February Benchmark Study Guide Biology
Name___________________________________ Per______
1. DNA is made of sugar, phosphate, & paired nitrogen bases.
2. Humans that cross plants so that the next generation will express desirable traits is described as artificial
selection.
3. Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution. Convergent: no common ancestry. Divergent:
common ancestry.
4. Define adaptations. Variations in populations that help individuals survive.
5. Pesticide resistance is a result of natural selection.
6. Describe speciation that arises from geographic isolation. A population of mice divided by a river.
7. Genetic variation is important to species because it leads to increased survival.
8. Explain genetic drift due to the founder effect: small group of a population colonizes a new habitat by chance.
9. Charles Darwin believed the driving force behind evolution was natural selection.
10. The idea that organisms that are most suited to environments survive and reproduce natural selection.
11. Scientists observe that a population of beetles over 4 generations has changed from light to dark due to
predation pressure. What could have caused the change? The dark were better able to escape predation.
12. Distinguish between transcription and translation. Include what happens and where it happens. Transcription
goes from DNA to RNA in the nucleus. Translation goes from RNA to protein in the cytoplasm.
13. Explain the central dogma of genetics: DNA-RNA-proteins in one direction.
14. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. C6H12O6 + O2 -------------6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
15. Draw an example of an inversion. ABC DEFG
CBA DEFG
16. In order for mutations to be passed down to offspring they must occur in the male and female gametes.
17. The probability of a father with type O blood and a mother with type AB blood producing a child with type O
blood is 0%.
18. The number of chromosomes in the two resulting daughter cells after mitosis is diploid.
19. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is caused by nondisjunction.
20. Crossing over during meiosis creates offspring with unique combinations of traits.
21. Distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous. 2 of the same alleles TT or tt. 2 different alleles Tt.
22. If two carriers of the autosomal recessive cystic fibrosis have children, what is the probability that their first child
will have the disease? ¼ or 25%
23. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. Predict the phenotypic ratio of offspring in a cross between a
heterozygous parent and a homozygous dominant parent. 100% round.
24. Describe sex-linked traits. Located on the x chromosome.
25. The building blocks of DNA are called nucleotides.
26. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. Genetic makeup, physical appearance of the trait.
27. What is the human diploid number of chromosomes? 46
28. Draw a simple diagram depicting DNA replication.
29. What are the base pairing rules of DNA?
30. Draw a model of a DNA molecule.
31. List the 4 organic macromolecules, their monomers, and functions. Proteins, amino acids, enzyme activity cell
transport. Lipids, fatty acids, insulation and energy storage, make up cell membranes. Carbohydrates,
monosaccharides, quick energy. Nucleic acids, nucleotides, buildings blocks for DNA & RNA.
32. Describe enzymes. Organic catalysts that are specific and are recycled within cells.
33. How do the ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum work together? Ribosomes make proteins and endoplasmic
transports it.
34. DNA replication occurs during the S Synthesis phase of the cell cycle.
35. Bacteria divide by binary fission.
36. The process of mitosis is the division of the nucleus.
37. Describe the differences between plant and animal cells. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large
central vacuole.
38. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion water sticks to water, adhesion water sticks to itself.
39. Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic no nucleus, eukaryotic nucleus and membrane bound
organelles.
40. Meiosis results in egg and sperm cells, each have a haploid number of chromosomes.
41. Draw and label a diagram of the stages of mitosis.
42. Proteins and lipids are transported through cells by the endoplasmic reticulum.
43. Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? Lysosomes
44. What term describes the cell membrane’s control of substances? Semi-permeable 45. Draw a simple diagram of the cell membrane that includes phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and
cholesterol.
46. Draw a picture of the organelle that produces ATP. What is it? Mitochondrion
47. What happens to a cell if placed in a hypertonic solution? It shrinks
48. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. Theory is supported by evidence from many scientists. A
hypothesis is an educated answer to a question
49. Create a pedigree key.
February Benchmark Study Guide Biology
Name___________________________________ Per______
1. DNA is made of _______________________________________________
2. Humans that cross plants so that the next generation will express desirable traits is described as
________________________ __________
3. Distinguish between convergent and divergent evolution.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define adaptations.
5. Pesticide resistance is a result of ______________________________
6. Describe speciation that arises from geographic isolation
7. Genetic variation is important to species because it leads to ___________________________________.
8. Explain genetic drift due to the founder effect:
___________________________________________________________________________________
9. Charles Darwin believed the driving force behind evolution was ______________________________
10. The idea that organisms that are most suited to environments survive and reproduce is called
__________________________________________.
11. Scientists observe that a population of beetles over 4 generations has changed from light to dark due to
predation pressure. What could have caused the change?
________________________________________________________________________________________.
12. Distinguish between transcription and translation. Include what happens and where it happens.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Explain the central dogma of genetics: _________________________________________________________.
14. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. ______________________________________________
15. Draw an example of an inversion. _______________________________________
16. In order for mutations to be passed down to offspring they must occur in the _________________________.
17. The probability of a father with type O blood and a mother with type AB blood producing a child with type O
blood is ______________.
18. The number of chromosomes in the two resulting daughter cells after mitosis is ____________.
19. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) is caused by ___________________________
20. Crossing over during meiosis creates _____________________________________________________________.
21. Distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous. ________________________________________________.
22. If two carriers of the autosomal recessive cystic fibrosis have children, what is the probability that their first child
will have the disease? _____________
23. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. Predict the phenotypic ratio of offspring in a cross between a
heterozygous parent and a homozygous dominant parent. ____________________
24. Describe sex-linked traits. _____________________________________________________________.
25. The building blocks of DNA are called _______________________________.
26. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype. ____________________________________________________.
27. What is the human diploid number of chromosomes? ______________
28. Draw a simple diagram depicting DNA replication.
29. What are the base pairing rules of DNA?
30. Draw a model of a DNA molecule.
31. List the 4 organic macromolecules, their monomers, and functions.
32. Describe enzymes. _____________________________________________________________________.
33. How do the ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum work together?
______________________________________________________________________________________
34. DNA replication occurs during the ______________________________ phase of the cell cycle.
35. Bacteria divide by ___________________________.
36. The process of mitosis is the division of the ____________________________
37. Describe the differences between plant and animal cells.
38. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion.
39. Contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
40. Meiosis results in ____________ and __________________ cells, each have a haploid number of chromosomes.
41. Draw and label a diagram of the stages of mitosis.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Proteins and lipids are transported through cells by the __________________________________________.
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? _______________________________
What term describes the cell membrane’s control of substances? ______________________________Draw a simple diagram of the cell membrane that includes phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and
cholesterol.
46. Draw a picture of the organelle that produces ATP. What is it? _________________________
47. What happens to a cell if placed in a hypertonic solution? ______________________
48. Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.
49. Create a pedigree key.