S1 Information about the experimental sites used for model evaluation in this study
Study
Guan et al., 2007
Zheng and Wu, 1995
Li et al., 2011a
Kang et al., 2001
Zhang et al., 2006a
Zeng et al., 1992
Gao et al., 1994
Chen et al., 1996
Li et al., 2006c; Liu et al., 2007
Song et al., 2002
Sun et al., 2003
Song et al., 2007
Xu et al., 2006b
Huang et al., 2006a
Zhang et al., 2009b
Zhang et al., 2006b
Kreye et al., 2007
Xu et al., 1999
Chen et al., 1994
Chen et al., 1994
He et al., 2001
Han et al., 2000
Liu et al., 2003
Wu et al., 2011
Location
Anning
Ansai
Ansai
Baishui
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Beijing
Bijie
Changli
Changsha
Changsha
Tang et al., 2010
Cai et al., 2000
Huang et al., 2005b
Shi et al., 2010
Fu and Huang, 2008
Qin et al., 2012
Li et al., 2006a
Yang et al., 2005b
Wang and Xing, 2009
Zhang et al., 2009c
Zhang et al., 2010c
Zhang et al., 2010b
Wu et al., 2002
Pang et al., 2011
Wei et al., 2010
Changsha
Changsha
Changsha
Changsha
Changsha
Changsha
Changshu
Changshu
Changshu
Changshu
Changshu
Changshu
Changtu
Changwu
Changwu
Cropping system
W–C
W
W–SB
W
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
C
R
R
R
R
C–POT
W–C
R–R–W
R–R
R–R–FA, R–R–
GM, R–R–RA
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
C
W
W
SOC
√
√
√
√
N2O
CH4
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Dang et al., 1993
Fan et al., 2003
Zhao et al., 2007
Xiao et al., 2007a
Yan et al., 2005
Yu et al., 2008
Ren et al., 2002
Tang et al., 2007a
Chen et al., 1995
Chen et al., 1995
Wang et al., 2005
Tang et al., 2007b; Huang et al., 2007
Huang et al., 2006b
Jiang et al., 2011
Huang et al., 1996
He et al., 2001
Tian et al., 2002
Qiu et al., 1998
Sun et al., 1992
Wang et al., 2007a
Liang et al., 2010
Zhang et al., 2008c
Fan and Chi, 1993
Jin et al., 1993
Ding et al., 2007
Meng et al., 2005a
Ding et al., 2004
Ding et al., 2003
Meng et al., 2005b
Gong et al., 2009
Cai and Qin, 2006
Cai et al., 2000
Cai et al., 2000
Cai et al., 1998
Zhou et al., 2007b
Hou et al., 2004
Lin and Lin, 1994
Wang et al., 2011a
Zheng et al., 2006a
He and Tong, 1998
Tong et al., 1999
Xu et al., 2006b
Jiao et al., 2011; Ma et al., 2011
Changwu
Changwu
Changwu
Changwu
Chengdu
Chengdu
Chengdu
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing
Dafang
Daqing
Dawu
Dehui
Dehui
Dehui
Dingxi
Dingxiang
Dongning
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fengqiu
Fukang
Fuxin
Fuzhou
Fuzhou
Gongzhuling
Gongzhuling
Gongzhuling
Gongzhuling
Gongzhuling
W
W
W
W
R–W
R–RA
R
R, R–RA
R–W
R–W
R
R, R–RA
R, R–RA
R–W
R–FA
W–C
C, W, SB
R–R–RA
C
C
C, SB
W–SB
C
R
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
R–W
R–W
R
W
C
R–R
R–R, R
C
C
C
W–C
C
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Zhang et al., 2009b
Yuan et al., 1993
Li et al., 2004b
Lu et al., 1999
Zheng and Xie, 2000
Cao and Hong, 1996
Li et al., 2011b
Liang et al., 2004
Shi et al., 2002
Liu et al., 2005b
Yue et al., 2005
