Korean alphabet, Hangeul

Basic Korean Grammar

© State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Communities, 2012 www.clic.det.nsw.edu.au

NSW Curriculum and Learning Innovation Centre



Contents

Korean alphabet, Hangeul

Parts of speech

Speech levels

Korean sentence structure

Dictionary form and verb stems

Tenses

Combined verbs

Indirect speech

Verb ending endings

Conjunctive endings

12

13

15

18

3

5

8

9

21

23

© State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Communities, 2012 1/ 24



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Korean alphabet, Hangeul

The Korean alphabet, called Hangeul ( 한글 ), was invented in the 15 th century by a group of scholars under the patronage of King Sejong the Great. It is a phonetic system like the

English alphabet. It is simple, systematic and comprehensive. Hangeul consists of ten simple vowels and fourteen consonants that are variously combined to form syllables, which are then strung together to form words and phrases.

Below are the 10 basic vowels and 14 basic consonants.

1.

Basic vowels: ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ

2.

Basic consonants: ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ

In addition, there are 11 combined vowels (diphthongs) and 5 double consonants.

1.

Vowels: ㅐ ㅒ ㅔ ㅖ ㅘ ㅝ ㅟ ㅚ ㅙ ㅞ ㅢ

2.

Consonants: ㄲ ㄸ ㅃ ㅆ ㅉ

All the words in the written Korean language consist of syllables. They follow the basic rules below:

1.

A syllable begins with a consonant.

2.

A syllable has at least one consonant and one vowel.

3.

Each syllable gets written in a square box.

As a general rule Hangeul is written from top to bottom and from left to right. Strokes are never interrupted, even when they change direction halfway.




Parts of speech

1.

Action verbs

Action verbs denote the action or movement of a person or a thing.

Examples:

가다 (to go) 보다 (to see) 먹다 (to eat) 듣다 (to hear)

2.

Descriptive verbs

Descriptive verbs denote the state or characteristic of a person or a thing. They are equivalent to the English verb ‘to be’ plus an adjective.

Examples:

가볍다 (to be light) 덥다 (to be hot) 아름답다 (to be beautiful)

예쁘다 (to be pretty)

3.

Nouns

Nouns are the names of people, things and places. They can be divided into two distinct groups, i.e. independent nouns and dependent nouns. Independent nouns include common nouns and proper nouns. Dependent nouns can fulfill their function only when they are preceded by the word they modify.

Examples:

Independent nouns: 말 (horse)

Dependent nouns: 할 수 있다

(ability to do)

4.

Pronouns

책 (book)

먹을 것이 없다

(nothing to eat)

물 (water)

Pronouns replace nouns so that names of people or places do not have to be used. There are two kinds of pronouns: demonstrative pronouns and personal pronouns.

Examples:

Demonstrative pronouns:

이것

(This is a book.)

저기

(there/that place)

이분

(this person)

Personal pronouns:

나 / 저 (I) 너 / 당신 (you) 우리 / 저희 (we)




5.

Adverbs

Adverbs precede action verbs or descriptive verbs and modify, clarify, or add meaning to them.

Examples:

정말 (truly) 지금 (now) 가끔 (sometimes)

모두 (together/in all) 항상 (always) 벌써 (already)

6.

Determiners

Determiners precede nouns and modify, clarify, or add meaning to them. They are equivalent to English adjectives used attributively including demonstrative adjectives.

Examples:

이 / 저 소녀 (this/that girl) 새 책 (new book)

몇 사람

7.

Particles

?

(How many people?)

어느 것 ?

(Which one?)

한 아이 (one child)

무슨 색 ?

(What colour?)

Particles, which are attached to a noun, a pronoun, another particle, an adverb and even a verb, indicate the grammatical relationship with other words. They are classified into three categories depending on their functions: case particles, auxiliary particles and connective particles.

 Case particles

Case particles are attached to a noun or pronoun and determine the case. Their main usage is to clarify the grammatical relationship of words within a sentence. The case particles are further classified into four types: subject particles, object particles, topic particles and adverbial particles.

Examples: o o o o o o

나는 김수미예요 .

