 No Brain Too Small  CHEMISTRY 
AS91165
Demonstrate understanding of the properties of selected organic compounds
Level 2 4 Credits
Naming of organic
molecules is done
according to IUPAC
convention
1 meth2 eth3 prop4 but5 pent6 hexFormulae
At its simplest, the IUPAC name for an organic compound contains these two parts:
a root indicating how many carbon atoms are in the longest continuous chain of
carbon atoms AND a prefix and/or suffix to indicate the family to which the
compound belongs. E.g. the name ethanol indicates a carbon chain of length two
(eth-) and an OH functional group (-anol).
H
Equations should be
written using either
names or structural
formulae. In writing
structural formulae,
students may use
either the condensed
or expanded forms.
H
H
C
C
H
H
O
H
Empirical – simplest whole number ratio of atoms e.g. CH2O
Molecular – formula of actual molecule e.g. C3H6O3
(expanded)
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
O
H
or CH2CH2CH(OH)CH3 (condensed)
or
CH3
CH2
CH
CH3
OH
Recognising selected
functional groups
(alkane, alkene, alkyne,
haloalkane, amine,
alcohol,
carboxylic acid)
Constitutional isomers.
Identifying and
drawing structural
isomers – chain,
position, functional
group
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cl
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cl
H
C
C
H
H
C
H
and
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
C
C
C
Cl
H
H
(different position)
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
(different skeleton / chain)
H
H
C
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
and
and
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
(different functional group)
O
C
O
H
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Geometric isomers.
Identifying cis-trans
isomers and drawing
their structural
formulae – occur when
there is C=C as there is
no “free rotation”
around C=C i.e. it can’t
twist.
Classifying a
haloalkane or an
alcohol as
primary, secondary or
tertiary
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
and
H
H

H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C

H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
To be cis/trans must have 2 different groups
attached to each end of the double bond.
C
H
but not
C

