(R)Evolutionary Grid
Group 4 - OMDE 601 9040
Michele Confer, Bridgette Grant, Bhai Sesay, Michelle Swetnam
Dorita Bekker, Zingiswa Jojo, Dorothy Martin
Table of Contents
First Wave of Development
Second Wave of Development
Third Wave of Development
Future Wave
References
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
1
First Wave of Development
Correspondence / Independent Study (1840’s …)
1 Larger Context
economics, politics, societal values
and pressures, government
policies, technological advances
➔ Industrialization grew need for workers to receive education
due to changes in technological, vocational, and social
conditions (Peters, 2004)
➔ Postal service and radio broadcasting
➔ Training employee and armed forces
➔ Women education advancement
➔ Need to educate learners in remote places
➔ First used to offer higher education courses by Chautauqua
Correspondence College (Moore & Kearsley, 2011)
➔ Affordable and economical for employees to obtain
education by using payroll deductions (Moore & Kearsley,
2011)
➔ Mass education - closing the educational gap between the
elite and white-collar workers
2 Theories/Ways of
Understanding
➔ Empathy and guided didactic conversation (Holmberg, 1983)
➔ Tony Bates-1960s Open Universities/UK
➔ Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (1913 – 1997) use of Andragogy
for adult education
➔ There is Learner autonomy and independence
➔ Self-paced learning vs.prescribed pacing
3 Institutional and
Organizational
Developments/Systems
➔ Correspondence education developed by entrepreneurs who
saw how they could profit from the need for education at a
distance, profit gained by mass distribution was higher
because more students could enroll (Peters, 2004)
➔ International Correspondence Schools
➔ Sir Isaac Pittman (Correspondence College,1840)
➔ Home Correspondence Schools
➔ American Farmers’ School
➔ Land grant universities
➔ United States Armed Forces Institute
➔ Single Mode Open Universities
➔ Consortia & inter-institutional collaboration (Miller, 2010)
4 Teaching/Learning
Methodologies
➔ Planned instructional materials created by instructors and
delivered to students, usually one-way communication from
instructor to learner;
➔ Students expected to study independently (Garrison &
role of teacher, role of learner
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
2
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
Cleveland-Innes, 2010)
Real and written conservation between learner and teacher
or institution of learning
Shorthand writing
Asynchronous learning
There is a tendency for teacher sympathy
Empathy approach
Less formal interactions with teacher and student which
could lead to not feeling isolated
Quick turnaround with interactions
Individual studies
5 Predominant Technologies
➔ Printed material delivered by railroads and postal system
(Peters, 2004)
➔ Courses were also offered via radio broadcast
➔ Self-instructional materials
➔ Radio/phonography (Peters, 2004)
➔ Television/telecourses
➔ Private companies & public (CPB) (Moore & Kearsley, 2011)
➔ A blend of televised programs with textbooks for both
learners and instructors
6 Key Authors
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
References
Thomas Jefferson Forster (home study courses)
Otto Peters (sui generis)
Borje Holmberg (utility of Bloom’s taxonomy)
Desmond Keegan (foundations of DE; different from
traditional education)
Anna Eliot Ticknor (First Correspondence School in USA)
Wedemeyer (pioneer in theoretical development of DE. He
focused on the characteristic of independent study that
provided access to socially disadvantaged individuals
(Cleveland-Innes & Garrison, 2010).)