I am Sumi Kim.

나는 사과를 좋아해요 .

I like apples.

나는 서울에 살아요 .

I live in Seoul.

나는 언니에게 사과를 주었어요 .

I gave an apple to my older sister.

나는 버스로 학교에 갔어요 .

I went to school by bus.

나는 친구로부터 편지를 받았어요 .

I received a letter from my friend.




 Auxiliary particles



Auxiliary particles add special meaning to a word. The function of the auxiliary particles in Korean grammar often corresponds to the function of the preposition in

English grammar.

Examples: o o o o o

나도 학생이고 톰도 학생이에요 .

I am a student and Tom is also a student.

나는 오늘부터 금요일까지 학교에 가요 .

I go to school from today to Friday.

나는 한 시간마다 전화했어요 .

I rang you every hour.

나는 배보다 사과를 더 좋아해요 .

I like apples better than pears.

한국에서는 토요일에 수업이 없어요 .

There is no lesson on Saturday in Korea.

Connective particles

Connective particles connect a noun to a noun. They consist of the conjunctive particles, ‘ 와 / 과 ’ and ‘ 하고 ’ and the adnominal particle, ‘ 의 ’.

Examples: o o o

민수의 누나는 아주 예뻐요 .

Minsu’s older sister is very pretty.

수미하고 톰은 내 친구들이에요 .

Sumi and Tom are my friends.

언니는 엄마와 함께 미국에서 살아요 .

My older sister lives with my mother in the USA.

은 는 이 가 을 를

로 로부터 까지 마다

보다 에서는 의 하고

에서 …




8.

Numerals

Numerals denote the amount or order of nouns. They have the same meaning as pronouns, but while pronouns refer to the objects mentioned earlier in a discourse, cardinal and ordinal numerals refer to the nouns in a sentence.

Examples: o o o o

나는 열두 살이에요 .

I am 12 years old.

나는 십오 분 정도 기다렸어요 .

I waited about 15 minutes.

그 사람은 세 번째로 여기에 왔어요 .

He was the third to come here.

이 아이는 우리 둘째아들이에요 .

He is my second son.

9.

Interjections

Interjections are used to express a sudden feeling or emotion such as sadness or surprise.

Example: o o

어머나 , 벌써 마흔 살이에요 !

Oh my! Are you already 40?

아유 , 너무 비싸요 !

Oh, it is too expensive!

기초 한국어 문법


쉬워!!!

요!




Speech levels

Koreans alter the formality of their speech depending on the context of the conversation.

These speech levels can be divided into the following three broad categories: the informal, the informal polite and the formal polite.

The informal level is used between siblings, husband and wife, close friends and associates of the same age or younger. The informal polite level is used between people who know each other, but may not be intimate friends, or when there is a slight difference in age. This form is also common between strangers, particularly women and younger people.

The formal polite level is used between people who know each other, but who need to show respect to each other because of age or social status by making use of honorific forms*.

This level is used in formal settings and in situations that demand a high level of respect for the addressee. Men often use this level when speaking with strangers.

Sentence endings determine the types of sentences, such as the declarative, the interrogative, the imperative and the propositive. The sentence endings of each speech level are demonstrated in the following table.

Declarative Interrogative Imperative Propositive

Informal

가 ga

가 / 가니 ?

ga/gani?

가 ( 라 ) ga(ra)

가자 gaja

Informal polite

가요 gayo

가요 ?

gayo?

가요 gayo

가요 gayo

Formal polite

갑니다 gamnida

갑니까 ?

gamnikka?

가십시오 gasipsio

갑시다 gapsida

Note: To show Korean verb conjugations depending on each speech level, the dictionary form of a verb, ‘ 가다 ’ (to go) is used in the table.




Korean sentence structure

1.

Basic sentence types

There are four basic sentence types in Korean. These are made up of simple combinations of the subject and the predicate, with the type being determined by the verb used. More complex sentences are built upon these basic sentence types.

Examples:

Type 1

Type 2

Type 3

Type 4

Subject + predicative noun + ' 이다 ' e.g. 이것이 나무예요 . 민수는 학생이에요 .

