Supplemental Material
Effects of recent stress and variation in the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on
depressive symptoms: A repeated-measures study of adults age 50 and older
Thalida E. Arpawonga, Jinkook Leeb,c, Drystan F. Phillipsb,c, Eileen M. Crimminsd, Morgan E.
Levinee, Carol A. Prescotta,d
a
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Dornsife Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, CA, USA
c
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
d
Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
e
Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
b
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Thalida E. Arpawong,
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave, SGM
501 MC 1061, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061, Telephone: 951-640-9763, Fax: 909-575-4621, email: arpawong@usc.edu
Supplemental Table A. 5-HTTLPR Allele Frequencies for Non-Hispanic White Samples
Sample: State(s) of origin
N
Long* Short* Gtd#
Study
USA
10146 0.51
0.49
n
HRS (this study)
Brummet et al., 2008
USA: NC
203
0.54
0.46
y
New Zealand
1037
0.57
0.43
y
Caspi et al., 2003
Australian
2095
0.56
0.44
y
Chipman et al., 2007
USA: MO
238
0.61
0.40
y
Chorbov et al., 2007
USA: CT
104
0.57
0.40
y
Gelernter et al., 1997
USA
1030
0.56
0.44
y
Li et al., 2013
USA (CEPH): UT
76
0.56
0.45
y
Nakamura et al., 2000
USA: CA
557
0.57
0.43
y
Otte et al., 2007
UK
118
0.55
0.45
y
Rees, et al., 1997
French
942
0.53
0.47
y
Ritchie et al., 2009
USA
568
0.58
0.42
y
Scheid et al., 2007
USA
24595 0.56
0.41
y
Schild et al., 2010**
UK
15639 0.57
0.42
y
Schild et al., 2010**
USA: TX, VA
165
0.55
0.45
y
Seneviratne et al., 2009
USA: TX, VA
680
0.55
0.45
n
Seneviratne et al, 2013
USA
70
0.60
0.40
y
Williams et al., 2003
USA: TN, MS, AK
200
0.57
0.40
y
Yang et al, 2013
Supplemental Table B. 5-HTTLPR Genotype Frequencies for Hispanic-Latino Samples
Sample: State(s) of origin
N
Long* Short* Gtd#
Study
Hispanic/Latino
1616 0.89
0.11
n
HRS (this study)
Mexican
207
0.47
0.53
y
Schild et al., 2010**
Brazilian
2952 0.56
0.44
y
Schild et al., 2010**
Colombian
208
0.40
0.60
y
Schild et al., 2010**
Spanish
5249 0.53
0.47
y
Schild et al., 2010**
Argentinian
1501 0.48
0.52
y
Schild et al., 2010**
Hispanic American: TX, VA
110
0.57
0.43
y
Seneviratne et al., 2009
Mexican-American (MXL): CA
69
0.97
0.03
y
1000 Genomes^
Supplemental Table C. 5-HTTLPR Genotype Frequencies for African-American Samples
Sample: State(s) of origin
N
Long* Short* Gtd#
Study
African-American
570
0.46
0.54
n
HRS (this study)
Brummet et al., 2008
African-American: NC
85
0.65
0.37
y
African-American
1096 0.52
Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2014
0.48
y
African-American: CT
51
0.70
0.25
y
Gelernter et al., 1997
African-American
414
Hu et al., 2006
0.75
0.26
y
Walsh et al., 2014
African-American: MI
136
0.53
0.47
y
Walsh et al., 2014
African-American: GA
546
0.54
0.47
y
African-American: NC
94
Williams et al., 2003
0.72
0.28
y
African-American: TN, MS, AK
402
0.77
0.23
y
Yang et al, 2013
African descent (AFR)
691
0.99
0.01
y
1000 Genomes^
Notes.
*Frequencies (p+q or Long+Short) may not add up to 1.0 due to rounding in calculations; they
were calculated from genotype frequencies and sample size information provided by authors.
#Gtd: indicates whether the 5-HTTLPR variant was directly genotyped.
