EoC for Biology, Targeted Standards.
The content standards addressed on the Biology EoC exam.
Scientific Method
Essential parts of an investigation. )Hypotheses, variables, controls, collect data,
evaluation, new hypo if necessary).
Appropriate tools, e.g. microscope, balances.
Convey data, charts, graphs (line/bar), slope=rate use a line graph
Logic, based on facts…if this happens then this must ……
Bias
Cells, Structure, Function, Biochemistry and Information Processing.
Students should know the function of major cell organelles.
Nucleus isolates DNA-genes/traits, Plasma Membrane controls what enters or
leaves a cell by-osmosis/diffusion/acive transport, Mitochondria-ATP/cellular
respoiration, Chloroplast-makes sugar/photosynthesis, Ribosome-protein.
Cell size lab, small cells more efficient…***
Students should recognize an organelle by sight.
Know the formulas for Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration. [Emphasize the
recycling of matter, e.g. Carbon cycle, and the one way path of energy.]
Respiration produces ATP for cell use.
Photosynthesis produces glucose/sugar, oxygen.
Know the four organic molecules and their monomers.
1. Carbohydrates/ simplest is sugar/ glucose/ energy.
2. Protein/ structures & enzymes/ made of many amino acids/ levels of structureprimary-secondary-tertiary-quaternary.
Protein structure/shape is changed by the environment, pH, temp./salinity.
Enzymes are protein that cause chem. reactions. [recall lock/key] or structural parts
3. Lipids/ fat/ energy storage.
4. Nucleic Acids-DNA and RNA pass genetic information to offspring, carries DNA
information to ribosomes to make protein.
Matter and Energy in ecosystems
Define matter and energy
Energy flows from the sun -> plants-organic molecules -> environment.
Food chains, food webs-removing of a species affects all of the web.
Energy pyramids, 10% rule for moving from level up to the next.
More available energy at the bottom.
Energy flows (high quality light to chemical energy to mechanical energy to lowheat) matter is recycled.
Biomass pyramid, pyramid of numbers-trophic levels 120% rule
producers-1st order consumers, 2nd order consumer, tertiary consumer.
Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritovore.
EoC for Biology, Targeted Standards.
Decomposers recycle the matter back to producers.
Autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Water and carbon cycle.
Interdependent Relationships in ecosystems:
Species interactions:
Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, symbiosis, predation. Get an example for
each in your head!
Biodiversity is the many different types of organisms, more diversity = healthier,
and more able to survive environmental change
Man is changing the environment so biodiversity is being affected by: 1. Habitat
destruction, 2. global warming, 3. monoculture, 4. pollution, these effects may be
reversible/non-reversible.
Graphs population growth patterns-exponential and arithmetic.
Interpolate and extrapolate values.
Carrying capacity, graph
Natural Selection and Evolution:
Evidence for evolution, fossils, DNA similarities, homologies.
3.5 billion year earth—prokaryotes—then eukaryotes—then multicellular—etc.
Natural selection……..know the steps which are……1. Species have variations; 2.
Too many offspring and limited resources like food creates a competition between
the offspring. “a struggle for existence“; The offspring with the best traits: survives
Survivors reproduce -> new population has best traits. Unequal survival based on
what the conditions in the environment are best for survival.
Artificial selection is when man decides what traits are best that is how different
dogs were developed.
Natural Selection explains many phenomena, similar fossils, similar body parts and
what they do this is called homologies, similar chemicals made by organisms
similarities (insulin)
If the environment is changing the population can change, EVOLVE, with the
environment. Adaptations.
Have an example in mind like desertification.
Population graphs, age structure, population cycles.
Agriculture represents artificial selection where man selects for desired traits.
Cladograms
EoC for Biology, Targeted Standards.
Inheritance and Variation of traits: [how traits are passed on.]
Structure of DNA
Nucleic Acids/ DND/ RNA/ made of nucleotides/contains genetic code-for proteins
synthesis, means making something, this is how information is passed to next
generation.
Base pairing rules in DNA A-T, C-G,
in
RNA A-U, C-G
mutation = change of DNA (or a gene) may lead to change in a trait.
Causes of mutations. U.V., radiation, (WIPP e.g. might be mentioned)
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Decode the table 237 BSCS blue
The translation lab and table. (Code AUG = methionine)
Sexual reproduction (recombination, unique) good in a changing environment
Asexual (clones) good form of reproduction in a non-changing environment.
Traits are passed on from generation to generation.
Punnett squares and make crosses and predict the results.
Example 1:2:1, 2:2, 4:0
Homozygous, heterozygous, P generation, F1 and F2 generations.
Dominance, recessive-[tall-short] sex linked-[colorblindness], incomplete
dominance-[red-white-pink], co-dominance-[A, B, AB, O blood type]
Pedigree interpretation,
Chromosomes contain genes that represent different genetic traits.
Meiosis-Non-disjunction, mitosis, recombination
Gel electrophoresis and interpretation