This is a tree. Minsu is a student. e.g.

Subject + descriptive verb

날씨가 좋아요 .

The weather is nice.

이것은 커요 .

This is big. e.g.

Subject + intransitive action verb

수미가 자요

Sumi sleeps.

. 수미가 일어나요 .

Sumi gets up.

Subject + object + transitive action verb e.g. 민수가 책을 읽어요 . 톰이 사과를 먹어요 .

Minsu reads a book. Tom eats an apple.

2.

Modified structure

The basic sentence types or structures can be enhanced by the addition of modifiers which may include adjectives, adverbs, nouns with adjective particles, and transformed descriptive verbs.

Examples: o o o o o

민수는 재미있는 학생이에요 .

Minsu is an interesting student.

날씨가 아주 좋아요 .

The weather is very nice.

수미는 방에서 자요 .

Sumi sleeps in her room.

민수가 도서관에서 책을 읽어요 .

Minsu is reading a book in the library.

톰이 크고 빨간 사과를 먹어요 .

Tom eats a big red apple.




3.

Conjunctive structure

Two or more sentences may be combined to form a single sentence. When sentences are combined, the verb in the principal sentence is given a conjunctive ending as in the examples in A below.

Examples: A o o o o o o

비가 오고 추워요 .

It’s raining and cold.

비가 오면 기분이 안 좋아요 .

When/If it rains, I don’t feel good.

비가 오니까 우산을 가져가세요

Since it is raining take an umbrella. (reason)

비가 와서 날씨가 습해요

It’s wet because it’s raining. (cause)

비가 오지만 방은 밝아요 .

It’s raining, but still the room is light.

비가 와도 공원에 가야 돼요 .

Even if it rains, I have to go to the park.

Read the sentences in B below and think about the word order and structure. How are they different from the sentences in A above? *See below for the answer.

Examples: B o o o o o

나는 이것이 무엇인지 알고 싶어요 .

I’d like to know what this is.

이분은 한국에서 오신 선생님이에요 .

This is the teacher who came from Korea.

저는 지난 주에 당신이 보낸 편지를 받았어요 .

I’ve received the letter you sent me last week.

우리는 언니가 무엇을 / 왜 / 언제 / 어떻게 찾았는지 몰라요 .

We don’t know what/why/when/how my sister found it.

저기 걸어가는 학생이 누구예요 ?

Who is the student who is walking over there?




Please note that:

Word order may be reversed for the purpose of giving special emphasis to a designated word. In this case the first word in the sentence usually carries the most weight.

Examples: o 나는 오늘 언니와 함께 시내에서 2 시간 동안 쇼핑했어요 .

(I went shopping in the city for two hours with my older sister.)

 오늘 나는 언니와 함께 시내에서 2 시간 동안 쇼핑했어요 .

 언니와 함께 나는 오늘 시내에서 2 시간 동안 쇼핑했어요 .

 시내에서 나는 오늘 언니와 함께 2 시간 동안 쇼핑했어요 .

 2 시간 동안 나는 오늘 언니와 함께 시내에서 쇼핑했어요 .




Dictionary form and verb stems

To find a verb in the Korean dictionary you will first have to work out its original or dictionary form which consists of a verb stem + the ending 다 as shown in the following examples.

Examples: o 가 is the verb stem of 갑니다 , 가요 , 가는 , 가니 , 갔다 , 갈 , 가서 etc. The dictionary form is 가다 . o 만나 is the verb stem of 만납니다 , 만나요 , 만나는 , 만나니 , 만났다 , 만날 ,

만나서 etc. The dictionary form is 만나다 . o 먹 is the verb stem of 먹습니다 , 먹어요 , 먹는 , 먹니 , 먹었다 , 먹을 , 먹어서 etc. The dictionary form is 먹다 . o 깨끗하 is the verb stem of 깨끗합니다 , 깨끗해요 , 깨끗한 , 깨끗하니 , 깨끗했다 ,

깨끗할 , 깨끗해서 etc. The dictionary form is 깨끗하다 .