Lev Vygotsky (sociocultural theory)
William Harper (structured correspondence courses)
Isaac Pitman (shorthand by mail)
Caleb Phillips (teacher of new method of shorthand)
George Buck (technology for instruction. Ideas, practices and
theory in education)
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
3
Second Wave of Development
Systems Approach to Education (1960’s …)
1 Larger Context
economics, politics, societal values
and pressures, government
policies, technological advances
➔ Move toward learner-centered education, lifelong and
autonomous
➔ Demographic changes and the demand
➔ More learners after World War II
➔ Rise of white-collar work, need for education
➔ Demand for economies of scale
➔
2 Theories/Ways of
Understanding
➔ Constructivism Theory - “all learning occurs in our minds as
we create and adjust internal mental structures to
accommodate our ever-growing and ever-changing stories of
knowledge” (Piaget, 1957, as cited in Swan, 2010, p. 113)
➔ Andragogy Theory - self-directed, task-oriented, motivated,
relies on life experience (Bullen, 1995)
➔ Theory of the Most Industrialized Education
➔ Dialogue, Structure, and Learner Autonomy; Transactional
Distance
➔ Systems approach way of teaching
➔ Self directed learners, who are actively involved in learning
➔ Egalitarianism
➔ Equality of educational opportunity
➔ Lifelong and ubiquitous learning
➔ There are new functions of higher education
➔ Flexible curricula and new types of students
➔
3 Institutional and
Organizational
Developments/Systems
➔ Open University
➔ Single- and dual-mode universities
➔ Teams are responsible for content creation, rather than
individual teachers
➔ Administration, staff, faculty the organization is restructured
➔ Commercial distance teaching institutions
➔ Purposive rationality, goal-oriented systematic action,
modern bureaucracy, advanced technology and systems
approach (Peters, 2010)
4 Teaching/Learning
Methodologies
➔
➔
➔
➔
role of teacher, role of learner
Self directed learning for students
Teachers are more like facilitators
Instructional Design and Educational Technology
Cognitive-behaviorist
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
4
➔ Social constructivist
➔ Connectivist pedagogy
➔ Students organized local study groups, institutions must
provide resources such as counseling and tutoring (Moore,
2012)
➔ Learning by doing, collaboration, active learning, creating
meaning (constructivism)
5 Predominant Technologies
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
Broadcasting (television and radio)
Satellite transmission
Printed material
Audiovisual materials
Audio and video cassettes
Fax
Teleconferencing
6 Key Authors
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
➔
Peters (open university as industrialized education)
Bates (Open University United Kingdom)
Wedemeyer (University of Wisconsin correspondence study)
Holmberg
Knowles (andragogy)
Moore (transactional distance)
Piaget (constructivism)
References
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
5
Third Wave of Development
Internet/Web-Based Communication (1995 …)
1 Larger Context
economics, politics, societal values
and pressures, government
policies, technological advances
2 Theories/Ways of
Understanding
3 Institutional and
Organizational
Developments/Systems
4 Teaching/Learning
Methodologies
role of teacher, role of learner
5 Predominant Technologies
6 Key Authors
References
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
6
Future Wave
Exploring New Possibilities (2000’s …)
1 Larger Context
➔
economics, politics, societal values
and pressures, government
policies, technological advances
2 Theories/Ways of
Understanding
➔
3 Institutional and
Organizational
Developments/Systems
➔
4 Teaching/Learning
Methodologies
➔
role of teacher, role of learner
5 Predominant Technologies
➔
6 Key Authors
➔
(R)EVOLUTIONARY GRID (GROUP 4) - OMDE 601 9040
7
References
Bates, A. W. (2011, November). The second wave of distance education and history of the Open
University United Kingdom [Online video]. Available from http://vimeo.com/32292234 (Transcript:
http://www.box.com/s/cvygk4334sub0i6atrn8)
Bullen, M. (1995, June). Andragogy and university distance education. Paper presented to the 17th
conference on the International Council for Open and Distance Education, Birmingham, UK.
Available from http://www.box.com/s/ap4nq2zf1jujkyo65pz0
Garrison, D. R. & Cleveland-Innes, M. F. (2010). Foundations of distance education. In M. F.
Cleveland-Innes and D. R. Garrison, An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching
and learning in a new era. New York and London: Routledge.
Holmberg, B. (1983). Guided didactic conversation in distance education. In D. Sewart, D. Keegan,
and B. Holmberg (Eds.), Distance education: International perspectives. London: Croom Helm.
Retrieved from http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/readings/holm83.pdf
Moore, M. G. & Kearsely, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view (3rd edition). California:
Cengage Learning.
Peters, O. (2004). Distance education in transition: New trends and challenges (4th edition).
Oldenburg, Germany: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. Retrieved from
http://www.box.com/shared/5x3tpynqqf
Swan, K. (2010). Teaching and learning in post-industrial distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes
& D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning
in a new era. New York & London: Routledge.