EARTH SCIENCE MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO EARTH SCIENCE
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NAME ___________________________ PERIOD ____
Complete the following according to teacher instructions!
What would you study in each of the following subdivisions of Earth Science? (page 3)
Meteorology _________________________ ex. ________________________
Astronomy _________________________ ex. _________________________
Geology ___________________________ ex. _________________________
Oceanography ______________________ ex. _________________________
Draw and label figure 6 A (page 8). Briefly describe each term:
Crust ____________________________
Mantle __________________________
Core ____________________________
Latitude is ______________________________________________________________
Longitude is ___________________________________________________________ (page 11)
The Prime Meridian is at ___________________ and runs through ______________________ (page 11)
Examine the Geologic Map figure 16 (page 15). Determine the contour interval of the map. Show your work!
Using the same Geologic Map (page 15), what is the elevation of the tallest mountain? ____________
The Earth is a system because all of its parts (page 18) _____________.
The two sources of energy that power the earth is (page 19)
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
CHAPTER 2 MINERALS
9. Draw the model of the atom figure 2 (page 38) Briefly describe the parts of the atom
Nucleus _________________
Protons _________________
Neutrons _______________
Electrons ________________
10. The mass number of an element is the number of _________________ and _____________, the atomic number is
the number of ________________________. (pages 35 & 38)
Complete the following chart for the following elements: (SEE PERIODIC TABLE PAGES 37-38)
ELEMENT
NUMBER OF PROTONS
NUMBER OF NEUTRONS
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
Phosphorus
Strontium
11. Describe each of the types of chemical bonds and give an example.(pages 40-43)
Ionic _______________________________________________ _________ ex. __________________
Covalent _____________________________________________________ ex. ___________________
Metallic ______________________________________________________ ex. __________________
12. Write the five characteristics of minerals (page 45)
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
13. Why is ice considered a mineral, but water is not? ________________________________________ (page 45)
14. Mineral formation under high temperatures and pressures occurs (page 45) __________________________.
Draw the structure of a silicate (silicon-oxygen tetrahedron) (page 47)
15. How is the hardness of minerals measured? __________________What is the hardness of talc ________, quartz
_________, diamond ___________. (page 52)
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List all the characteristics used to identify minerals – (pages 50-53)
___________________________________________________________________________________________
What two things determine the properties of minerals? (page 54) __________________________________
CHAPTER 3 ROCKS
A rock is __________________________________________________ (page 66)
The three groups of rocks are classified by __________________________ (page 66) Write how each was formed
Igneous rock __________________________________________________________________
Sedimentary rock ______________________________________________________________
Metamorphic rock ______________________________________________________________
Label each region of the rock cycle and add all the connecting sentences. Write an example of each type of rock.
20. Sedimentary rock forms from the ___________________ and ____________________ of sediments. (page 67)
21. Metamorphic rock is any type of rock changed by _________________ and ___________________ (page 67).
22. The type of rock formed by processes of the sun is ________________________ rock because this types of rock
forms by _______________________________________________________________________________.
23. A conglomerate is a ____________________________ rock formed by ____________________ and
_____________________________. (page 77)
24. Briefly describe the five major processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rock (page 76)
Weathering __________________________________________________________________
Erosion ______________________________________________________________________
Deposition ___________________________________________________________________
Compaction __________________________________________________________________
Cementation _________________________________________________________________
25. Fossils are found only in _____________________________ rock(page 77)
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CHAPTER 9 PLATE TECTONICS
26. The continental drift hypothesis states ___________________________________________ (page 248)
Evidence for the continental drift hypothesis is from (page 249-251)
_____________________________ ex _____________________________________________________
_____________________________ex ______________________________________________________
_____________________________ ex _____________________________________________________
_____________________________ex _____________________________________________________
27. Evidence of ancient climates indicates glacial ice _____________________________________ (page 251)
28. Wegener’s theory of continental drift hypothesis was rejected because
_________________________________________________________________________ (253)
29. According to the theory of Plate Tectonics, the lithosphere is ___________________________. (page 254)
30. Describe each type of plate boundary, explain whether crust is made or destroyed (page 255) Draw each type of
boundary.