Unfortunately, there is no definite way to discriminate the verb stem and the ending.

In general, the first part of the verb is the verb stem and the last part is the ending.




Tenses

Tenses in Korean are determined from the speaker’s point of view. Sometimes tenses communicate certain aspects of the verb action or state rather than the time reference of the verb. The tenses of present, future and progressive are explained below:

1.

Present



Usually there is no special form of the present tense. Sometimes, '~ ㄴ / 는 ' is used with action verbs; however, it is not used with adjectival verbs. o o

나는 사과를 좋아한다 .

I like apples.

책상 위에 사전이 있다 .

There is a dictionary on the desk.

 The present tense is used to state unchanging truths, characteristics of things, the present state of things, repeated incidents, or habits. o o o

꽃이 아름답다 .

Flowers are beautiful.

나는 가끔 빨간 옷을 입는다 .

I sometimes wear a red dress.

지금 바람이 분다 .

The wind is blowing.

 If used with words associated with the future, a future event is conveyed. o o

우리는 다음 주말에 수영한다 .

We (will) swim next weekend.

내일은 내 생일이다 .

Tomorrow is my birthday.

2.

Past

The past tense is used when an event has been completed in the past or has continued up to a certain point of time before the present. '~ 았 / 었 ' is used to change verbs into the past form. o o o o

어제 비가 왔어요 . (contraction of 오았어요 )

It rained yesterday.

엄마는 방금 일을 끝내셨어요 . (contraction of 끝내시었어요 .)

My mum has just finished her work.

그분은 제 한국어 선생님이셨어요 . (contraction of 선생님이시었어요 .)

He was my Korean teacher.

나는 어제 친구를 만났어요 .

I met my friend yesterday.




3.

Future

'~ 겠 ' or '~ ( 으 ) ㄹ 거 ' is used to change verbs into the future form.

'~ 겠 ' normally conveys the speaker’s will, while '~ ( 으 ) ㄹ 거 ' conveys the speaker’s point of view. However, both are often used in the same context. o o o o o

내일 그 일을 꼭 끝내겠어요 .

I will finish that job tomorrow.

집으로 연락하겠습니다 .

I will contact you at home.

그 사람을 다시 만나지 않겠어요 .

I won’t meet him again.

내일은 날씨가 더 추울 거예요 .

It will probably be colder tomorrow.

저 작은 사람이 새로운 지도자가 될 거예요 .

The small man will probably be the new leader.

4.

Progressions

'~ 고 있다 ’ conveys progression. Only action verbs may be used in progressions. The repetition of an incident or habit may be also conveyed by '~ 고 있다 '.

'~ 고 계시다 ' is the honorific form of '~ 고 있다 '. o o o

친구가 지금 기다리고 있어요 .

My friend is waiting now.

저는 매일 한국어를 배우고 있어요 .

I am learning Korean every day.

할머니께서 지금 주무시고 계십니다 .

My grandmother is sleeping now.




Combined verbs

The regular method of combining verbs uses only the stem of the first verb. The irregular method may use a conjugated verb ending or a changed stem of the first verb. See the example below:

Examples for the regular method: o o

오다 + 가다 = 오가다 to come + to go = to come and go

검다 + 푸르다 = 검푸르다 to be black + to be blue = to be dark blue

Examples for the irregular method: o o

기다 + 가다 = 기어가다

하다 + 보다 = 해보다 to crawl + to go = to go by crawling to do + to see = to try/to do and see

Two verbs may be combined in Korean and a) retain their original meanings or b) form a

new verb with a particular meaning*.

* The Korean for these are: a) 복합어 bokhap-eo retain their original meanings. b) 합성어 hapseong-eo form a new verb/words with a particular meaning.

a) Combining verbs (main + auxiliary) and retaining the original meaning

Auxiliary verbs follow main verbs in the sentence, adding, modifying or supplementing the meaning of the main verb. A space is always left between the main and auxiliary verb.

Auxiliary verbs can be classified by their associated meanings as below.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 오다 / 가다 : a temporal movement

Examples: o o o o

그 일이 잘 되어 갑니다 .

