Review for Biology 1st Semester Final
Name ______________________per__
Chapter 1 and 2
1. biology
2. metabolism
3. atom
4. molecule
5. compound
6. What 2 particles make up the nucleus?
7. ion
8. covalent bonds
9. ionic bonds
10. chemical reactions
11. When an atom loses electrons it becomes????
When an atom gains electrons it becomes?????
12. cohesion
13. adhesion
CARBOHYDRATES
14. What atoms make up carbohydrates?
15. What are the 3 jobs of carbohydrates?
1.
2.
3.
1
LIPIDS
16. What atoms make up lipids?
17. What are the 4 jobs of lipids?
1.
2.
3.
4.
PROTEINS
18. What is the basic unit of a protein?
19. What are four roles that proteins play in living things?
a.
b.
c.
d.
20. What are the covalent bonds between amino acids called?
NUCLEIC ACIDS
21. Nucleic acids contain what kinds of atoms?
22. The basic unit of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide, consists of what three parts?
23. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?
24. What are two kinds of nucleic acids?
a.
b.
2.4 Chemical Reactions
25. Label the reactant(s) and the product(s) in the following chemical equation:
H2O + CO2 ---- H2CO3
26. chemical reaction
2
2.5 Enzymes
27. What are enzymes____________ and how are they important in living things?
28. activation energy
29. catalyst
30. How do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?
31. Enzymes only work at certain __________________________________________________
32. Label the following on the illustration below that shows the lock and key model of enzymes (1
enzyme per substrate):
Substrate
Active site
Products
Enzyme
Chapter 3
List the function for each organelle below:
33. Cell Membrane –
34. Cell Wall 35. Nucleus 36. Nuclear membrane (envelope) 37. Cytoplasm 38. Mitochondria 39. Chloroplasts 40. Ribosomes 41. Endoplasmic Reticulum

rough

smooth
3
42. Golgi apparatus (body) 43. Lysosomes 44. Vacuoles –
45. Centrioles 46. What did Watson and Crick discover?
47. According to the cell theory, what are 3 things that we know about cells?
a.
b.
c.
48. List organelle differences between a plant and animal cells:
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
49. passive transport
50. Concentration gradient
51. active transport
52. Describe the three types of passive transport
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Facilitated diffusion
53. Describe these methods of active transport:
a. endocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. exocytosis
4
Review parts of the microscope and their functions
54. If you are looking through a 10X eyepiece and using a 45X objective, what is the total magnification?
55. When using high power objective, which adjust knob are you supposed to use, coarse or fine?
Part II. Label the following diagrams...they will be on your test!!!!
Cell #1=
A
CELL #1
B
A=
J
C
B=
D
I
E
C=
D=
E=
F
H
F=
G
G=
H=
A
I=
J=
5
A
B (dot)
C
J
D
I
H
E
F
G
Cell #2=
CELL #2
A=
B=
C=
D=
E=
F=
G=
H=
I=
J=
Cell #2=
Chapter 5 Cell
56. Label the parts of the chromosome below: (sister chromatids, centromere, and telomeres)
C
6
57. Complete the cell cycle diagram below. (See p.130 and your notes for help)
Label the following phases: Interphase (including, G1, S, G2); Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase); Cytokinesis
A
A=
B=
K
J
B
I
E
C=
D=
E=
H
G
F=
F
G=
C
D
H=
I=
J=
K=
58. What is happening during the following stages of mitosis?
Draw a picture of what a cell in this stage looks like.
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
59. What happens during cytokinesis?
7
60. What happens during the following stages of interphase?
G1
S or Synthesis
G2
61. What have cancer cells lost the ability to do?
62. If a cell has 10 chromosomes, how many will the daughter cells have after cell division?
63. Interphase64. Mitosis65. Centriole66. Spindle fibers67. Daughter cells68. Carcinogen69. Apoptosis-
70. How is cytokinesis different in plant cells and animal cells?
71. Label the steps of the cell cycle below AND number each picture in correct order.
Place a * next to the 4 mitosis stages.
Which stage of the cell cycle is missing? _________________
_____________
___________
__________
___________
____________
72. How many chromosomes can you see in the picture for prophase?
8
Chapter 8 DNA to Proteins
73. Describe the discoveries of the following scientists:
a. Chargaff b. Watson and Crick –
74. Name the differences between DNA & RNA:
DNA
a.
RNA
b.
c.
75. DNA is made of nucleotides. What are the three components of a nucleotide?
a.
b.
c.
76. Label the following with
a. hydrogen bonds
b. nucleotide
c. sugar-phosphate backbone
77. What type of sugar do you find in DNA?
78. How do you know this is a DNA molecule?
9
79. DNA contains the instructions for making what?
-Why does DNA replicate?
KNOW HOW TO USE THESE!
10
80. During replication of DNA a copy of both old strands is made. Write the complementary sequence
for the new strand below:
DNA strand (original): A T G C C C G G A
TTG
DNA strand (new):
81. In DNA, adenine pairs with __________ & cytosine pairs with __________.
82. In RNA, adenine pairs with __________ & cytosine pairs with __________.
83. Briefly describe the TWO stages of protein synthesis:
a. Transcription –
i. Where does it occur?
b. Translation -
i. Where does it occur?
84. Define the roles/functions of these 2 types of RNA molecules:
a. mRNA -
b. tRNA –
85. tRNA brings what type of molecule to the ribosome to build the protein?