H
and
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
Br
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
Br
H
H
H
H
Br
H
H
H
H
C
Drawing a product of
halogenation of
alkanes (limited to
mono-substitution)
Cl2 or Br2, uv light.
H
H
(HCl(g) also
C produced)
C
H
H
H
H
Drawing
C the products
C
H
H
of addition
reactions H C
of alkenes of up to 8
H
carbon atoms with
H
 H2/Pt
H C H
H
H
(hydrogenation)
H C
C
C H
H HCl (chlorination)
2
H
H
C
Br
CBrH2 (bromination)
H
Br  Conc. H SO /H O
2
4
2 H
(hydration) HH C HH
HCl or HBr H C C C H
H
H
(hydrohalogenation)
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
O
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
C
C
H
Cl2
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
Cl
Cl
Br2
Conc. H2SO4/H2O
HCl
H
{major}
H
H
C
C
C
H
O
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
Cl
H
H
H
C
C
C
Br
Br
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
{major}
H
“The rich get
richer”
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
Cl
H
H
C
H
H2/Pt
Cl2, uv
H
C
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
C
H
Cl
H
{minor}
C
H
C
Cl2, uv
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
Identification of major
H
and minor products on
addition to asymmetric
alkenes.
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
Cl
H
{minor}
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Identifying alkenes
using observations of
reaction with Br2 and
H+/MnO4-.
Br2 water turns from
orange to colourless
MnO4-(aq) from purple
to brown ppt. BUT
H+/MnO4-(aq) from
purple to colourless.
Addition
polymerisation of
alkenes
H
C
C
H
H
C
{addition
reaction} H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
C
Br
H
H
H
C
H
+
C
H
H
C
H
catalyst
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
N
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Cl
KOH(aq)
NH3(alc)
H
H
H
H
{oxidation reaction}
H+/MnO4-
Br
H
+
C
H
H
H
Br2
Substitution reactions
of haloalkanes with
ammonia NH3(alc) and
potassium hydroxide
KOH(aq)
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
H
H
amine
C
Elimination reactions
of haloalkanes with
KOH (alc).
Identification
of major
H
H
H
and
minor
products
of
H C
C
C H
H
asymmetric
reactants.
O
O
H
H
“The poor get
poorer”
H
{major}
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
C H C H Cl H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
Substitution reactions
of alcohols
With PCl
3H, PCl
H
H 5 & SOCl2
H
H
H
H
C
C
Cl
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
H
C
H
H
(KCl &
H2O also
formed).
H
H
Cl
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
{minor}
C
C
H
H
H
Compare with NH3 (ammonia) ; turn red litmus paper blue, turn green UI paper bluepurple
NH3 + HCl  NH4+Cl- (ammonium chloride)
CH3CH2NH2 + HCl  CH3CH2NH3+ClThe - OH group of alcohol is replaced by - Cl to form a haloalkane
H
H
Oxidation of primary
alcohols to form
Hcarboxylic acids
+
C H H /MnO4 (aq),heat
+
2H H /Cr2O7 (aq), heat
H
C
C
C
H
H
C
H
C
H
H H HC H C
H
C
KOH(alc)
H
Acid-base reactions of
primary amines
alcohol
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
H
H
H
O
SOCl2
H
+
O
H
H
H
/Cr2O72-(aq)
heat
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
Cl
H
H
C
C
H
H
O
C
O
H
 No Brain Too Small  CHEMISTRY 
Dehydration of
alcohols (elimination
of water) with conc.
sulfuric acid H2SO4. (Or
conc. phosphoric acid,
H3PO4).
Identification of major
and minor products.
Identifying carboxylic
acids using their
acidic properties
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
O
“The poor get
poorer”
H
H
H
H
{major}
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
C
{minor}
C
H
H
Turn blue litmus paper RED. Turn UI paper ORANGE.
+ Mg, produce H2 gas. E.g. 2CH3COOH + Mg → Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2
+ carbonate or hydrogen carbonate, produce CO2 gas. E.g. CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2 (NaCH3COO a.k.a CH3COONa, sodium ethanoate)
May have a sharp (vinegary) smell, larger C. acids FOUL smelling!!
Distinguishing between Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
different functional
C1-4 are gases, C5-15
• insoluble in water
• insoluble in water
groups using
liquids, C16 upwards
• rapidly decolourise Br2 • rapidly decolourise Br2
experimental
solids @ room
or Br2 water
or Br2 water
observations.
temperature
• burn with smokier /
• burn with smokier /
• insoluble in water
sootier flame that the
sootier flame that the
alkane
alkene
 slowly decolourise Br2
H
H
H
H
or Br2 water in
C H
C
C H
H C
H
presence of UV light
H
H
O
(or 200-450oC)
H
H
H
Alcohols
Haloalkanes
Amines
C
C
• have higher boiling
• CH3Cl, CH3Br, C2H5Cl
• CH3NH2 is a gas, others
H
H
points than the
are all gases at room
are liquids at room
H C
C H
corresponding alkanes
temperature and
temperature
(due to attraction
pressure.
• Small amines are very
H
H
between polar OH
• the other haloalkanes
soluble in water but as
H C
C
O H
group
on
neighboring
are
liquids
C their solubility 
H
H
alcohols).
• they are all immiscible
• Unpleasant fishy smell,
H
H
• C1-3 soluble in water,
with water (insoluble,
or rotting smell
H C
C
Cl
≥ C4 insoluble.
form 2 layers)
• Are weak bases; turn
• primary alcohols are
• react to form alcohols
red litmus blue and
H
H
oxidised to carboxylic
(substitution reaction)
green UI paper blueH
H
H
acids by warming with
with KOH(aq) or
purple
+
2H C
C
N H
H /Cr2O7 . Orange
alkenes (elimination
2Cr2O7 is reduced to
reaction) with KOH
H
H
green Cr3+.
(alc)
• react with SOCl2 to
O
H
make haloalkane.
H C
C
Carboxylic acids
H
O
• have higher boiling points than the corresponding alcohols (due to attraction
H
between polar -COOH group on neighbouring acids).
• C1-3 soluble in water, ≥ C4 insoluble.
• React with reactive metals like Mg or Zn → H2 gas, with carbonates and
• hydrogen carbonates → CO2 gas, turn blue litmus → RED and turns Universal
• Indicator → ORANGE
 No Brain Too Small  CHEMISTRY 