Liang et al., 2007b
Liang et al., 2004
Liao et al., 2011
Wang et al., 2008a
Xu, 2011
Chen et al., 2011
Lu et al., 2000
Duan et al., 1999
Zeng et al., 1985
Zhang, 1998
Zhang, 1989
Jia et al., 2004
Ma et al., 2007b
Li et al., 2007b
Jiang et al., 2008
Jiang et al., 2008
Jiang et al., 2008
Liu et al., 2007b
Fang et al., 2003
Liu et al., 1998b
Pan et al., 2004
Cheng et al., 2009
Dong et al., 2009
Wu et al., 2007
Yao et al., 2010
Dong et al., 2009
Dong et al., 2010
Chen, 2000
Chen, 2000
Chen, 2000
Chen, 2000
Qian et al., 1998
Gongzhuling
Guangan
Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Guiyang
Haian
Hailun
Hailun
Hailun
Hailun
Hailun
Hailun
Haining
Handan
Hangzhou
Hangzhou
Hangzhou
Hangzhou
Harbin
Heihe
Heihe
Hengshui
Hengshui
Hengshui
Hengyang
Hengyang
Hengyang
Heshan
Heyang
Huangshan
Huantai
Huzhu
Jiangdu
Jiangdu
Jiangdu
Jiangdu
Jiangdu
Jiangle
Jiangle
Jiangle
Jiangle
Jiangyan
C
R–W
R–R
R–R–V
R–R
R–W
R–W
C
C, W, SB
C, W, SB
R
R
R
R–W
W–C
R–W
R–BA
R
R–R
C, W, SB
W, SB
W, SB
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–SB–P
W–SB–P
W–SB–P
R–R–FA
W
R–R
W–C
W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–W
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Qian et al., 1998
Huang et al., 2005a
Wang et al., 2004b
Qiu et al., 1998
Huang et al., 2010
Huang et al., 2009b
Bi et al., 2009
Ma et al., 2007a
Xu et al., 2007
Cai et al., 2007
Ma et al., 2010a
Li et al., 2009b
Ma et al., 2008a
Cao et al., 2000
Cai et al., 2000
Zhang et al., 2009e
Ma et al., 2008b
Zhang et al., 2009d
Ma et al., 2010b
Yang et al., 2011
Peng et al., 2006
Peng et al., 2007; Peng et al., 2010
Zeng et al., 1995a
Liu et al., 2005a
Song et al., 2008
Cheng et al., 2009
Chen et al., 2009
Wang et al., 2008b
Fu et al., 2009
Yin et al., 1995
Zeng et al., 1995b
Wan et al., 2008
Zhou et al., 2007a
Zeng et al., 1996
Qin et al., 2010a
Zhang et al., 2008a
Jin et al., 2007
Wang et al., 2007b
Zhang et al., 2006c
Liu et al., 1984
Bi et al., 2009
Hou et al., 2011
Chen et al., 2005
Jiangyan
Jiaxing
Jingjiang
Jingmen
Jinxian
Jinxian
Jinxian
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Jurong
Kunshan
Kunshan
Kunshan
Laiyang
Laiyang
Lanzhou
Ledu
Linfen
Linfen
Liuyang
Longyou
Luancheng
Luancheng
Luancheng
Luancheng
Luancheng
Luoyang
Luoyang
Mengcheng
Mingshan
Nanchang
Nanchang
Nanchang
Nanjing
R–W
R
R–W
R–W
C–C
R–R
R–R
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–FA
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
W–C
W–C
W–SB
W, POT
W–C
W–C
R–R
R–R–BA
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W
W
W–SB
R–W
R–R
R–R
R–R
W–C, W–SB
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Jiang et al., 2010
Zou et al., 2003a
Liu et al., 2010c
Wang et al., 2011b
Zou et al., 2003a
Zou et al., 2005a
Zou et al., 2005b
Zou et al., 2005b
Zou et al., 2009
Wang et al., 2012
Zou et al., 2003b
Qin et al., 2010b
Cai et al., 2000
Li et al., 1993
Jiang et al., 2007
Qu et al., 2011
