DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes:
 Insulin dependent
 Immune system destroys the insulin- producing cells of the pancreas called beta cells.
 Occurs at any age. Most often diagnosed in children, teens, young adults.
 Daily injections of insulin are needed
Type 2 diabetes:
 Insulin resistance
 Body makes insulin but either not enough or body can’t use it
 Most common of diabetes ( 90%-95%) of population
 Most often occurs in adulthood and younger adults with obesity
Gestational diabetes:
 High blood sugar that can happen at any time during pregnancy
 Women who does not have diabetes
Symptoms:
 Blurry vision
 Excess thirst
 Fatigue
 Hunger
 Urinating often
 Weight loss
Symptoms after many years:
 Eye problems (trouble seeing at night), light sensitivity, and possible blindness
 Painful sores and infections of the leg or foot
 Nerves in the body can be damaged
 Kidney problems
 Weakened immune system
 Increased chance of heart attack or stroke
Treatment:
For Both diabetes
 Medicines
 Diet
 Exercise to control blood sugar levels
Type 1
 No cure
Type 2
 Can be reversed with lifestyle change
 Losing weight through exercise and eating healthier foods
 Weight loss surgery (sometimes)
Prevention:
Type 1
 Cannot be prevented
Type 2
 Ideal body weight
 Active lifestyle
 Eat healthy foods
Signs/Tests for determining diabetes:
1. Urine analysis- show high blood sugar suspect diabetes if blood glucose higher than
200mg/dL (can’t diagnosis diabetes)
2. Fasting blood glucose level- diabetes diagnosed if higher than 126mg/dL twice
 Levels between 100-126mg/dL (pre-diabetes) risk factors for type 2.
3. Hemoglobin A1c test- lab test that shows the average level of blood sugar (glucose) over
the previous 3 months. It shows how well you are controlling your diabetes.
 Normal- less than 5.7%
 Pre-diabetes- 5.7%-6.4%
 Diabetes- 6.5% or higher
4. Oral glucose test- diabetes is diagnosed if glucose is higher than 200mg/dL 2 hours after
drinking a glucose drink
 Used more often for type 2 diabetes
Monitor blood glucose levels:
 Use a glucose meter ( take a test strip and prick your finger for blood)
 That the test strip in the meter and read the number on the screen (blood glucose
reading)
Asthma
 Asthma is a disease that causes the airways of the lungs to swell and narrow, leading to
wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
Causes:
 Inflammation in the airways
 When asthma attack occurs- lining of air passages swell and muscles surrounding airways
become tight. Reducing the amount of air that can pass through
 Allergens can cause asthma (ex: pollen, tobacco smoke, stress, respiratory infections,
dust mites, mold, pet dander)
 Exercise induced asthma
Symptoms:
 Can last minutes to days
 Dangerous if airflow is severely blocked
 Cough with or without phlegm production
 Pulling in of the skin between the ribs when breathing
 Shortness of breath- gets worse with exercise or activity
 Wheezing
 Abnormal breathing pattern
 Chest pain
 Tightness in chest
Emergency symptoms (need medical help)
 Bluish color to lips or face
 Decreased level of alertness (drowsiness or confusion)
 Extreme difficulty breathing
 Rapid pulse
 Severe anxiety-due to shortness of breath
 Sweating
Treatment:
Two medicines
 Control medicines to help prevent attacks- long term medicines (talk them every day
even when you feel ok). Some are inhaled like steroids and long-acting beta-agonists.
Others taken by mouth.
 Quick-relief (rescue) medicines for use during attacks-short-acting inhaled
bronchodilators, oral corticosteroids for when you have an asthma attack that isn’t going
away.