That work is going smoothly.

그는 지금까지 그 일을 2 년 동안 해 왔습니다 .

He has been doing that job for two years

영수 생일에 케이크를 만들어 오겠어요 .

I will make a cake for Youngsu’s birthday.

파티에 큰 케이크 하나 사 갈까요 ?

Shall we buy a big cake for the party?




 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 보다 : an attempt for achievement, perception or understanding of an action

Examples o 그 학생들을 열심히 가르쳐 보겠습니다 . o o

I will try my best to teach those students.

칠판에 그 단어를 써 보세요 .

Try to write that word on the board.

할머니께 전화해 볼까요 ?

Shall we try to call our grandmother?

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 놓다 / 두다 : an action which took place in the past

Examples o o

그분 전화번호를 써 놓았어요 / 두었어요 .

I took his phone number.

내가 중학교 때 이 사진을 찍어 놓았어요 / 두었어요 .

I took this photo when I was a middle school student.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 버리다 : completion of an action

Examples o o o

내가 그것을 이미 먹어 버렸어요 .

I have eaten it up already.

우리는 그 돈을 모두 잃어 버렸어요 .

I have lost all the money.

제인은 그 사람과 사랑에 빠져 버렸어요 .

Jane has fallen in love with him.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 있다 / 계시다 : an active state

Examples o o

우리 할머니는 80 세지만 아직 살아 계십니다 .

My grandmother is still alive even though she is 80 years old.

성경책이 책상 위에 어제부터 놓여 있었어요 .

The bible has been on the desk since yesterday.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 주다 / 드리다 : an action in service

Examples o o

저에게 수학을 좀 가르쳐 주세요 .

Please teach me mathematics.

할머니께 그것을 좀 보여 드리세요 .

Please show it to your grandmother.



Basic Korean Grammar b) Combining verbs to form a new verb with a particular meaning

There are many cases when two verbs are combined to form a new verb. The two most common cases are examined below.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 오다 / 가다 : ‘ 가다 / 오다 ’ are verbs which convey movement from place to place. They are used only with action verbs. As one word is created from two verbs, so the space between ~ 아 / 어 / 여 and 오다 / 가다 is omitted.

Examples: o o o o o o

학생들이 교실에 들어옵니다 .

Students are entering the classroom.

오빠가 지금 내 방에서 나갑니다 .

My older brother is going out of my room.

새들이 하늘을 날아갑니다 .

Birds are flying in the sky.

벌써 밤 9 시니까 집에 돌아갑시다 .

It’s 9 p.m. already. Let’s go back home.

어린이들이 이쪽으로 내려옵니다 .

Children are coming down this way.

학생들이 언덕으로 올라갑니다 .

Students are climbing up the mountain.

 ~ 아 / 어 / 여 지다 : ‘ 지다 ’ indicates change or development from a certain condition.

It is used both with descriptive verbs and action verbs.

Examples: o o o

날씨가 추워졌어요 .

The weather got cold.

운동을 하면 건강해집니다 .

If you exercise, you become healthy.

내 친구가 아주 예뻐졌습니다 .

My friend became beautiful.

Here are some more examples where verbs have been combined to form new verbs.

가져가다 to take

(transportation)

돌아가다 to go back

올라가다 to go up

일어나다 to get up

일어서다 to stand up

가져오다 to bring 돌아보다 to look back 해내다

갈아입다 to change clothes 돌아서다 to turn around 나가다

나오다 to come from to accomplish to go out

돌아오다 to come back 알아보다 to inquire

갈아타다 to change 넘어가다 to go over




Indirect speech

There are several types of indirect speech in Korean. '~ 고 하다 ' is the basic ending which is attached directly to the original verb form. The tense, negation and exact meaning of the original speaker’s words are always retained.

'~ 고 하다 ' is used in various forms such as '~ 고 해요 ' and '~ 고 합니다 '.

1.

Interrogative indirect

The interrogative indirect form is made by inserting '~ 냐고 하다 ' into the infinitive verb as in examples below:

Present

Past

Future

Negation

경찰이 누가 가냐고 합니다 .