Lin and Lin, 1994
Liu et al., 1994
Liu et al., 2003
Hao et al., 2007
Bai et al., 2010
Xiao et al., 2007b
Li et al., 2006b
Wu et al., 2008b
Li et al., 1986
Yan, 2010
Yuan et al., 2004
Jiang and Zhou, 1994
Liu et al., 2010b
He et al., 2001
Li et al., 2007a
Mu et al., 2007
Liu, 2003
Du et al., 2005
Huang et al., 2009a
Xu et al., 2006a
Xu et al., 2006b
Zhang et al., 2009a
Gao et al., 2011
Niu et al., 1998
Zhang et al., 1991
Zhang et al., 1991
Wu et al., 2000
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanjing
Nanning
Nanning
Nanping
Nanping
Ningxiang
Ningxiang
Ningxiang
Ningxiang
Ningxiang
Ningxiang
Panjin
Pengyang
Pianguan
Pingliang
Pingliang
Qianxi
Qingyang
Qingyang
Qingyang
Qingyuan
Qiyang
Qiyang
Qiyang
Qiyang
Qiyang
Quzhou
Quzhou
Quzhou
Quzhou
W–C
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R–W
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R
C
C
W–C
W, C
W–C
W
W
W
R–R
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
R–R–RA
W–C
R–R–W
R–R–W
R–R–W
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Wu et al., 2000
Wu et al., 2000
Wu et al., 2000
Wang et al., 2008c
Yang et al., 2003
Yang et al., 2003
Yang et al., 2003
Jiang et al., 1994
Tan et al., 1990
Huang et al., 1995
Wang et al., 2006
Yang et al., 2007a
Yan et al., 2004
Mu et al., 1998
Liu et al., 1998a
Han et al., 1995
Wu, 1996a,b
Ma et al., 2011
Zheng et al., 2006b
Jiao et al., 2006
Yu et al., 2004
Zhang et al., 2006c
Li et al., 2004a
Yang et al., 1999
Zhang et al., 2008b
Sun et al., 1996
Yuan et al., 1993
Qiu et al., 1998
Wang et al., 2003
Sun et al., 1994
Shen et al., 2007
Zheng et al., 2000
Zheng et al., 2000
Cai et al., 2000
Zhao et al., 2008a
Zhao et al., 2008b
Tan et al., 1990
Liu et al., 2003
Hao et al., 2007
Wang et al., 2004a
Zhou et al., 2002
Yang et al., 2010
Schulz et al., 2011
Quzhou
Quzhou
Quzhou
Sanjiang
Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai
Shaoguan
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shenyang
Shifang
Shigatse
Shouyang
Shuangyashan
Suining
Suining
Suizhou
Suzhou
Suzhou
Suzhou
Suzhou
Suzhou
Suzhou
Taian
Taishan
Taishan
Taojiang
Taojiang
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
R–R–W
R–R–W
R–R–W
R
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–R
C, SB
SB
C
C
C
C, SB
C, SB
C
C, SB
R
R
R
R–W
BA
C
SB
W–C
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–W
W–C
W–C
R–R
R–R–W
R–R–GM
R–W
R–R
R–R
R–R
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Shang et al., 2011
Yang et al., 2010
Liu et al., 2008
Xie et al., 1995
Liu et al., 1990
Liu et al., 1991
Chen et al., 2007
Xu et al., 2006b
Zhang et al., 2009b
Tang et al., 2011
Zhao et al., 1998
Zhao et al., 1998
Yan et al., 2000
Qiu et al., 1998
Wu et al., 2011
Qin et al., 2006
Zhang et al., 2011a
Duan et al., 2011
Zhang et al., 2011b
Liu et al., 2003
Li et al., 2008
Yuan et al., 2008
Zhan et al., 2008
Pan et al., 2006
Pan et al., 2009
Zhou et al., 2010
Xie et al., 2010