 Peak flow meter- simple device to measure how quickly you can move air out of your
lungs
- Help see if an attack is coming and when your medicine or other action needs to
be taken
- Values of 50%-80% of your best results =sign of moderate asthma attack
- Numbers below 50% = sign of a severe attack
Prevention:
 Avoid triggers that irritate airways
 Cover bedding with allergy-proof casings
 Vacuum regularly
 Use unscented detergents
 Eliminate tobacco from the home
 Keep humidity levels low and fix leaks to reduce mold
 Avoid air pollution, industrial dust, and irritating fumes
Heat illness
Body cools itself by sweating, but in hot weather with high humidity sweating just doesn’t cover
it. Body temperature can rise to dangerous levels. Most heat illness occur from being out in the
sun too long, exercising too much for your age and physical condition, older adults, young
children, people who are sick or overweight are all people who are at risk.
Heat Stroke: MEDICAL EMERGECNY
 Life threatening illness in which body temperature may rise about 106 degrees Fahrenheit
in minutes.

Symptoms: dry skin, rapid, strong pulse, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, headache, fatigue,
hot/flushed skin, rapid heart rate, decreased sweating, shortness of breath, decreased
urination, blood in urine or stool, increased body temp (104-106) , confusion, delirium,
loss of consciousness, and convulsions
Treatment:
 Call 911
 Remove them from heat
 Submersion into ice bath –be careful because don’t want temperature to drop to low
 Take rectal temp if you can because it’s the only way to determine core temperature
 Remove restricting clothes
Heat Exhaustion:
 When you have become dehydrated in the heat due to being out to long or heavy exercise
 Symptoms: heavy sweating, rapid breathing, fast, weak pulse, fatigue, nausea, headaches,
excessive thirst, muscle aches and cramps, confusion, fainting, dizziness
 Requires immediate attention, but usually isn’t life threatening
Treatment:
 Get out of heat ( get inside is the best place) or (cool and shady place)
 Rest
 Drink plenty of fluids
 Remove tight or unnecessary clothing
 Place in cool shower if possible or cool towels over ankles, wrists, back of neck
Heat Cramps:
 Muscle pain that occurs during heavy exercise in hot weather
 Symptoms: hard tense muscles, severe cramps that being suddenly in the hands, calves,
or feet
Treatment:
 Fluids
 Cool them down with ice towels over back of neck, wrist, ankles
 May need IV from a doctor
To maintain hydration:
 Once you are thirsty – you are already dehydrated
 Drink 8oz every 15-20 minutes during exercises
 Before drink 16 oz 1-2 hours before and 8oz 15-30 minutes before
 After the goal is to drink 23 oz for every pound of weight lost
Sickle Cell Trait:
Rare type of sickle cell disease and they inherit one sickle cell gene from one parent but they also
have a normal cell from the other parent. They usually don’t have any signs or symptoms of
sickle cell disease and live a normal life, but they can pass the trait on to their children.
Diagnosis:
 Simple blood test
Complications:
 Only extreme forms and in rare cases have problems
 Increased pressure in the atmosphere
 Low oxygen levels in the air
 Dehydration
 High altitude
Prevention for athletes:
 Set your own pace and build your intensity slowly
 Reset often in between repetitive sets and drills
 Drink plenty of water before, during and after training and conditioning
 Keep the body temperature cool when exercising in hot and humid temperatures by
misting the body with water or going to an air conditioned area during breaks or rest
periods
 Seek medical care immediately when feeling ill.
Sickle Cell Disease:
Healthy red blood cells are round and with someone who have sickle cell trait the red blood cells
are hard and sticky and are C-shaped. They die early causing a constant shortage of red blood
cells. They can get stuck and clog the blood flow and this causes pain and other serious
problems.
Reflection:
I placed all this information together in separate categories because this is how I discussed them
with Wendy when I was with Women’s Soccer. Every week we would have a topic of the day
that week on any day and throughout the semester we discussed all of these topics so I thought
my CIP would just be gathering information and laying it out for someone to easily look at and if
they had questions about heat illness or asthma the information is quick and easy to find. I
believe it is helpful when information you need to know for certain conditions is placed in a
document and bullet points that you can see everything and it helps to refresh your memory on
how to handle each condition.