The police ask who is going.

경찰이 언제 오냐고 합니다 .

The police ask when I am coming.

경찰이 어디에 있냐고 합니다 .

The police ask where I am.

경찰이 누가 갔냐고 합니다 .

The police ask who went.

경찰이 언제 왔냐고 합니다 .

The police ask when I came.

경찰이 어디에 있었냐고 합니다 .

The police ask where I was.

경찰이 누가 가겠냐고 합니다 .

The police ask who will go.

경찰이 언제 오겠냐고 합니다 .

The police ask when I will come.

경찰이 어디에 있겠냐고 합니다 .

The police ask where I will be.

경찰이 왜 안 가냐고 합니다 .

The police ask why I am not going.

경찰이 왜 안 갔냐고 합니다 .

The police ask why I didn’t go.




2.

Declarative indirect

The declarative indirect form is made by attaching '~ 는 / ㄴ다고 해요 / 합니다 ' to the infinitive verb stem. However, in the case of the verb 이다 , it is made by attaching

'~ ( 이 ) 라고 해요 / 합니다 ' to the noun directly before the verb 이다 .

'~ 는 / ㄴ대요 ' is a contraction of '~ 는 / ㄴ다고 해요 ' and '~ 래요 ' is a contraction of

'~ 라고 해요 '.

Examples:

Present 민수가 학교에 간다고 합니다 / 간대요 .

Minsu says he goes to school.

민수가 점심 먹는다고 합니다 / 먹는대요 .

Minsu says he is eating lunch.

Past

Future

Negation

~ 이다

(to be)

민수가 학교에 갔다고 합니다 / 갔대요 .

Minsu says he went to school.

민수가 점심 먹었다고 합니다 / 먹었대요 .

Minsu says he had lunch.

민수가 학교에 가겠다고 합니다 / 가겠대요 .

Minsu says he’ll go to school.

민수가 점심 먹겠다고 합니다 / 먹겠대요 .

Minsu says he’ll have lunch.

민수가 점심 안 먹겠다고 합니다 / 먹겠대요 .

Minsu says he won’t eat lunch.

민수가 저녁 먹지 않겠다고 합니다 / 않겠대요 .

Minsu says he won’t eat dinner.

민수가 그것이 책이라고 합니다 / 이래요 .

Minsu says that is a book.

민수가 그분이 교사라고 합니다 / 래요 .

Minsu says that he is a teacher.

3.

Propositive indirect

This indirect form is made by attaching '~ 자고 하다 ' to the verb stem, except in the case of the verb, ‘ 이다 ’:

Examples:

영수가 학교에 가자고 합니다 .

Youngsu says, “Let’s go to school.”

영수가 점심 먹자고 합니다 .

Youngsu says, “Let’s have lunch.”

영수가 수영하지 말자고 합니다 .

Youngsu says, “Let’s not swim.”




4.

Imperative indirect

This indirect form of speech is made by attaching '~ ( 으 ) 라고 하다 ' to the verb stem.

'~ ( 으 ) 라고 하다 ' can be replaced by '~ ( 으 ) 래요 ' in some instances.

Examples:

영수가 학교에 가라고 합니다 / 가래요 .

Youngsu says, “Go to school.”

영수가 점심 먹으라고 합니다 / 먹으래요 .

Youngsu says, “Have lunch.”

영수가 수영하지 말라고 합니다 / 말래요 .

Youngsu says, “Do not swim.”




Verb ending forms

Korean

1. ~ ( 으 ) 려고 해요 be going to ~

2. ~ ( be going to/will ~

I guess ~

3. ~

4. ~

으

고

) ㄹ 거예요

싶어요

would like to ~

/

simple past form

싶어해요

5.

~ ㄴ데요 but

Two sentences are connected in such a way that the action taking place in the first sentence still continues in the second sentence.

6. ~ 겠어요

I will ~ (speaker’s intention)

7. ~ 아 / 어야겠어요

should ~

8. ~ (

9. ~

았

으

고

/

)

었어요

세요

Please ~

/(

있어요

으 ) 십시오

Present progress form

Examples

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민수가 점심 먹으려고 해요 .

