Chemistry
General chemistry:
1. The atom: Basic terms (element, compound), subatomic particles, Mass Number, Atomic Number,
Atomic Weight
2. The Periodic table: Classification of the Elements, Periodic Properties.
3. Electron configuration of the atom – Quantum theory. Orbitals. Lewis Dot Structures? How are
Electron Configuration and Position in the Periodic Table Related?
4. Chemical bonds: The Octet Rule. Nomenclature Anions/ Cations. Types of chemical bonds: covalent
and ionic. Lengths, angles and energy. Sigma Bonds
5. Chemical reactions: Mole, Avogadro’s Number. Stoichiometry: How to balance a chemical
equation? Yield
6. Solutions: Basic terms and concentration units.
7. Colligative properties
8. Chemical equilibrium: Rate of Reaction. Equilibrium Constant. Le Chatelier’s Principle.
9. Acid base balance: What are acids and bases? Bronsted Lowry and Lewis Acid and Bases. Strength.
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs. Nomenclature. How can we tell the position of Equilibrium in an AcidBase Reaction? Acid Ionization Constants. pH and pOH. Buffers: how do they work? How to calculate
the pH of a Buffer? ( the Henderson-Hasselbach equation)
10. Thermodynamics: What is Heat of Reaction?
11. Electrochemistry- What are Oxidation and Reduction? Redox Reactions.
12. Gases: Avogadro’s Law and the Ideal Gas Law.
Organic chemistry
1. Structural Formulas and General Rules. Functional groups: Alcohols, Amines, Aldehydes and
Ketones, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Eters. Tollens test for identification. Nomenclature.
2. Types and mechanism of organic reactions: Substitution, Addition, Condensation, Oxidation,
Hydrolysis, Reduction, Hydrogenation, Combustion
4. Bonds in organic compounds: Ester, ether linkage, glycosidic, Oxygen-Oxygen. Sigma bonds.
Hybridization of the carbon atom (sp)
5. Alkanes: Stereoisomers (geometric isomers), Nomenclature, cycloalkanes. Reaction with Oxygen
(Combustion) and Halogens (Halogenation)
Alkenes and Alkynes: Stereoisomers. Nomenclature. Reactions: Addition of Hydrogen Halides
(Hydrohalogenation), Addition of water (Hydration), Addition of Bromine and Chlorine
(Halogenation), Addition of Hydrogen (Hydrogenation or Reduction). Polymerization reactions of
Ethylene.
6. Aromatic compounds: Benzene and its derivatives. Phenols. Structure. Acidity of Phenols and
reaction with strong bases.
7. Alcohols, Eters and Thiols: Nomenclature. Acidity and Reactions of Alcohols: Dehydration and
Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols. Eters Inertness. Thiols Reaction: Oxidation to
disulfides.
8. Chirality: Enantiomerism. Stereocenters and stereoisomers. Optical Activity.
9. Amines: Primary, Secondary, Aliphatic. Nomenclature. Basicity: reaction with acids.
10. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature. Reactions: Oxidation (Tollens), Reduction, Addition of
Alcohols
11. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature. Fatty Acids. Saponification. Reactions: acidity and reaction with
bases, Reduction, Fischer Esterification, Decarboxylation.
12. Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides: How to prepare Esters and Amides. Reactions: With
water (Hydrolisis), With Alcohols, With Ammonia and Amines.
13. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides. Cyclic structures. Reactions: Formation of Glycosides (Acetals),
Reduction to Alditols, Oxidation to Aldonic Acids (Reducing Sugars), Oxidation to Uronic Acids,
Formation of Phosphoric Esters. Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides.
14. Lipids: Hydrolisis, Triglycerides: Saponification and Hydrogenation. Phospholipids.
Glycerophospholipids, Glycolipids, Steroids.
15. Nitrogen containing organic compounds. Amides. Amino acids and its reactions: what determines
the characteristics of amino acids? How do Amino Acids combine to form proteins?
Inorganic chemistry
1. Properties of water
2. Properties and characteristics of metals
3. Grouped elements – Characteristics and typical reactions
4. Oxide Molecules
Physics
Mechanics
1. Energy
2. Momentum
3. Newton's laws
4. Fluids
5. Linear and angular movement
Electricity
1. Basic terms- Current, Voltage, Resistance
2. Capacitors
3. Series and parallel connections
4. Magnetism
Biophysics
1. Radioactivity
2. Optics
3. Electromagnetic radiation
4. Sound waves, ultrasound
Biology
1. Basic properties of life
2. Evolution: Prokaryotes to Eukaryotic Cells. Role of mutation.
3. Macromolecules – Carbohydrates: Mono-, Di-, and Polysaccharides. Lipids: Fatty acids,
Triacylglycerlols, Storage. Proteins: function. Nucleic acids: structure and nucleotides.
4. Cell structure and basic function: Cellular membrane and Transport. Organelles. The Citric Acid
Cycle.
5. Photosynthesis: Light-Driven Electron Flow, ATP Synthesis by Photophosphorylation.
6. Basic Genetics: Chromosomal elements. DNA replication. RNA synthesis. RNA processing
7. The cell cycle: S phase, G2 phase, M phase, G0, G1 phase
8. Meiosis, Mitosis
9. Protein synthesis: Activation of Amino Acids, Initiation, Elongation, Termination and Release,
Folding and Posttranslational Processing.
10. Enzymes: mechanism and kinetics.
11. Bioenergetics: Thermodynamics, ATP, Biological Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. Glycolysis,
Gluconeogenesis.
12. Gene regulation: transcriptional control, RNA processing and transport controls, translational
control. Epigenetics.
13. Genetic diseases: What are the different ways in which a genetic condition can be inherited?
Patterns of inheritance: Autosomal, dominant, recessive, etc. Examples of disorders.
14. Pathogens – Viruses, Bacteria, Parasite
15. Types of tissues in the human body (Histology): Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Cartilage and
Bone, Nervous, Hematopoietic and Peripheral Blood. Understanding how the structure of cells and
tissues are determined by their function.
Anatomy
1. The Respiratory system
2. The Gastrointestinal system
3. The Lymphatic system
4. The Excretory system
5. The Cardiovascular system
6. The Nervous system
7. The Immune system
8. Endocrinology
9. The Sensory organs
10. The Reproductive systems
11. The Musculoskeletal system
12. Embryonic development