Li et al., 2010
Li et al., 2011c
Ahmad et al., 2009
Ahmad et al., 2009
Li et al., 2009a; Dai et al., 2009
Gui and Luo, 2007
Qian et al., 2003
Qian et al., 2003
Qian et al., 2003
Qian et al., 2003
Qian et al., 2003
Liu et al., 2003
Hao et al., 2007
Yan et al., 2000
Wu et al., 2008a
Yang et al., 2007b
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
Taoyuan
Tonghua
Tonghua
Tongjiang
Urumqi
Urumqi
Urumqi
Wafangdian
Wafangdian
Wanchang
Wangcheng
Wangcheng
Wangcheng
Wangdu
Wuchang
Wuchuan
Wugang
Wuhan
Wuhan
Wuhan
Wujiang
Wujiang
Wuxi
Wuxi
Wuxue
Wuxue
Wuxue
Wuxue
Wuxue
Wuzhong
Xichang
Xichang
Xichang
Xichang
Xichang
Xinghua
Xinhua
Xinlicheng
Xishuangbanna
Xishuangbanna
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R
R
W
W
W–C
R
C, SB
C, SB
R
R–R
R–R
R–R
W–C
R–W
O
R–R–GM
R
R–RA
R–R
R–RA
R–RA
R–W
R–W
R–RA
R–RA
R–W
R–W
R–RA
W
R–PE
R–W, R–PE
R–W
R–W, R–PE
R–W, R–PE
R–R
R–R
R
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
R
√
Zhang and Zhang, 2002
Zhang et al., 2009b
Yuan et al., 1993
Li et al., 2003
Xu et al., 2004
Dai et al., 2001
Han et al., 2011
Liang et al., 2007a
Wang et al., 2000a
Gu et al., 2004
Li, 2007
Gu et al., 2004
Xu et al., 2006b
Wang et al., 2000b
Zhou et al., 1993
Liu and Shen, 1996
Zhuang et al., 1999
Zhang et al., 2005
Zhang et al., 2010a
Xiang et al., 2007
Ma et al., 2005
Jiang et al., 2006
Wang et al., 2010
Han et al., 2005
Han et al., 2006
Xie et al., 2010
Wang et al., 2007c
Qiu et al., 1998
Xiong et al., 2002a
Zhang et al., 2006d
Liu et al., 2011a
Xiong et al., 2002b
Cai et al., 2000
Ma et al., 2006
Ma et al., 2009
Zhang et al., 2010d
Liu et al., 2010a
Liu et al., 2011b
Bai et al., 2008
Dong et al., 2001
Liu et al., 2011c
Qiu et al., 1998
Gao et al., 2000
Xuzhou
Xuzhou
Yaan
Yancheng
Yancheng
Yandu
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangling
Yangzhou
Yangzhou
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yanting
Yingcheng
Yingtan
Yingtan
Yingtan
Yingtan
Yingtan
Yixing
Yixing
Yixing
Yongji
Yongji
Yongji
Yucheng
Yuci
Zaoyang
Zhangjiagang
W–C
W–C
R–W
R
R–W
R–BA
W–C
C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
W–C
R–W
R–W
W–C
W–C
W–C
R–FA
R–W
R–W
R–W
R–RA
R–W
R–RA
R–R
R, P–RA, SB
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–R
R–W
R–W
R–W
COT–W
W–C
W–C
W–C
C
R–W
R–W
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Lv et al., 2005
Zhangye
C
√
Qin, 2005
Zhangye
C
√
Yang et al., 2005a
Zhangye
W
√
Jin and Ma, 1995
Zhangye
W, C
√
Su et al., 2006
Zhangye
W–C
√
Hai et al., 2010
Zhangye
W–C
√
Zhang et al., 2009b
Zhangye
W, C
√
Xu et al., 2006b
Zhengzhou
W–C
√
Zhang et al., 2009b
Zhengzhou
W–C
√
Xu and Shen, 2000
Zhenjiang
R–W
√
Sun et al., 1999
Zhumadian
W–SB
√
Han et al., 2003
Zhunhua
W–C
√
Liu et al., 2003
Zhuzhou
R–R–GM
√
R: rice, W: wheat, C: corn, SB: soybean, RA: rape, POT: potato, COT: cotton, O: oat, GM: green manure,
P: pea, V: vegetable, FA: fallow.
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