**Study by Schild et al., 2010 included samples from multiple studies across each country, but
does not represent population-based sampling
^Source for 1000 Genomes information: http://www.1000genomes.org/about
References
1000 Genomes. Consortium GP (2012) An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092
human genomes. Nature 491(7422):56-65
Brummett BH, Boyle SH, Siegler IC, et al. Effects of environmental stress and gender on
associations among symptoms of depression and the serotonin transporter gene linked
polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). Behav Genet 2008;38:34–43.
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a
polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003;301:386–389.
Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. Genetic moderation of child maltreatment effects on depression and
internalizing symptoms by serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR),
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and
corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) genes in African American children.
Development and psychopathology 2014;26.4pt2;1219-1239.
Chipman P, Jorm AF, Prior M, et al. No interaction between the serotonin transporter
polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and childhood adversity or recent stressful life events on
symptoms of depression: results from two community surveys. Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144B:561–565.
Chorbov VM, Lobos EA, Todorov AA, et al. Relationship of 5-HTTLPR genotypes and
depression risk in the presence of trauma in a female twin sample. Am J Med Genet B
Neuropsychiatr Genet 2007;144B:830–833.
Gelernter J, Kranzler H, Cubells JF (1997) Serotonin transporter protein (SLC6A4) allele and
haplotype frequencies and linkage disequilibria in African-and European-American and
Japanese populations and in alcohol-dependent subjects. Hum Genet 101(2):243-246
Hu XZ, Lipsky RH, Zhu G, et al. Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are
linked to obsessive–compulsive disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2006;78:815–826.
Li, James J, Berk MS, & Lee SS. Differential susceptibility in longitudinal models of gene–
environment interaction for adolescent depression. Development and psychopathology
2013;25;991-1003.
Nakamura M, Ueno S, Sano A, et al. The human serotonin transporter gene linked
polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) shows ten novel allelic variants. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:32–
38.
Otte C, McCaffery J, Ali S, et al. Association of a serotonin transporter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) with depression, perceived stress, and norepinephrine in patients with
coronary disease: the Heart and Soul Study. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1379–1384.
Rees M, Norton N, Jones I, et al. Association studies of bipolar disorder at the human serotonin
transporter gene (hSERT; 5HTT). Mol Psychiatry 1997;2:398–402.
Ritchie K, Jaussent I, Stewart R, Dupuy A-M, Courtet P, Ancelin M-L, Malafosse A (2009)
Association of adverse childhood environment and 5-HTTLPR genotype with late-life
depression. J Clin Psychiatry 70(9):1281
Scheid JM, Holzman CB, Jones N, et al. Depressive symptoms in mid-pregnancy, lifetime
stressors and the 5-HTTLPR genotype. Genes Brain Behav 2007;6:453–464.
Schild AH, Nader IW, Pietschnig J, Voracek M (2014) Ethnicity moderates the association
between 5-HTTLPR and national suicide rates. Archives of suicide research 18(1):1-13
Seneviratne C, Huang W, Ait‐ Daoud N, Li MD, Johnson BA (2009) Characterization of a
functional polymorphism in the 3′ UTR of SLC6A4 and its association with drinking
intensity. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 33(2):332-339
Seneviratne C, Franklin J, Beckett K, Ma JZ, Ait-Daoud N, Payne TJ, Johnson BA, Li MD (2013)
Association, interaction, and replication analysis of genes encoding serotonin transporter
and 5-HT3 receptor subunits A and B in alcohol dependence. Hum Genet 132(10):11651176
Walsh K, Uddin M, Soliven R, Wildman DE, & Bradley B. Associations between the SS variant
of 5-HTTLPR and PTSD among adults with histories of childhood emotional abuse:
Results from two African American independent samples. Journal of affective disorders
2014;161;91-96.
Williams RB, Marchuk DA, Gadde KM, et al. Serotonin-related gene polymorphisms and central
nervous system serotonin function. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:533–541.
Yang Z, Seneviratne C, Wang S, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Wang J, Li MD (2013) Serotonin transporter
and receptor genes significantly impact nicotine dependence through genetic
interactions in both European American and African American smokers. Drug Alcohol
Depen 129(3):217-225