Figure S5: Ordination of taxa detected by metabarcoding according to their
current co-occurrence pattern and ecological characteristics of diagnostic taxa
A multivariate analysis (non-metric multidimensional scaling) was performed based on
3077 vegetation relevés conducted in the northern French Alps, to ordinate 982 species
according to their current co-occurrence pattern. A vector fitting approach was used to
relate the ordination of current species with their abiotic preferences, measured with
the Ellenberg indicator values from 223 alpine plants. Diagnostic taxa detected by
metabarcoding analysis were placed on this ordination to infer their ecological
characteristics. Ecological gradients represented by the vector fitting analysis are shown
in panel b.
Table c describes the mean score of Ellenberg's indicator values (with standard errors)
for the diagnostic taxa of the Mid-Holocene and of the last 2500 years.
●
ACHILLEA.MACROPHYLLA
●
●
AJUGA
●● ●
●●●●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
●
●
MDS2
●
●
MDS2
●
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
MDS2
0.05
a.
ALCHEMILLA
●
●
ALNUS
●
0.05
●
BARTSIA.ALPINA
CALTHA
●
●
●
●
MDS1
●
●
●●
●
● ●
GERANIUM
●
● ●
●
−0.1
●
●
●
●
MDS1
0.1
−0.2
−0.1
MDS1
●
●
●
LATHYRUS
0.0
MDS2
HEDYSARUM.HEDYSAROIDES
MDS1 ●
●
HYPERICUM
−0.2
MDS1
● ●
●
●
●
MDS1
EUPHRASIA
●
MDS1
GENTIANA
●
●
HELIANTHEMUM.NUMMULARIUM
LOTUS
0.0
MDS1
0.1
−0.2
●
MDS1
MDS2
● ●
ERYNGIUM
●
MDS2
●●
MDS2
●
●
MDS1
●
●
●
ERIOPHORUM
●
●
●
MDS1
MDS2
EPILOBIUM
MDS2
● ●
●
●
MDS1
MDS2
●
MDS1
MDS2
MDS1
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
●
CAREX
●
0.05
−0.15 −0.05
●
MDS1
●
ANTHYLLIS.VULNERARIA
0.05
−0.15 −0.05
●
●
●
● ● ● ●●
●
●
●●
● ● ●
●●
●●
●
● ●
●● ● ●●●
●
●
●
MDS2
MDS1
MDS2
MDS1
●
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
●
MDS1
0.05
MDS2
MDS2
MDS2
MDS2
●
●●
● ●
●●
● ●● ●
● ● ●
●
●
●
LUZULA
−0.1
0.0
MDS1
0.1
−0.2
−0.1
0.0
MDS1
0.1
MYOSOTIS
MDS2
●●
●
●
●
●
PHYTEUMA.SPICATUM
●
MDS1
●
●
●
●
●
MDS1
●●
●
●
●
●
●
MDS2
●
●
PEDICULARIS
MDS2
●
●●
● ●
●
● ●● ●
MDS2
OXYRIA.DIGYNA
MDS1
−0.15 −0.05
MDS2
●
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
●
●
MDS2
●
●
0.05
MDS2
0.05
b.
MDS1
●
●
●
PINUS
PLANTAGO
POTENTILLA
PTERIDIUM
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
MDS1
●
●
●
●
RHINANTHUS
●
●
RUMEX
SAXIFRAGA
●
SAXIFRAGA.STELLARIS
●
SOLDANELLA
●
● ●
MDS1
MDS2
●
MDS1
MDS2
●
● ●●● ●
●
MDS1
●
● ●
TRIFOLIUM
VACCINIUM
PH
●
●
MDS1
●●
● ●
●●●
MDS1
MDS2
●
MDS2
MDS1
●
●●
●
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
MDS1●
MDS2
RANUNCULUS
MDS1
−0.15 −0.05
●●
●● ●● ●
●
0.05
MDS2
MDS2
●
MDS2
● ● ●
●● ●● ●
MDS1
●
MDS2
●
●
●
●
●
MDS1
MDS2
−0.15 −0.05
●
●
0.05
MDS2
0.05
●
LIGHT
−0.2
−0.1
0.0
MDS1
VERATRUM
0.1
−0.2
−0.1
TEMPERATURE
NITROGEN
●
VACCINIUM.ULIGINOSUM
MDS1
●
MOISTURE
VERONICA
0.0
MDS1
0.1
−0.2
−0.1
0.0
MDS1
0.1
−0.2
−0.1
0.0
MDS1
0.1
c.
Taxa name
Achillea macrophylla
Diagnostic
taxa of the
midHolocene
period
Hypericum sp.
Pedicularis sp.
Pinus sp.
Light
3 (+/-0)
Moisture
3 (+/-0)
pH
3 (+/-0)
3,3 (+/-0,49) 3,3 (+/-0,71) 3,3 (+/-1,23)
4 (+/-0,68)
Nitrogen
4 (+/-0)
Temperature
2 (+/-0)
2,4 (+/-0,7)
3,6 (+/-0,93)
2,9 (+/-0,95) 3,6 (+/-1,34) 2,3 (+/-0,83) 1,8 (+/-0,69)
4,2 (+/-0,84) 2,1 (+/-0,71)
3 (+/-1)
2 (+/-0)
3,6 (+/-1,73)
Ranunculus sp.
3,5 (+/-0,81) 3,5 (+/-1,34) 3,3 (+/-0,84) 2,8 (+/-0,79) 3,4 (+/-1,05)
Rumex sp.
3,8 (+/-0,44) 3,1 (+/-0,76) 3,3 (+/-0,66) 3,7 (+/-0,97) 3,7 (+/-1,27)
Veratrum sp.
Alchemilla sp.
Diagnostic
taxa of the
last 2500
years
Ellenberg indicator values
3 (+/-0)
3,5 (+/-0)
3 (+/-0)
4 (+/-0)
3,7 (+/-0,51) 3,2 (+/-0,73) 3,4 (+/-0,76) 2,7 (+/-0,75)
2 (+/-0)
2 (+/-0,37)
Alnus sp.
3 (+/-0)
4,1 (+/-0)
3 (+/-0,82)
4 (+/-0)
3,1 (+/-1)
Helianthemum
nummularium
5 (+/-0)
1,5 (+/-0)
4 (+/-0)
2 (+/-0)
4,5 (+/-0)
Plantago sp.
4,2 (+/-0,44) 2,3 (+/-0,55) 3,3 (+/-0,63) 2,8 (+/-0,69)
Potentilla sp.
3,9 (+/-0,6)
Saxifraga stellaris
5 (+/-0)
3,7 (+/-1,1)
2,3 (+/-0,97) 3,4 (+/-0,98) 2,6 (+/-0,81) 3,1 (+/-1,35)
4 (+/-0)
3 (+/-0)
2 (+/-0)
2 (+/-0)