“BACTERIA” – PROKARYOTES
Domain
Prokaroytes
"Bacteria"
Kingdom:
Archeabacteria
Halophiles
- Salt
Thermophile
s - Heat
Kingdom:
Montera
Acidophiles Acid
Methanephiles
- Foud in
mathene swamps
Eubacteria
Small, single celled
organisms
Found in all habiats
No organelles
Only reproduced
through Asexually
(binary fission)
Common baceria
Shapes of bacteria:
Bacteria are small one celled moneran’s, like warm, dark and moist conditions.
Spiral – Spirilla e.g Leptospira Interrogons
Rod-Shaped – Bacilli, Bacillus e.g Baccilus Anthracis
Round – Cocci. Coccus e.g neisseria meningitides
Reproduction of Bacteria
Bacteria is reproduced asexually through a process called Binary Fission
-
One organism divides into two
Asexual reproduction:
-
is reproduction of a living thing from only one parent
Cyanobacteria
Blue-Green
Can be toxic to
humans/animals
Occurs when
bacteria multiplies
in great numbers
and forms on
water.
Autorophic
Bigger then most
bacteria cells
-
One main chromosome makes a copy of itself and then divides in 2
Sexual reproduction:
-
2 parents provide genetic material in order to produce offspring
Meiosis (humans)
Bacterial survival
Bacteria survives through Endospores
-
Thick celled structure that forms inside the cell
Major cause of food poisoning
Allows bacteria to survive for a long time
With stands boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditions
Encloses all nuclear material and some cytoplasm
Food sources
Parasites: Organisms that feed off of living things
Saprophytes: Organisms that feed off of dead materials
Decomposers: Get food from breaking down matter into simple chemicals
Aerobes: Use oxygen to survive
Anaerobes: Don’t need oxygen to survive but some die when there is oxygen *eg soil
HARMFUL VS HELPFUL
Harmful: Can cause diseases, communicable disease: passed down from one organism to another
Helpful: Decomposers help recycle nutrients into soil for other organisms, most are used to make antibiotics, some
bacteria help make insulin, used to make industrial chemicals
Controlling Bacteria
Canning: Sealing food in airtight cans/jars after killing bacteria, endospores are killed
Pasteurization: Heating milk to kill harmful bacteria
Dehydration: Removing water from food, bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed
Antiseptic: Chemicals that kill bacteria on living things (Hydrogen peroxide, soap, mouthwash)
Disinfectants: Stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects (Lysol, Clorox)
Nutrition of Bacteria
Heterotroph- Get energy through other organisms
Autotrophs- Get energy through light energy (photosynthesis)
Photoheterotrophs- Takes organic molecules from the environment
Chemoheterotrophs- Use energy through chemical reactions
VIRUSES & PROKARYOTES
-
Not a living organism
Use DNA & RNA to store information
Adapt to changing conditions by mutation
Cant reproduce on their own, need a host to reproduce
Made of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA&RNA)
Three shapes: Bateriophage, tobacco mosaic, influenza
They reproduce through:
Lytic cycle: Bacteriophage attaches to the host cell and injects its DNA. Forces the hosts cells enzymes and synthesis to
make copies of the DNA. Once there are many copies, the host cell bursts releasing new viruses. Cycle is repeated when
they infect other cells.
Lysogenic cycle: The viral genes are already in the host cell. Each time the host cell reproduces, the viral DNA is coped
too. An environment change can trigger the viral DNA to separate from the hosts and start a lyric cycle. New
bacteriophage are then made and released.
Immunity
Pathogen
Koch’s Postulates – Disease
Identification
Endemic Diseases
Epidemic Diseases
Pandemic Diseases
Antibiotic
First Line Defences/ Innate Immune
System
Second Line Defences/
Inflammatory
Third Line Defences/ Immune
System
A bacteria, virus, microorganism that can cause a disease
1. Pathogen must be found in the host in every case
2. Pathogen must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture
3. When placed in a healthy host, pathogen must cause the disease
4. Pathogen must be isolated from the new host and shown to be the original
pathogen
Found normally in a population COMMON COLD
Many people acquire over a short period of time FLU
World-wide epidemic disease.
Fights infections
- Skin
- Sweat
- Tears
- Saliva
- Mucus
- Stomach Acid
- Redness
- Heat
- Swelling
- Pain
- Recognizes, attacks, destroys and remembers each pathogen
EUKARYOTES – PROTISTA
Domain
Eukaroya
Kingdom
Protista
Porifera Sponges
Asymmet
erical,
Sessile,
Cniadaria
ns –
Jellyfish
Radial,
Motile,
AS:
Budding
AS:
Budding
Platyhelminthes
– Flatworms
Nematoda
– Round
Worms
Bilateral,
Motile,AS:
Fragmentati
on &
regeneration
Biletral,
Motile,
Whole
digestive
track, S
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdo
m
Planta
e
Kingdo
m
Animila
Annelida –
Segmented
Worms
Mollusc
aSnails
Bileteral,
Motile,
Whole
digestive
track, S
Bilateral can
be
asymmeterica
l, Motile, S
Echinoderm
ata - Starfish
Radial,
Motile, S
Reproduction: Mitosis, spore formation, asexually & sexually
Energy: Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
Mobility: Sessile or Motile
Cell orginization: Single celled
Animal-like Protists:
-
Protozoa
Characterized mostly by its method of locomotion (Ability to move from one place to another )
Hetertrophs – scaveners, predators, parasites
Most reproduce by mitosis, some sexual reproduction
Sprozoans – parasites that produce spores
Example: Prarmecium ( use cilia to move and sweep food ), Euglena ( Use flagella to move and hunt ), Amoeba
(movement with pseudopodia)
Plant-like Protists:
Anthropo
da insects
Bilatera
,
Motile,
S
-
Phytoplankton, aquatic
Has chlorophyll but lack true plant like organs
Autotrophs
Usually sessile
Classified based on chloroplasts and pigment
Example: Green algae, Brown algae, Red algae
Fungi-like Protists:
-
Fungus like but also has charateristics of protoza and plants
Produces spores
Motile
Heterotrophs – decomposers
Example: Moulds and mildews
EUKARYOTES - ANIMILIA
Domain
Eukaroya
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom
Animila
Kingdom
Plantae
Vertabrates
Invertabrates
Chordata
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Profifera (sponges)
Mammals
Cniadarians (Jellyfish)
Worms
Placental Mammals
Have a placenta, trasnfers
nutrients and oxygen
Humans, cats, dogs
Marsupials
Momotremes
Poach carrying,
Kangeroos
Egg laying,
Platypus
Mollusca (snails)
Anthropoda (spiders)
Echinodermata (starfish)
Reproduction: Sexually – meiosis
Energy: Heterotrophic – digest food
Mobility: Motile
Cell orginization: Multicellular no cell walls
Characteristics:
All animals share the following characteristics:

They are eukaryotic, multicellular and have no cell walls

The are heterotrophs that usually ingest and then digest their food

They are usually mobile, in at least one stage of their lives

They reproduce sexually to produce an embryo that undergoes stages of development
Structural Features:
-
Made of hyphae (Tiny threads of cytoplasm )
Hhave cell walls made of chitin ( Hard material found in cocroaches )
-
Mycellia ( A web of hyphae under the fruiting body )
Fruiting body ( The visible part of the fungi, top of mushroom )
Mycorrhizae – vast amounts of mycelia. Fungus that forms a association with plant roots. Its function is to
absorb sugars, starches, protiens and etc.
-
Life cycle:
-
Development from single cell to reproductive age
Spores are haploid in number and are produced in sporangia
Dispersed by air currents and help fungi disperse to new locations
Spores produced by:
–
mitosis  asexual
–
meiosis  sexual
Reproduction:
Levels of orginization:
Atom -> Molucoule -> Organelle -> Cell -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism
Number of body layers:
All animals but cnidarian jelly fish and proifera sponges have three layers of cells
-
Ectoderm: Skin, Nerve tissue
Mesorderm: Muscle, Blood, Kidneys
Endoderm: Form Lungs, Liver, Bladder
Symmetry:
Three types of symmetry
-
Asymmetrical: No symmetry e.g. coral, sponges
Radial symmetry: Symmetry in everyway cut e.g. jellyfish
Bilateral symmetry: Only symmetrical e.g. dogs
Segmentation: The division of body into repetitive section, or segments. E.g. centipede
Movement: Most animals are mobile, but some are sessile e.g. sponges and coral
Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
Body Cavities
Coelom
- Digestive tract
- Organs suspended in fluid filled cavity
- Must have endoderm
Coelomate
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Blastopore
Protostomes
Deutrosomes
Amoebocytes
Amniotes
Amniotic Egg
- Opening in the digestive tract
- Mouth
- Anus
- Reptiles, birds, and mammals
- Water proof egg with a shell