SOLUTIONS:
1. SOLUTIONS: Solute= material BEING dissolved. Ex. Sugar or coffee
grinds into coffee. Solvent= the material DOING the dissolving. Ex.
The hot water for the coffee
2. Factors that affect DEGREE of Solubility (HOW MUCH can be
dissolved) include: Nature of solute/solvent (Polarity), temp, how
much solute already dissolved, and pressure (gases only)
3. Degree(Polarity): “Like dissolves Like”:
A polar solvent such as water, will
dissolve a polar solute (or an ionic
one) Ex. HCL in H20, OR, Ex. NaCl in H20,
and a nonpolar solvent will dissolve a
nonpolar solute Ex. CO2 gas in O2 gas
4. Degree(Pressure) GASES ONLY: More gas dissolves as
the pressure of the gas over its solvent increases
(Henry’s Law) Ex. CO2 (carbonation) added to soda under high
Pressure; Nitrogen in diver’s bloodstream at great pressure
(bends)
5. Degree(temp): the higher the temp of the solvent the more
SOLID/LIQUID solute dissolves (ex. More sugar dissolves in HOT
coffee than in COLD coffee)
**** For Gases: the higher the temp of solvent the
LESS gas dissolves (warm soda=flat soda)
6. Factors that affect RATE of solubility (How FAST a solute dissolves)
include stirring, temp, and surface area
7. Stirring: For SOLID and LIQUID solutes= as stirring increases so
does how fast the solute dissolves. (Stirring sugar makes it dissolve
faster)
*** For Gases: stirring decreases degree and increases rate of solubility
8.Temp: increasing the temp of a solvent increases the rate of dissolving
for a solid or liquid solute. (Hot coffee dissolves sugar faster).
*** Increasing the temp of a solvent decreases the rate at which
a gas dissolves (hot soda=flat soda)
9. Surface Area: the greater the surface area of a solid solute, the faster
the solute dissolves
10.
11.
Dilute(“weak”): a solution containing a relatively small
amount of solute
Concentrated(“strong): a solution containing a
solution could hold at a given temp; One more added
crystal will dissolve
12.
unsaturated: has less than the max amount of solute
The solution can hold at a given temp; add one more
crystal and it will disappear (dissolve).
13.
saturated: holds the max amount of solute the solution
can hold at a given temp; one more crystal will not
dissolve
14.
supersaturated: holds more than the max amount of
solute the solution can hold at a given temp
accomplished through heating the solvent; upon
cooling the excess can “grow” out .
15.
Solubility curves: hit the line=saturated, falling below
the line= unsaturated, above the line= supersaturated
16. Molarity (M); a way to express concentration; the
# of moles of solute per liter of SOLUTION; solute
AND solvent ADD together to get to the volume
17. For (M): convert grams to moles and milliliters to
liters; Formula is M=n/L. (1000ml=1 liter)
18. molality(m) : a way to express concentration; the
number of moles of solute per kilogram of SOLVENT;
solvent is full amount before solute is added.
19. For (m) m=n/Kg H20; convert grams of SOLUTE to
moles; convert grams of SOLVENT(water) to
kilograms (liters). (1000 g= 1kg)