Name:
Section:
Date:
Study Guide Growth and Heredity
Terms to know:
Recessive trait: Weaker trait, hides behind dominant trait
Dominant trait: Stronger trait
Inherited trait: Characteristic passed from parent to of fspring
Gregor Mendel: was a monk and a scientist who hypothesized that every
Trait is controlled by a pair of factors or genes and the way the factors combine to determine
which trait appears in the offspring.
Trait: a factor/gene
Genes: STRUCTURES ON A CHROMOSOME THAT CONTAINS DNA CODES FOR A TRAIT AN ORGANISM
INHERITS
Mitosis: process of cell division
Meiosis: The process that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells
Asexual reproduction:
Only 1 parent cell is needed to make an OFFSPRING. The traits of offspring from asexual reproduction
are IDENTICAL to its parent.
Sexual reproduction:
Cells from 2 parents unite to form ONE cell called a ZYGOTE .
Human BODY cells have 46 chromosomes. REPRODUCTIVE cells (or gametes) in humans have 23
chromosomes.
Zygote: Contains chromosomes from both the female and male parent
Gametes: reproductive cell
Chromosome: Threadlike structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA
DNA: Genetic information that directs how a cell functions including when to divide.
Regeneration: Healing is a kind of regeneration or tissue replacement
Life Cycle: All the stages or phases of an organism’s life
Metamorphosis: A change in the shape or characteristic of an organism’s body as it grows and matures
is called METAMORPHOSIS.
Allele: One of a pair of genes ex: (b) or (B)
Concepts and ideas to know:
What is mitosis and how does it work?
Mitosis- THE PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION .
What happens in the nucleus before a cell divides? THE CHROMOSOMES MAKE AN EXACT
COPY OF THEMSELVES.
-You start with one cell, and end with two. The original is the parent cell, the new one is the
daughter cell.
How are traits passed from parent to offspring? How are traits determined? Give examples of
dominant and recessive traits.
-Every trait is controlled by a pair of factors, for each trait an offspring inherits one factor from
each parent. The dominant factor or trait usually appears unless two recessive factors are
present. If two recessive traits are present, recessive traits such as blue eyes may appear. But if
an offspring has a factor for brown eyes and blue eyes, brown eyes, being dominant will appear
but that offspring will carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
What is complete metamorphosis? Give an example:
Complete metamorphosis has 4 stages of development.
EGG , LARVA , PUPA , ADULT
Name two insects that undergo COMPLETE metamorphosis:
BUTTERFLY and BEETLE
What is incomplete metamorphosis? Give an example.
A change in the shape or characteristic of an organism’s body as it grows and matures is called
METAMORPHOSIS.
Incomplete metamorphosis only has 3 stages of development:
EGG , NYMPH , and ADULT .
Name two insects that undergo INCOMPLETE metamorphosis.
COCKROACHES and GRASSHOPPERS
What are the three ways organisms come into the world?
1. BORN ALIVE- LIVE BIRTH (HUMANS, MAMMALS)
2. HATCHED FROM EGGS- (BIRDS, REPTILES AMPHIBIANS)
3. SPROUT FROM SPORES OR SEEDS- (MOLD, PLANTS)
What are adaptations? How do they help animals survive?
Adaptations are alterations in a species or animal that enable it to be better suited to living in
the environment to survive. These allow the animals to become better adjusted and better fit
for survival.
Ex: The Arctic fox turning white in the winter to blend with the snow. This allows the animal to
blend in with the environment, obtain food, sneak up on prey, etc.
Know how to do punnet squares: example:
Susie the owl is a snow owl. Her color alleles are Gg. Bobby her husband is a brown owl, gg.
What percent chance is there that their offspring will be white owls? Do a punnet square to find
out:
50% brown, 50% white with recessive trait of brown.
Why do cells make exact copies of themselves?
So that the new cells can do the jobs of the old cells. Ex: blood cells create new blood cells, skin
cells create new skin cells, etc.
Growth:
You begin life as a SINGLE CELL . By the time you are born, your body is made up
of BILLIONS OF CELLS By the time you are an adult, your body will have more than100 TRILLION CELLS.