Minsu is going to eat lunch.

민수가 공부하려고 해요 .

Minsu is going to study.

나는 오후 2 시에 점심을 먹을거예요 .

I’m going to eat lunch at 2 pm.

민수는 아마 공부할 거예요 .

I guess Minsu will be studying.

나는 여행하고 싶어요 .

I would like to go on a trip.

민수는 여행하고 싶어해요 .

Minsu would like to go on a trip.

민수가 오늘 2 시에 점심을 먹었어요 .

Minsu had lunch at 2 p.m.

민수는 어제 친구를 만났어요 .

Minsu met his friend yesterday.

그분은 좋은 사람인데요 , 왜 싫어하세요 ?

He is a good man. Why don’t you like him?

계속 치료를 받고 있는데요 , 아직도 독감이

낫지 않아요 .

Even though I am continuing with the treatment,

I’m still not recovering from the flu.

저는 오늘 부모님께 편지를 쓰겠어요 .

I will write a letter to my parents.

나는 다음 주부터 운동하겠어요 .

I will exercise from next week.

우리는 오늘 좀 쉬어야겠어요 .

I should take some rest today.

나는 오늘 민수를 만나야겠어요 .

I should meet Minsu today.

여기 앉으세요 .

Please sit here.

안녕히 주무십시오 .

Please take a good rest.

저는 지금 전화하고 있어요 .

I am on the phone now.

학생들이 교실에서 수업하고 있어요 .

Students are studying in a classroom.




10. ~ 는 / ㄴ 대요

She/He says that she/he would ~

11. ~ (

(They said that) s/he is ~

12. ~ (

(person) tells (person) to ~

13. ~

14. ~

15. ~ (

16. ~ (

17. ~ (

으

으

으

)

)

)

ㄹ

ㄴ

ㄹ

까요

Shall we ~?

Will s/he ~?

것

것

It seems to be ~

?

같아요

같아요

It seems to that it will ~

18. ~ (

으

으

아

아

으

/

/

)

)

)

래요

래요

어야

어져요

become ~

I plan to ~

계획 /

돼요

should/must ~

예정이에요 .

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민수가 10 분 후에 집에 간대요 .

Minsu says he will go home in 10 minutes.

민수는 나중에 저녁을 먹는대요 .

Minsu says he will eat dinner later.

그분은 의사래요 .

They said that s/he is a doctor.

그 사람은 민수의 어머니래요 .

They said that person is Minsu’s mother.

의사가 나에게 약을 먹으래요 .

The doctor tells me to take medicine.

엄마가 아빠한테 빨리 집에 오래요 .

Dad tells Mum to come home early.

오른쪽으로 가야 돼요 .

We must turn right.

이 약을 먹어야 돼요 .

You should take this medicine.

날씨가 나빠져요 .

The weather is becoming bad.

방이 밝아졌어요 .

The room has become bright.

더우니까 창문을 열까요 ?

Shall we open a window because it’s hot?

민수가 우리와 함께 거기에 갈까요 ?

Will Minsu come with us to that place?

민수가 많이 아픈 것 같아요 .

Minsu seems to be very sick.

바지가 너무 큰 것 같아요 .

It seems the pants are too big.

시험이 어려울 것 같아요 .

It seems to that the test will be hard.

내일은 날씨가 좋을 것 같아요 .

It seems that the weather will be good tomorrow.

오늘 오후에 친구 집에 갈 계획이에요 .

I plan to go to my friend’s house in the afternoon.

대학을 졸업하면 취직할 예정이에요 .

I plan to get a job after graduating from university.




Conjunctive endings

Korean

1. ~ ( 이 ) ㄴ 데 /~ ( 는 ) ㄴ 데

but/however ~

2. ~

~ and/then

3. ~

but/however ~

4. ~ (

since/because ~

5. ~

6. ~ (

7. ~ (

고

지만

아

으

으

/

)

어서

면

when/if ~

since/because/~ ing

during/while ~ ing

8. ~

) 면서

~ or ~

9. ~ (

으

거나

으 )

) 니까

ㄴ 지

since (time) ~

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Examples

그분은 80 살인데 아직 건강하세요 .