86. Transcription
mRNA makes a copy of the following strand of DNA to begin the process of protein synthesis. Name the
sequence of base pairs for the mRNA.
DNA:
A T T C C G A A C G A C
mRNA:
87. Translation:
mRNA codons:
U U G C CA A C C G G G
tRNA anticodons:
aa sequence*:
*use chart on page 10 to find mRNA sequence and find amino acid (aa) sequence
11
88. What would happen to the amino acid sequence of the protein if the first U in the mRNA sequence
in question #87 was deleted? Explain by listing the new amino acid sequence.
aa:
89. What is it called when a single base is deleted or if the wrong base is added?
90. What process is shown?
91. What protein is coded for letter D?
Label all letters.
A
Phenylalanine
B
C
D
E
F
G
92. According to the central dogma, information flows from
______________ 
RNA
 _______________
_______________ >__________________>__________________
Illustrate an example of the following. Use this code: AAA UUU GGG CCC:
93. Point mutation –
94. Insertion –
95. DeletionDefine:
96. Frame shift
97. Translocation
12
98. Mutagen
Examples-
99. Where does the mutation have to be to affect the offspring of an organism?
Chapter 6 Meiosis and Mendel
Define:
100. Homologous chromosomes
101. Gene
102. Allele
103. Homozygous
104. Heterozygous
105. Monohybrid cross
106. Dihybrid cross
107. Phenotype
108. Genotype
109. Law of Segregation
110. Gametogenesis
111. Purebred
112. What is the function of meiosis? (ie, what does it do to chromosome number and what does it
produce?
113. Explain how gene linkage works (pg 185)
114. During what stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
13
115. What happens during crossing over?
116. Meiosis produces 2/4 haploid/diploid gametes/body cells (circle one for each pair)
117. What is used to represent alleles in Punnett squares? How do you show an allele is dominant?
118. Given that black color (B) is dominant over white color (b), what are the possible genotypes for a
black phenotype?
119. In terms of chromosomes, what does a child get from each parent?
120. What is a locus?
121. Fill in the following chart regarding ploidy
Species
Haploid (n)
A
6
B
C
Diploid (2n)
20
35
122. What are the parent genotypes in the following Punnett square? What is the offspring genotypic
and phenotypic ratio? A=white a=brown hair
AA
Aa
Aa
aa
14
123. For A-G, describe the steps of meiosis I and II (include homologous chromosomes, diploid, haploid,
sister chromatids, 23, 46, crossing over, tetrads)
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
15
Trait
Dominant Allele
Recessive Allele
pod shape
Smooth (N)
constricted (n)
fur color
Black (A)
yellow (a)
124. Cross a hamster that is heterozygous for black fur
with a hamster that has yellow fur.
genotype___________________
phenotypes_________________
125. Cross a plant that is homozygous smooth pods
with a plant that has constricted pods.
genotype___________________
phenotypes___________________
126. What cross would result in ¾ of the offspring
being black lab puppies and ¼ being yellow.
parent genotypes_____________________
127. Complete a dihybrid cross of a BBRr with a Bbrr parent.
B=brown, b=Blue R=rough r= smooth
16
Chapter 7 Extending Genetics
128. Autosomes
What numbers on a karyotype?
129. Sex chromosomes
What numbers on the karyotype?
130. Codominance
131. Incomplete dominance
132. What can you see/tell by looking at a karyotype?
133. What can you see/tell by looking at a pedigree?
Use the pedigree (autosomal dominant) below to answer the following questions
134. What does autosomal dominant mean on this pedigree?
135. Label genes on all the squares and circles.
136. How many generations are shown in the pedigree?
137. How many brothers and sisters does the individual with the arrow have?
138. How many offspring did the 1st generation have? ____How many of them show the trait? ___
17
139. Explain why males are more likely to inherit a sex-linked recessive trait than females are
140. If a child is born with an autosomal recessive trait (aa), list all the possible genotypes of the child’s
parents. (example: aa x aa)
Cross two parents who are heterozygous for albinism (an autosomal recessive disorder where there is
no pigment in the skin).
141. What does autosomal recessive mean?
142. What are the chances of them having an albino child?
In snapdragons flowers, color is controlled by incomplete dominance.
The two alleles are red (R) and white (W). The heterozygous genotype is expressed as pink.
143. A pink-flowered plant is crossed with a red-flowered plant.
What are the parents? ________X_________
What are the offspring?
Red
_________%
White _________%
Pink
_________%
In some cows, the gene for hair color is controlled by codominance. The allele for red is R and the
allele for white is W. The heterozygous phenotype is known as roan (a mix of both red and white
hair).
144. Cross between a white bull and a red cow?
What is the genotype ratio? ___________________________
What is the phenotype ratio? __________________________
What is the phenotype %? ____________________________
18
In humans, colorblindness is a sex linked trait. Females can be normal XCXC, carriers XCXc, or have the
disease XcXc. Males will either be colorblind XcY or normal XCY (but they won’t ever be carriers)
145. Show the cross of a colorblind male with
a normal woman. What is the probability that
their children will have the disorder?
Males _______________
Females _______________
146. A carrier woman marries a normal man.
What is the genotype ___________________________
What is the phenotype for males __________________
What is the phenotype for females ________________
Chapter 9 Biotechnology
147. genetic engineering
148. gene therapy
149. restrictive enzyme
150. genetic screening
151. gel electrophoresis
152. cloning
153. Human Genome Project
154. What are the benefits of genetic engineering in plants and animals?
19