Divergent _______________________________________________________________________
Convergent ______________________________________________________________________
Transform fault boundary _________________________________________________________
31. What kind of plate boundary causes on plate to descent into the mantle? _________________ (page 255)
32. New crust is formed at _______________________ of ____________________ plates. (page 255)
33. According to the property of paleomagnetism (page 265) _______________________________________.
34. The strips of alternating polarity is evidence of ____________________________________ (page 266)
35. The youngest oceanic crust is _________________________ and the oldest is at the ____________________. This
means the age of seafloor sediments _______________ with increasing distance from the ocean ridge (page 267).
CHAPTER 11 MOUNTAIN BUILDING
36. Deformation is _______________________________________________________________ (page 308)
37. Describe each type of deformation (308-309)
Elastic deformation _____________________________________________________________________
Brittle deformation _____________________________________________________________________
Ductile deformation ____________________________________________________________________
38. The type of deformation in which the object returns to the original shape after the stress is removed is
___________________________ (308).
39. The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is
____________________________ (309).
40. Draw each type of stress and explain what would happen to the rock under that stress (309)
Tensional stress ___________________________________________________
Compressional stress ______________________________________________
Shear stress _____________________________________________________
41. What three types of stresses do rock undergo? ___________________________________ (309)
42. Folding is the result of _________________________ (page 310) Three types of folding are (and draw)
Anticlines _______________________________________________
Synclines _______________________________________________
Monoclines _____________________________________________
43. Orogenesis is _______________________________________________________ (page 314)
44. Mountains are classified by ___________________________________ (page 314)
45. Describe the major types of mountains and give an example (314-318)
Folded ________________________________________________ ex __________________________
Fault-block _____________________________________________ ex __________________________
Volcanic _______________________________________________ ex __________________________
46. An accretionary wedge is _____________________________________________ (page 319)
47. Mountains formed at divergent plate boundaries are ______________________ ex __________ (321)
48. Isostasy is ______________________________________. The force that controls the isostatic adjustment is
__________________________________ (323)
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CHAPTER 8 EARTHQUAKES
49. The focus of an earthquake is _______________________________ and the epicenter is
___________________________________ (218-219)
50. Foreshocks are _______________________________ and aftershocks are ____________________ (page 221)
51. Describe each type of earthquake wave and its peed in relation to the other types of waves (pages 223-224)
P wave ___________________________________________________________________________
S wave ____________________________________________________________________________
Surface wave _______________________________________________________________________
52. Using figure 8 on page 225 answer the following questions:
At 2000 km, how many minutes does the s-wave arrive after the p-wave? ______________
If there are 2 minutes between the p wave and s wave, how far away is the epicenter? ____________
53. The safest area during a major earth quake would be _____________________________ (229-230)
54. A tsunami is ____________________________________________________________ (page 230)
CHAPTER 10 VOLCANOES
55. Describe the two different types of lava flow (282)
Aa ________________________________________________________________________
Pahoehoe __________________________________________________________________
56. Pyroclastic material is ________________________________________ ex ______________________ (283)
57. The form of the volcano is determined by the _________________________ (284)
58. What are three factors that affect the melting point of rock? _____________________, __________________,
______________________ (291-292)
59. Magma rises because it is ______________________. (292)
60. The most active volcanoes are located along the ___________________________________. (293)
Famous volcanoes along this belt are _____________________________________________________
CHAPTER 12 GEOLOGIC TIME/CHAPTER 13
61. Describe each of these important geologic principles: (337-339)
Uniformitarianism _________________________________________________________________
Superposition ______________________________________________________________________
Cross-cutting ______________________________________________________________________
62. The dating that places geologic events in proper sequence is _________________________________ (337)
63. Two condition favoring fossil formation are ______________________________________________ (345)
Six types of fossilization are (figure 10 page 344) _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
64. Half-life is _____________________________________________________________________________(348)
65. Examine figure 13 on page 348. Answer the following questions
How much is the original sample? ___________________
How much of the sample remains after one half-life? _____________
How much of the sample remains after three half lives? _______________ After four half lives? _________
66. The geologic time scale covers _______________________. (page 352)
67. What do each of these eras mean. Describe a major geologic event that occurred in each era, and the dominant
animals of the era. (353 and chapter 13)
Precambrian ____________________________________________________________________________
Paleozoic ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
Mesozoic ________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Cenozoic ________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
68. The major source of free oxygen was from __________________________. (367)
69. The first true terrestrial animals were ____________________.(380)
70. The current geologic age is _____________________________.(383)
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