131 Learning Objectives
Chapter 11: Intro to Organic Molecules & Functional Groups
 Difference between organic and inorganic molecules
 Name characteristic features of organic compounds
 Draw organic compounds, including skeletal structures
 Identify common bond types, angles, and molecule shapes
 Name functional groups
 Understand polarity and its effect on solubility and boiling point
 Explain the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins
Chapter 12: Alkanes
 Describe alkane characteristics
 Draw alkanes as full, condensed, and skeletal structures
 Bond angle around alkane carbons
 Draw constitutional isomers and ID longest carbon chain
 ID 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° carbons
 Name simple alkanes and cycloalkanes
 Predict products of combustion & balance reaction equations
Chapter 13: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
 Identify unsaturated hydrocarbons: alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds
 Alkene, Alkyne, Aromatic nomenclature
 Stereoisomers
 Addition Reactions
 Polymers
 Substitution Reactions
Chapter 14: Oxygen, Halogens, Sulfur
 Name organic compounds with carbon-heteroatom single bonds (oxygen,
halogens, sulfur)
 Identify 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols and alkyl halides
 Predict the products or reactants for following reactions:
Alcohol dehydration
Alcohol oxidation
Sulfur oxidation
Sulfur reduction
Chapter 15: The 3-D Shape of Molecules
 Understand the difference between Chiral and Achiral molecules
 Identify chiral centers
 Draw the enantiomers & diastereomers of a chiral molecule (using dashes
& wedges to show geometry)
 Draw fischer projections of chiral molecules
 Explain the relevance of chiral centers in Biochemistry
Chapter 16: Aldehydes & Ketones
 Nomenclature for aldehydes & ketones
 Identify structure and describe bonding of aldehydes & ketones
 Aldehyde oxidation without alcohol oxidation
 Addition reactions at C – O double bond
 Hemiacetal & acetal formation
 Identify cyclic hemiacetals
Chapter 17: Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amides
 Nomenclature for carboxylic acids, esters, & amides
 Identify and describe structure of carboxylic acids, esters & amides
 Acid-base chemistry of carboxylic acids (think soap!)
 Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids
o Formation of esters
o Formation of amides
 Hydrolysis of acyl compounds
o Ester hydrolysis
o Amide hydrolysis
 Structure & formation of polyamides & polyesters
Chapter 18: Amines
 Identify amines and describe bonding & structure (1°, 2°, 3°)
 Nomenclature for amines
 Amine hydrogen bonding
 Alkaloids & Nitrogen heterocycles
 Acid-base chemistry of amines
 Neurotransmitter amines
 Amines and common drugs
Chapter 19: Lipids
 Describe lipids
o Properties
o Hydrolyzable & nonhydrolyzable
 Identify fatty acids
o Properties
o Saturated & unsaturated
 Wax chemical structure
 Identify triglycerides & describe properties
o Triglyceride hydrolysis
 Identify Phospholipids and Phyosphoacylglycerols
 Describe the structure & transport across cell membranes
 Identify & describe steroid hormones & their properties
 Identify prostaglandins & leukotrines
o Describe role in asthma
Chapter 20: Carbohydrates
 Identify carbohydrates
o Describe properties and types (monosaccarides to
polysaccharides)
 Draw Fischer projections of carbohydrates
o Classify as D or L
o ID multiple chiral center and draw enantiomers
 Draw common monosaccharieds: glucose, galactose, fructose
 Draw cyclic monosaccarides & identify hemiacetal
o  &  isomers
o draw Haworth projections
 Draw ketohexose
 Reduction & oxidation of monosaccharides
 Describe & draw disaccharides
 Polysaccharides: types and structures
 Describe blood types
Chapter 21: Amino Acids, Proteins, Enzymes
 The 20 common, naturally occurring Amino Acids
 stereochemistry
 acid/base chemistry
 Peptides
 Formation
 N & C terminals
 Proteins
 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary structure
 Hydrolysis and denaturation
 Enzymes
 Catalysis
 Inhibitors
 Zymogens
Chapter 22: Nucleic Acids & Protein Synthesis
 Nucleosides & Nucleotides: structure
 DNA & RNA base pairs: names & structures
 Phosphate addition
 Nucleic Acids
 Formation & primary structure
 DNA double helix structure, hydrogen bonding
 Replication, Transcription, Translation
 RNA
 rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
 Genetic Code: codon & anticodon
 Protein Synthesis: initiation, elongation, termination
 Mutations
 Recombinant DNA: formation & use
 PCR: polymerase chain reaction: technique & application
Chapter 23: Metabolism & Energy Production
 Stages of Metabolism
 ATP: structure, hydrolysis, & formation
 Coupling reactions
 Coenzymes
 NAD+ & NADH
 FAD & FADH2
 Coenzyme A
 Citric Acid Cycle: all 8 steps
 Electron Transport Chain
 ATP synthesis by Oxidative Phosphorylation
Chapter 24: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein Metabolism
 Role in Metabolism of fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis, & Amino acid
catabolism
 Reactions catalyzed by: kinase, isomerase, dehydrogenase, decarboxylase,
carboxylase
 Glycolysis: steps & net reaction
 Pyruvate conversion to acetyl Coenzyme A
 Gluconeogenesis: steps in synthesis of glucose
 Catabolism of Triacylglycerols: beta-oxidation
 Synthesis of ketone bodies: ketogenesis
 Catabolism of Amino acids:
 transamination & oxidative deamination
 Ketogenic vs glucogenic amino acid catabolism