Q1.The photographs show the same cells of a common pond plant. Photograph A shows the cells in a hypotonic solution. Photograph B shows the same cells in a hypertonic solution. Photograph A (a) Photograph B What is a hypertonic solution? ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (2) (b) What word is used to describe plant cells placed in: (i) a hypotonic solution ............................................................................................................... (1) Page 1 (ii) a hypertonic solution? ............................................................................................................... (1) (c) Explain what has happened to the plant cells in Photograph B. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (4) (d) Animal cells will also change when placed in different solutions. Some red blood cells are put in a hypotonic solution. Describe what would happen to these red blood cells and explain why this is different from what happened to the plant cells in Photograph A. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (4) (Total 12 marks) Page 2 Q2.(a) The diagram shows the structure of a bacterial cell. (i) On the diagram use words from the box to label structures A, B and C. cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm plasmid (3) (ii) Give one difference between the structure of the bacterial cell and an animal cell. ............................................................................................................... (1) (iii) Name one structure that is found in a plant cell but is not found in a bacterial or an animal cell. ............................................................................................................... (1) (b) Cells can be specialised for a particular job. The diagram shows the structure of a human sperm cell. Page 3 Describe how the long tail and the mitochondria help the sperm to do its job. Long tail.......................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Mitochondria................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (4) (Total 9 marks) Q3. Some students set up the equipment below to investigate osmosis. (a) What is osmosis? .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (3) Page 4 (b) (i) What will happen to the water level in the capillary tube during the investigation because of osmosis? ........................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Use your knowledge of osmosis to explain why this happens. ........................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 6 marks) Q4. Some substances move through membranes. A student set up an investigation. The student: • tied a thin membrane across the end of a funnel • put concentrated sugar solution in the funnel • put the funnel in a beaker of water • measured the level of the solution in the funnel every 30 minutes. The diagram shows the apparatus. Page 5 The graph shows the results. (a) After 3 hours, the level of the solution in the funnel is different from the level at the start. Explain why, as fully as you can. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (3) (b) The student repeated the investigation using dilute sugar solution instead of concentrated sugar solution. In what way would you expect the results using dilute sugar solution to be different from the results using concentrated sugar solution? Give the reason for your answer. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ Page 6 ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (2) (Total 5 marks) Q5.Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same scale. ABC (a) Which cell, A, B or C, appears to be best adapted to increase diffusion into or out of the cell? Give one reason for your choice. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (b) (i) Cell C is found in the salivary glands. Name the enzyme produced by the salivary glands. ............................................................................................................... (1) Page 7 (ii) Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing this enzyme. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (2) (Total 4 marks) Q6.Substances can move into and out of cells. (a) (i) How does oxygen move into and out of cells? Draw a ring around one answer. diffusion digestion photosynthesis (1) (ii) Diagram 1 shows the percentage concentration of oxygen in three cells, A, B and C. Diagram 1 Oxygen can move from cell to cell. Into which cell, A, B or C, will oxygen move the fastest? (1) (b) (i) How does water move into and out of cells? Page 8 Draw a ring around one answer. breathing osmosis respiration (1) (ii) Differences in the concentration of sugars in cells cause water to move into or out of cells at different rates. Diagram 2 shows three different cells, P, Q and R. The information shows the percentage concentration of sugar solution in cells P, Q and R. Diagram 2 Water can move from cell to cell. Into which cell, P, Q or R, will water move the fastest? (1) (Total 4 marks) Q7. The diagram shows a cell from a plant leaf. Page 9 (a) Name structures A and B. A .................................................................................................................................. B .................................................................................................................................. (2) (b) Structure C is a chloroplast. What is the function of a chloroplast? ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) The table gives one difference between a plant cell and an animal cell. Complete the table to give two more differences. Plant cell Animal cell 1. Has chloroplasts 1. No chloroplasts 2. 2. 3. 3. (2) (Total 5 marks) Page 10 Q8. The diagram shows a group of muscle cells from the wall of the intestine. (a) On the diagram, use words from the box to name the structures labelled A, B and C. cell membrane cell wall chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus (3) (b) How are these muscle cells adapted to release a lot of energy? ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 5 marks) Page 11 Q9. Diagram 1 shows a cell from a leaf. Diagram 1 (a) How is the leaf cell specialised to carry out photosynthesis? Tick ( ) one box. It has a permanent vacuole. It has many chloroplasts. It has cytoplasm. It has many mitochondria. (1) (b) Diagram 2 shows another type of plant cell. Diagram 2 Page 12 Give two ways in which this cell is different from an animal cell. 1 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 3 marks) Q10. The drawing shows the cell of a bacterium. (a) List A gives the four structures labelled on the diagram. List B includes information about each structure. Draw one line from each structure in List A to the correct information about the structure in List B. List A Structure List B Information Page 13 (4) (b) Give two differences between an animal cell and the cell of a bacterium. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 2 ..................................................................................................................... (2) (c) The diagrams show cells containing and surrounded by oxygen molecules. Oxygen can move into cells or out of cells. Page 14 Into which cell, A, B, C or D, will oxygen move the fastest? Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in the box. (1) (d) Complete the following sentence. Oxygen is taken into the cell by the process of ............................................. (1) (Total 8 marks) Q11. Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same scale. Page 15 (a) Which cell, A, B or C, appears to have adaptations to increase diffusion into or out of the cell? Give one reason for your choice. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (b) (i) Cell C is found in the pancreas. Name one useful substance produced by the pancreas. ............................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing this substance. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (2) (Total 4 marks) Page 16 Q12.The diagrams show an animal cell and a bacterial cell. (a) (i) Structures A and B are found in both the animal cell and the bacterial cell. Use words from the box to name structures A and B. cell membrane chloroplast cytoplasm vacuole A ............................................................ B ............................................................ (2) (ii) Both cells contain genetic material. Name the structure in the animal cell that contains genetic material. ............................................................ (1) (b) List A gives three structures found in animal cells. List B gives four functions of cell structures. Draw one line from each structure in List A to its correct function in List B. Page 17 List A – Structure List B – Function Controls what substances enter the cell Cell membrane Photosynthesis Mitochondrion Protein synthesis Ribosome Respiration (3) (Total 6 marks) Q13.The diagram shows a cell. (a) (i) Use words from the box to name the structures labelled A and B . cell membrane chloroplast A ....................................................... B ....................................................... Page 18 cytoplasm nucleus (2) (ii) The cell in the diagram is an animal cell. How can you tell it is an animal cell and not a plant cell? Give two reasons. 1 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... 2 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................... (2) (b) Oxygen will diffuse into the cell in the diagram. Why? Use information from the diagram. ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................ (1) (c) The cell shown in the diagram is usually found with similar cells. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. an organ. Scientists call a group of similar cells a system. a tissue. (1) (Total 6 marks) Q14.The diagrams show four types of cell, A, B, C and D. Two of the cells are plant cells and two are animal cells. Page 19 (a) (i) Which two of the cells are plant cells? Tick ( ) one box. A and B A and D C and D (1) (ii) Give one reason for your answer. ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... (1) (b) (i) Which cell, A, B, C or D, is adapted for swimming? (1) Page 20 (ii) Which cell, A, B, C or D, can produce glucose by photosynthesis? (1) (c) Cells A, B, C and D all use oxygen. For what process do cells use oxygen? Draw a ring around one answer. osmosis photosynthesis respiration (1) (Total 5 marks) Q15. The diagram shows a cell from a plant leaf. (a) Name the part of this cell that: (i) controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell ............................................................................................................... (1) (ii) is filled with cell sap. ............................................................................................................... (1) Page 21 (b) Give the names of two parts of the leaf cell that would not be found in a human liver cell. .................................................. and .................................................. (2) (c) The chloroplasts produce oxygen. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. diffusion. The oxygen produced by the chloroplasts passes out of the cell by digestion. respiration. (1) (Total 5 marks) Q16. In a living organism, the cells are organised into organs, systems and tissues. (a) Use words from the box to complete the list of these structures in order of size. organs systems tissues The smallest structure is at the top of the list and the largest is at the bottom. 1 cells 2 .................................. 3 .................................. 4 .................................. 5 organism (1) Page 22 (b) List A gives three tissues found in the human body. List B gives four functions of tissues. Draw a straight line from each tissue in List A to its correct function in List B. List A – Tissue List B – Function Covers many parts of the body Muscular tissue Contracts to cause movement Glandular tissue Divides by meiosis Epithelial tissue Releases hormones or enzymes (3) (Total 4 marks) Q17. The diagram shows a plant cell from a leaf. (a) List A gives the names of three parts of the cell.List B gives the functions of parts of the cell. Draw a line from each part of the cell in List A to its function in List B. Page 23 List A Parts of the cell List B Functions Where most of the chemical reactions take place Nucleus Absorbs light energy to make food Cytoplasm Strengthens the cell Chloroplast Controls the activities of the cell (3) (b) Respiration takes place in the cell. Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence. energy All cells use respiration to release oxygen. sugar. (1) (Total 4 marks) Q18. The diagrams show four types of cell, A, B, C and D. Two of the cells are plant cells and two are animal cells. Page 24 (a) (i) Which two of the cells are plant cells? Tick ( ) one box. A and B A and D C and D (1) (ii) Which part is found only in plant cells? Draw a ring around one answer. cell membrane cell wall nucleus (1) Page 25 (b) (i) Which cell, A, B, C or D, is adapted for swimming? (1) (ii) Which cell, A, B, C or D, can produce glucose by photosynthesis? (1) (c) Cells A, B, C and D all use oxygen. For what process do cells use oxygen? Draw a ring around one answer. osmosis photosynthesis respiration (1) (Total 5 marks) Page 26 M1.(a) more concentrated must be a comparison 1 than the cell / cytoplasm accept more salty / solutes / ions accept cell is less concentrated than solution for 2 marks 1 (b) (i) turgid 1 (ii) plasmolysed accept flaccid 1 (c) any four from: • • • • • water left the cells (in A) by osmosis from dilute to more concentrated solution accept high to low water potential or from high to low water concentration via partially permeable membrane so cell membrane shrank away from cell wall 4 (d) water enters the cells (by osmosis) allow 1 mark for: 1 they burst / lyse / lysis occurs water leaves and cell shrinks (if they think it is hypertonic solution) 1 animal cells have no cell wall or plant cells have a cell wall 1 cell wall prevents lysis / bursting / allows turgidity allow correct description 1 [12] Page 27 M2.(a) A − (cell) wall (i) 1 B − cytoplasm 1 C − plasmid 1 (ii) bacterium cell has cell wall / no nucleus / no mitochondria / plasmids present accept its DNA / genetic material is not enclosed / it has no nuclear membrane it = bacterium cell accept converse for animal cell ignore flagella 1 (iii) any one from: • • chloroplast ignore chlorophyll (permanent) vacuole 1 (b) (Long tail) moves the sperm / allows the sperm to swim 1 towards the egg allow correct reference to other named parts of the female reproductive system 1 (Mitochondria) release energy (for movement / swimming) allow supply / produce / provide 1 in respiration 1 [9] M3. (a) movement of water [1] Page 28 from high concentration (of water) to low concentration (of water) or from (an area of) dilute solution to an area of concentrated solution [1] through a differentially or partially or selectively or semi permeable membrane [1] 3 (b) (i) it will rise 1 (ii) water enters visking tubing [1] because the concentration of water