He is 80 years old, however, he is still healthy.

호주에 2 년 전에 왔는데 아직 영어를 잘

못해요 .

I came to Australia 2 years ago, but my English skills are still not good.

민수는 18 살이고 나는 16 살이에요 .

Minsu is 18 years old and I’m 16 years old.

우리는 저녁을 먹고 운동했어요 .

We ate dinner and then exercised.

그 분은 못생겼지만 , 성격이 아주 좋아요 .

He is not good looking but he has a very good personality.

영어를 배우기는 재미있지만 , 어려워요 .

Learning English is hard, however it is fun.

우리가 학교에 있었으니까 , 도둑을 잡았다 .

Because we were in the school, we caught the thief.

여기는 아주 어두우니까 조심하세요 .

Be careful, because it is very dark here.

우리 학교에 오셔서 반가워요 .

I’m happy because you came to my school.

한국에 가고 싶어서 한국어를 배워요 .

I’m learning Korean since I want to go to Korea.

민수는 음악을 들으면서 공부해요 .

Minsu studies while listening to music.

우리는 일하면서 배워요 .

We learn while working.

나는 그분을 만나면 무서워요 .

When I meet him, I’m scared.

한국에 오면 우리 집에 꼭 오세요 .

If you come to Korea, please visit my house.

민수는 오후 3 시부터 공부하거나 책을

읽어요 .

Minsu studies or reads from 3 pm.

런던은 날씨가 흐리거나 비가 와요 .

London is usually cloudy or rainy.

나는 호주에 온 지 5 년 됐어요 .

It has been 5 years since I came to Australia.

우리가 점심 먹은 지 한 시간 지났어요 .

One hour has passed since we had our lunch.




10. ~

whether/if ~

11. ~

16. ~

다가

으 )

while/during ~

12. ~ 느라고

because

The first clause in Korean describes a reason or a cause for what is stated in the second clause. The subject for both clauses must be the same.

13. ~ 더니

since/and now ~

14. ~ ( ㄹ수록

the more ~

15. ~

so that ~/until

as soon as ~

17. ~ (

는지

도록

자마자

이 ) 든지 no matter it is ~

Wherever/whenever/however

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나는 민수가 화가 나 있는지 모르겠어요 .

I don’t know whether Minsu is angry or not.

민수가 숙제했는지 물어볼까요 ?

Should I ask whether Minsu has done his homework?

나는 오늘 학교에 가다가 민수를 만났어요 .

I met Minsu while I was going to the school.

그 영화를 보다가 울었어요 .

I cried during the movie.

딴 생각하느라고 전화오는 소리를 못

들었어요 .

I couldn’t hear my phone ringing because I was thinking about something else.

지난 금요일에 아이들을 돌보느라고

바빴어요 .

I was busy last Friday because I was babysitting.

어제는 비가 오더니 오늘은 날씨가 추워요 .

Since it rained yesterday, it’s been humid today.

민수가 열심히 공부하더니 성적이 좋아요 .

Since Minsu studied hard, his results have been good.

이 음식은 먹을수록 맛있어요 .

The more you eat this food, the better it tastes.

호주는 볼수록 아름다운 나라예요 .

The more you look at Australia, the more beautiful it seems/appears.

아이들이 공부하도록 방을 바꾸었어요 .

I have changed the rooms so that children could study.

우리 아버지는 밤늦도록 일을 하세요 .

My dad works until late at night.

집에 오자마자 우유 한 병을 다 마셨어요 .

As soon as I got home, I drank the bottle of milk.

어젯밤에 밥을 먹자마자 잠잤어요 .

Yesterday I fell asleep as soon as I finished eating.

어디를 가든지 이메일을 보내세요 .

Wherever you go, please send me an email.

무슨 책이든지 사고 싶어요 .

No matter what the book is, I want to buy it.



Korean alphabet, Hangeul

Basic Korean Grammar

Basic Korean Grammar

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