Marie McClary
Unit 5 Essential Questions
Lesson 5.1 The Skin
1.What are the functions of skin?
 The skin protects the internal organs and tissues, helps with body
temperature, it helps get rid of waste and store water. It also allows us to
be able to feel touch, pressure, and pain.
2.What types of tissue make up the layers of the skin?
 The epidermis which is the outside layer and the dermis which is the inside
layer of the skin.
3.What role do accessory organs such as sweat glands and sebaceous glands play
in the skin?
 Sweat glands are practically everywhere in the human skin and allows us to
secrete sweat in order to maintain homeostasis. Sebaceous glands allow
the body to secrete oils to lubricate skin and hair.
4.What happens to skin as it is exposed to sunlight and as a person ages?
 The collagen in the skin aren’t as plump and therefore doesn’t provide a
smooth strong appearance.
5.Which layers of the skin are damaged in different types of burns?
 1st- epidermis, 2nd- epidermis and some dermis, 3rd- epidermis and all of
dermis, 4th- The tissue under the epidermis and dermis
6.How does burn damage in the skin affect other functions in the body?
 When a burn blisters is involves the immune system because it has t try to
fight off infection in the open wounds. Integumentary system the burns
involve the epidermis and dermis layer of the skin. Nervous system sends
out nerve impulses to stimulate pain for the burnt area.
7.How do medical professionals in different fields assist with burn care and
rehabilitation?
 Of course an anesthesiologist does what they always do but this is before a
Reconstructive Surgeon practically rebuilds the body part that was
damaged from the burn such as a face after getting caught in a house fire. A
Psychologist will help the patients handle life after the traumatic drama
that caused the burns.
8.What role does pain play in the human body?
 Pain allows us to know if there is something that isn’t right in or out of the
body. It tells us to pull away when we touch something hot and to get off of
the foot you just step on a nail with.
9.How does the body interpret and process pain?
 The body senses the pain (the nerves in skin allow the body to sense it) and
nerve impulses cross the synapse and are sent to the brain saying “OW
THAT HURTS” and so then your body reacts to the situation.
10.Why would the inability to feel pain actually put the human body in danger?
 You could have something wrong with your appendix and not know it, you
could not feel your hand on a burning stove, and you could step on a rusty
screw and not know it. Without pain the body would be very unhealthy.
Lesson 5.2 Bones
1.How does the skeletal system assist with protection in the body?
 Bones such as the ribs protect the lungs and the skull protects the brain.
And bones also produce the white blood cells.
2.How does the structure of compact bone differ from the structure of spongy
bone?
 Compact bone feels like a stick of butter, it kind of is oily and easily
misshaped while the sponge bone is hard and doesn’t break easily.
3.How does the overall structure of bone provide great strength and flexibility,
but keep bone from being too bulky and heavy?
 The bones are made up of hollow cells and wall that are extremely thin.
Elastin and collagen allow flexibility as well does fifty percent of the bone
being soft and alive contributes to flexibility.
4.What is an X-ray?
 An x-ray is an image taken of a bone without having to open or insert any
dyes into the person. It can show the shape of the bone so the doctor can
see if there are any abnormalities with the bone such as fractures or
something crazy like a stepped on nail.
5.What are the different types of bone fractures and how are they identified on
X-rays?
 Transverse: the bone is broken in a straight line
Depression: depression in bone with lots of cracks and a little dint (usually
happen to the skull)
Compression: a malformed bone or a small crack in a bone that has two
bones above and below it
Greenstick: the bone is not broken all of the way
Oblique: diagonal fracture into two
Spiral: kind of like oblique, but the bone twist around each other as well
Comminuted: bone is in lots of pieces
Open: fracture has caused the skin t break
Closed: fracture did not break the skin
6.How can damage to a bone affect other human body systems?
 When you have an open fracture, all of your layer of skin gets ripped and so
then your immune system has to work on beating the foreign invaders that
your body is being exposed to.
7.What is bone remodeling?
 Bone remodeling is the continuous increase of resorption because of
osteoclast activity and the reactive bone formation by osteoblast activity.
8.How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts assist with bone remodeling and overall
bone homeostasis?
 Osteoblast is a bone forming cell and causes calcium in the bloodstream to
be stored in the bone for when blood calcium levels are too high.
Osteoclasts cause calcium that is stored inside the bone to be broken down
and then released into the bloodstream if blood calcium is too low
9.What is the relationship between bone remodeling and blood calcium levels?
 After a fracture the bone starts to remodel with osteoblast and osteoclast
to restore the bone. Depending on which level of remodeling you are
depends on if the blood calcium levels increase or decrease.
10.How do hormones assist in the maintenance of healthy bone and the release
of calcium to be used in other body processes?
 If the parathyroid gland detects the level of blood calcium is too high, the
parathyroid will release the parathyroid hormone that will tame osteoclast
activity so that the osteoblast can take more of the calcium from the blood
so that it can be stored in the bone. The thyroid gland releases calcitonin so
the amount of osteoclasts that are active will increase, which will cause
more of the calcium in the bones to be broken down and released into the
bloodstream to increase the blood calcium levels.
11.What are the four main stages of healing that occur after a bone fracture?
 First Hematoma Formation, Fibrocartilage Callus, Boney Callus, and then
the Bone Remodeling
12.What lifestyle choices relate to the overall strength and protective properties
of bone?
 The persons’ diet, sun exposer and exercise affect the bones strength. The
more calcium consumed, vitamin D absorbed, exercises all assist in
strengthening the bones.
Lesson 5.3 Lymph and Blood Cells
1.What body systems function to protect the human body?
 The immune system, skeletal system, and the cardiovascular system all help
protect the body. The skeletal makes immune cells in the bone marrow and
the cardiovascular moves the necessary immune components throughout
the body.
2.How does the structure of the lymphatic system relate to its function?
 The lymphatic system uses lymphatic vessels to carry lymph fluid to the
heart. There is round things of lymph tissue called lymph nodes and they
have lymphocytes and they filter the lymph fluids. The lymph vessels empty
into ducts that drain into veins.
3.What is an antigen?
 They are proteins that are on the outside of pathogens and lymphocytes
see them as foreign so they produce antibodies for each antigen.
4.What is an antibody?
 They are produced by lymphocytes so they can fight pathogens by
attaching to their antigens. The antibodies destroy the antigens and then
are eaten by macrophages. Memory cells remember the pathogens and can
make the right kind of antibodies if more foreign invaders enter the body.
5.How do circulating antibodies protect a person from receiving incompatible
blood during a transfusion?
 If the body detects something doesn’t match up then it will produce
antibodies to fight the antigens which causes agglutination. Since the
antigen and antibody interaction isn’t compatible when the blood goes
through agglutination, it can kill the person.
6.What is specific immunity?
 It is immunity against a specific antigen or pathogen.
7.What role do lymphocytes play in specific immunity?
 T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that started as bone marrow and then as
it grew, it turned into two different cells. B cells look for pathogens and
then send T cells to go attack it. The B cells make the antibodies that match
each antigen and then the B cells take the antigens and release a protein to
destroy the pathogen cells.
8.How does your body react the second time it is exposed to a particular antigen?
 Since it has already seen that pathogen before the antibodies that attack it
and the person usually doesn’t get sick.