outside is greater than the concentration inside or because the concentration of salt or solute is greater inside the tubing than outside [1] or to equalise concentration water has to enter visking tubing [2] 2 [6] M4. (a) water enters (funnel / sugar solution) or water diffuses in (to the funnel) do not accept if diffusion of sugar 1 membrane partially / selectively / semi permeable or by osmosis allow description 1 because concentration (of sugar) greater inside funnel than outside / water / in beaker assume ‘concentration’ refers to sugar unless candidate indicates otherwise the position of the solutions may be implied 1 Page 29 (b) (level / it) rises more slowly or levels out earlier or does not rise as much accept inference of less steep gradient (of graph) allow less / slower osmosis / diffusion / less water passes through or less water enters funnel allow water enters / passes through slower 1 less difference in concentration (between solution / funnel and water / beaker) accept due to lower diffusion / concentration gradient / described 1 [5] M5.(a) B no mark for “B” alone, the mark is for B and the explanation. large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane accept reference to microvilli ignore villi / hairs / cilia accept reasonable descriptions of the surface eg folded membrane / surface do not accept wall / cell wall 1 (b) (i) any one from: • (salivary) amylase • carbohydrase 1 (ii) many ribosomes do not mix routes. If both routes given award marks for the greater. 1 ribosomes produce protein accept amylase / enzyme / carbohydrase is made of protein Page 30 or (allow) many mitochondria (1) mitochondria provide energy to build / make protein accept ATP instead of energy (1) 1 [4] M6.(a) (i) diffusion apply list principle 1 (ii) A apply list principle 1 (b) (i) osmosis apply list principle 1 (ii) R apply list principle 1 [4] M7. (a) A = nucleus accept phonetic spelling only 1 B = (cell) membrane accept plasma membrane 1 (b) any one from: Page 31 photosynthesis makes sugar / starch / carbohydrate / organic material accept ‘makes food’ do not accept makes chlorophyll ignore stores starch / food / light / chlorophyll traps or absorbs light 1 (c) any two from: Plant cell Animal cell no vacuole or small/temporary vacuole or no cell sap no wall/cellulose or only membrane doesn't store/have starch or stores glycogen • (has) vacuole or has cell sap • (has) wall/cellulose • (stores) starch or doesn't store glycogen ignore reference to shape must be clear indication in all four boxes ignore reference to chlorophyll 2 [5] M8. (a) A nucleus 1 B (cell) membrane 1 C cytoplasm 1 (b) any two from: • (contain mitochondria • many (mitochondria) • respiration (occurs in mitochondria) 2 [5] Page 32 M9. (a) it has many chloroplasts. 1 (b) (has) cell wall 1 (has) vacuole or large / permanent vacuole do not allow chloroplasts assume plant cell throughout accept converse for animal cell 1 [3] M10. (a) Page 33 all four correct = 4 marks three correct = 3 marks two correct = 2 marks one correct = 1 mark extra line from a statement cancels the mark 4 (b) any two from: • nucleus • no cell wall • separate chromosomes 2 (c) A 1 Page 34 (d) diffusion 1 [8] M11. (a) B no mark for ÉBÉ, alone large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane accept reference to microvilli accept reasonable descriptions of the surface do not accept wall / cell wall ignore villi / hairs / cilia 1 (b) (i) any one from: • insulin / hormone if named hormone / enzyme must be correct for pancreas • enzyme / named enzyme 1 (ii) many ribosomes 1 (ribosomes) produce protein accept insulin / hormone / enzyme named is (made of) protein or allow many mitochondria (1) provide energy to build protein or to make protein (1) accept ATP for energy 1 [4] Page 35 M12.(a) (i) A = cytoplasm 1 B = (cell) membrane 1 (ii) nucleus accept chromosome / DNA / genes accept phonetic 1 (b) 3 [6] M13.(a) (i) A = nucleus 1 B = (cell) membrane 1 (ii) any two from: Page 36 ignore shape • no (cell) wall • no (large / permanent) vacuole • no chloroplasts / chlorophyll 2 (b) because high to low oxygen / concentration or down gradient allow ‘more / a lot of oxygen molecules outside’ ignore along / across gradient 1 (c) a tissue 1 [6] M14.(a) (i) C and D no mark if more than one box is ticked 1 (ii) any one from: do not allow if other cell parts are given in a list • (have) cell wall(s) • (have) vacuole(s) 1 (b) (i) A apply list principle 1 (ii) D apply list principle 1 Page 37 (c) respiration apply list principle 1 [5] M15. (a) (i) (cell) membrane 1 (ii) vacuole 1 (b) any two from: • (cell) wall • chloroplast(s) ignore chlorophyll • vacuole ignore cell sap 2 (c) diffusion 1 [5] M16. (a) in sequence: 2 = tissue(s) 3 = organ(s) 4 = system(s) 1 (b) Page 38 1 mark for each correct line extra line(s) from one tissue cancel 3 [4] M17. (a) 1 mark for each correct line mark each line from left hand box two lines from left hand box cancels mark for that box 3 Page 39 (b) energy 1 [4] M18. (a) (i) C and D 1 (ii) cell wall 1 (b) (i) A 1 (ii) D 1 (c) respiration 1 [5] Page 40