that bring people together and have appointed a
 government representative
 20 countries have updated and budgeted nutrition plans
 13 countries are reducing stunting at an annual rate of 2% and above
The SUN Approach
Nations, organizations and individuals working to scale up nutrition recognize that malnutrition
has multiple causes. That is why it requires people to work together across issues and sectors to
put nutrition into all development efforts.
The causes of malnutrition include both factors that most people would generally associate with
nutrition, as well as factors that affect the broader context of life and health. Recognizing this,
the SUN Movement looks to implement both specific nutrition interventions and nutritionsensitive approaches.
Specific Nutrition Interventions:




Support for exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding,
together with appropriate and nutritious food, up to 2 years of age;
Fortification of foods;
Micronutrient supplementation; and
Treatment of severe malnutrition.
Nutrition-Sensitive Approaches:





Agriculture: Making nutritious food more accessible to everyone, and supporting small
farms as a source of income for women and families;
Clean Water and Sanitation: Improving access to reduce infection and disease;
Education and Employment: Making sure children have the energy that they need to learn
and earn sufficient income as adults;
Health Care: Improving access to services to ensure that women and children stay
healthy;
Support for Resilience: Establishing a stronger, healthier population and sustained
prosperity to better endure emergencies and conflicts; and
26

Women’s Empowerment: At the core of all efforts, women are empowered to be leaders
in their families and communities, leading the way to a heal
Tropical Agriculture Platform (TAP)
G20 Agriculture Ministers requested that FAO lead the development of TAP. The G8
leadership also endorsed the development of TAP.
TAP was launched at the first G20-led Meeting of Agriculture Chief Scientists (MACS) in
September 2012 in Mexico.
TAP was created to focus specifically on capacity development in the Least Developed
Countries (LDCs), more than 90% of which are located at least partly within the Tropics.
TAP provides a mechanism for all actors to communicate, exchange ideas, knowledge,
experiences, and practices, and work in a more coordinated way, learning from each other
about capacity development policies and practices that work. Interventions will acknowledge
national leadership and ownership and will be aligned with national plans and demands. TAP
fosters partnerships and shared visions to steer agricultural innovation along a more coherent
path and to arrive at development solutions at scale with lower transaction costs. TAP also
works to establish close linkages with relevant existing multi-partner initiatives that promote
coherent institutional approaches, such as those being implemented by regional fora and
international agencies.
The “target groups” directly affected by the Platform activities are policymakers and
institutions in agricultural innovation (research, extension, education etc), together with the
private sector and civil society active in innovation systems, and relevant development
agencies.
The partners of the Platform are a coalition of willing and committed partners/constituents
including the national agricultural research, education and extension institutions as well as
the private sector, civil society and farmers’ organizations in the G20 and developing
countries, and the key regional and international fora, networks and agencies.
How TAP works
In 2013, the TAP partners will develop three services to help boost agricultural innovation in
the Tropics:
1. Policy-dialogue space – Allowing for greater dialogue and interaction among
stakeholders to enhance clarity and coherence of national policies for capacity
development in agricultural innovation. “Toolkits” for fostering dialogue at various
levels among stakeholders will be commissioned through TAP.
2. Marketplace – Promoting and brokering existing demands and offers in capacity
development for agricultural innovation. Based on demand, web-based and face-toface training efforts will be scaled up.
3. TAPipedia – Offering a global information system for innovation outputs, success
stories, socioeconomic impacts, lessons learned, and analyses of impacts. TAPipedia
will use virtual collaboration tools and media, and could result in the identification of
demands for new areas of agricultural research.
27
Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and
Forests
The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and
Forests in the Context of National Food Security promote secure tenure rights and equitable
access to land, fisheries and forests as a means of eradicating hunger and poverty, supporting
sustainable development and enhancing the environment. They were officially endorsed by the
Committee on World Food Security on 11 May 2012. Since then implementation has been
encouraged by G20, Rio+ 20, United Nations General Assembly and Francophone Assembly of
Parliamentarians.
Their overarching goals are to achieve food security for all and support the progressive
realization of the right to adequate food in the context of national food security. While
supporting efforts towards the eradication of hunger and poverty, the Guidelines are also
intended to contribute to achieving sustainable livelihoods, social stability, housing security,
rural development, environmental protection, and sustainable social and economic development.
The Guidelines are meant to benefit all people in all countries, although there is an emphasis on
vulnerable and marginalized people.
The Guidelines serve as a reference and set out principles and internationally accepted standards
for practices for the responsible governance of tenure. They provide a framework that States can
use when developing their own strategies, policies, legislation, programs and activities. They
allow governments, civil society, the private sector and citizens to judge whether their proposed
actions and the actions of others constitute acceptable practices.
AgResults Initiative (Agriculture Pull Mechanism – AGPM)
The AgResults Initiative was launched on June 18, 2012 at the first day of the Los Cabos G20
Summit. This endeavor is the outcome of commitments made at the 2010 G20 Toronto Summit.
Governments of Australia, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation committed $100 million to AgResults Initiative. The initiative will be
managed by the World Bank.
AgResults is designed to bridge the gap between public and private investment in the agriculture
sector in order to enhance and support global food security.
Its specific aim is to improve food security for the world's poor and vulnerable populations by
encouraging private sector innovation in agriculture through the use of financial “pull
mechanisms”. These mechanisms are intended to overcome investment gaps and market failures
that may limit private sector investment in agricultural technologies.
GOAL
To foster private sector agricultural innovations that will help developing countries to:



Improve food security and food safety.
Increase smallholder incomes.
Promote better health and nutrition.
PILOT PROJECTS
AgResults will conduct pilot projects over several years to better understand a diverse mix of
agricultural and food security issues as well as test pull mechanisms in various regions. The
criteria for pilot proposals stipulate that each project will:
28




Utilize pull mechanisms, which reward innovators after achieving specific results.
Address a specific market failure.
Focus on improving food security by supporting smallholder farmers in developing
countries.
Realistically function in a given time frame
Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP)
The Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP) provides a single strategic plan and unique new
partnership platform for impact-oriented rice research for development. It is designed to more
effectively solve development challenges.
GRiSP streamlines current rice research for development activities of the CGIAR and aligns
them with more than 900 rice research and development partners worldwide to:




Increase rice productivity and value for the poor
Foster more sustainable rice-based production
Help rice farmers adapt to climate change
Improve the efficiency and equity of the rice sector
Coalition for Africa Rice Development (CARD) – RiceforAfrica
CARD is a consultative group of bilateral donors and regional and international organizations
working in collaboration with rice-producing African countries. Its goal is to support the efforts
of African countries to double rice production on the continent to 28 million tons per annum
within 10 years (by 2018).
With the aim of doubling the rice production in ten years from 14 million tons in 2008, thereby
closing the demand-supply gap and contributing to the food security as well as poverty reduction
in the continent, the CARD Initiative tries to promote more dialogues among partners interested
in the rice development in Africa so that their interventions improve both in quantity (resources
allocated) and quality (more coordination).
CARD was launched by the initiatives of Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA),
New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) and Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) at the margin of the Fourth Tokyo International Conference for African
Development (TICAD IV) in May 2008.
International Maize Program (IMP)
This initiative, targeted on maize for food and feed, integrates an international research agenda
with national research and development bodies as well as the CGIAR research programs.
Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases
The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases was launched in December
2009 and has more than 30 member countries from all regions of the world. The Alliance is
focused on research, development and extension of technologies and practices that will help
deliver ways to grow more food (and more climate-resilient food systems) without growing
greenhouse gas emissions.
29